y and on a revision of the international sanitary regulations. In ddition, WHO responds to calls for help in emergencies such as earthuakes and serious epidemic outbreaks. 3. Narcotics Control. Another agency of the Economic and Social Council, the 15-member Commission on Narcotic Drugs, concentrated upon the problem of limiting by intergovernmental agreement world ›roduction of opium to medical and scientific requirements. The Commission, seeking to improve existing means of control, explored he problems of inspection methods, prices, and currency of payment. 4. Refugees and Displaced Persons. Before ceasing operations early in 1952, the International Refugee Organization will have resetled 1,000,000 persons and will have made arrangements for 100,000 others in their present countries of residence. Future international services, to be placed under a high commissioner, will include legal protection for persons who have acquired no other legal status. Considerable spadework was done in the drafting of a convention relating to the status of refugees. The General Assembly decided that this draft convention which defines the term "refugee" and sets forth the obligations of adhering governments to such persons should be completed by a special international conference. 5. Needs of Children. The United States, which has contributed $98,000,000 of the $150,600,000 received by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) since its beginning in 1946, proposed discontinuing the emergency structure and establishing a permanent agency for children in the United Nations Secretariat. After prolonged debate, the General Assembly did not accept this proposal and voted to continue the Fund for 3 years along emergency lines. Opposition to the United States proposal came principally from Asian, Near Eastern and Latin American members who felt that for them the children's "emergency" remained as acute as ever. The Assembly resolution, while falling short of the United States objectives, meets them to a considerable extent: it shifts much of the emphasis from emergency supply programs to long-range advisory services designed to strengthen national activities and it provides for better coordination with the specialized agencies in planning and operating the UNICEF program. Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1. Minorities. Resolutions recommending the use of minority languages in courts and the teaching of minority languages in schools were passed by the Human Rights Commission's Subcommittee on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities. 2. International Covenant on Human Rights. A draft International Covenant on Human Rights was prepared by the Commission on Human Rights in the spring of 1950. This document, in treaty form, would bind states ratifying it to recognize and respect the individual's civil and political rights which are set out in it. The General Assembly, in reviewing the draft, requested among other things that economic, social, and cultural rights be included in the document and returned it to the Human Rights Commission for further work. 3. Freedom of Information. Resistance to United Nations efforts to promote freedom of information has increased with the growing dif ferences in national information policies. Difficulties encountered ir defining freedom of information hampered efforts to draft an international treaty. Similarly, the draft Code of Ethics for journalists suffers from the necessity of compromise between those who hold that moral suasion creates responsibility and those who favor legislation. At the Assembly's request a new 15-member committee is to make another attempt in 1951 to prepare a draft treaty on freedom of information. 4. Status of Women. In its fourth session the Commission on the Status of Women agreed on principles to establish equality of nationality rights for women. Note was made of the extension of the franchise to women in 21 countries since 1945, also of the small number of women appointed by their governments to United Nations delegations. ORGANIZATIONAL OPMENTS DEVEL Two new agencies for intergovernmental cooperation were established in 1950: the World Meteorological Organization and the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization. Prospects for the establishment of the International Trade Organization are not promising with the United States having decided not to resubmit the ITO charter to Congress for ratification. Consultative relationships of nongovernmental organizations with the Economic and Social Council were revised during 1950 so as to reduce the introduction of political items into the agenda and to provide better contact between the United Nations and the public. DEVELOPMENTS ΤΟ RELATING DEPENDENT TORIES The 200,000,000 non-self-governing people in the world, scattered hroughout some 70 colonies, territories, protectorates, and trust territories, continue to be a subject of active interest and concern of the United Nations, as contemplated in the Charter. The United States is keenly sensitive to the aspirations of these peoples for an increasing participation in their own government and to their desire to improve their economic and social conditions. The United States has also tried to assess at its true value the substantial assistance which is being given to these peoples by the nations who have responsibility for their administration. No problem before the United Nations requires a greater exercise of judgment, patience, and constructive effort than the so-called colonial problem. The United States continues to encourage and support the advancement of dependent peoples in order that they may be able to govern themselves and to work out their own problems. In its administration of the trust and non-self-governing territories for which it is responsible, the United States has striven to fulfill its obligations under the Charter of the United Nations. The United States has also manifested, through its participation in United Nations bodies and in the Caribbean and South Pacific Commissions, its desire to cooperate with other nations in promoting the welfare and development of dependent peoples. The following developments relating to dependent territories within the sphere of action of international bodies are of particular interest: 1. As the administering authority for the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the United States has made substantial progress in promoting the political, economic, and social development of the 54,000 inhabitants of these former Japanese mandated islands. The Trusteeship Council congratulated the United States for achieving such notable progress in the relatively short period of its administration. 2. With regard to Togoland in West Africa, which is divided into two separate trust territories under British and French administration, an important problem has been raised by petitions from the Ewe people, who inhabit the coastal areas of the two territories. They request that the areas they inhabit be unified under a single adminis tration. The Trusteeship Council has continued to give careful consideration to this problem, noting the steps taken by the two adminis tering powers to ameliorate border difficulties and to set up an indigenous commission to ascertain the wishes and interests of the inhabitants of all parts of the two Trust Territories. The General Assembly has impressed upon the Trusteeship Council and the French and British authorities "the importance of finding an adequate solution [to the Ewe problem] as soon as possible and in full accordance with the real wishes and interests of the people concerned.” 3. In accord with a decision of the 1949 session of the Assembly former Italian Somaliland became a Trust Territory, with Italy as the administering authority. This former Italian colony is due to achieve independence after 10 years of Italian administration. 4. In response to a General Assembly request of 1949 the Trusteeship Council adopted a resolution recommending that administering authorities fly the United Nations flag in trust territories. 5. With regard to administrative unions of trust territories with other contiguous areas, safeguards were developed to insure that such unions would not be operated in a manner prejudicial to the purposes of the trusteeship system. 6. At the request of the 1949 session of the Assembly the International Court of Justice rendered an advisory opinion that the Union of South Africa continues to have the international obligations assumed under its League of Nations Mandate for South-West Africa: that the functions of supervision should be exercised by the United Nations; and that the Union of South Africa could change the international status of South-West Africa only with the consent of the United Nations. The General Assembly has established a committee, of which the United States is a member, to negotiate with the Union Government procedural measures necessary for implementing this advisory opinion. 7. Pursuant to the request by the General Assembly, the Trusteeship Council prepared a revised statute for an international regime for Jerusalem. However, due to objections from Israel and Jordan. this statute could not be put into effect, and the matter is again in the hands of the General Assembly. 8. By unanimous vote the General Assembly in 1950 adopted a resolution on the rural economic development of the Trust Territories. calling on the Trusteeship Council to make a study and recommendations concerning land policies, laws, and practices in these Territories. 9. The General Assembly's Special Committee on Information transmitted under Article 73 (e) held in August and September what members regarded as the most useful and constructive session since the Committee was established in 1947. Assisted by educational experts appointed by Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the Special Committee gave particular attention to educational problems in non-self-governing territories. The result was the adoption of a report on education, containing recommendations on such subjects as illiteracy, higher education, and teacher training, which received wide commendation in the General Assembly. 10. Two resolutions of the General Assembly invited members to submit requests for technical assistance on behalf of their trust and non-self-governing territories. ACTION IN THE FIELD OF By the International Court of Justice Four advisory opinions were given by the Court during 1950. In the first, it was ruled that a recommendation of the Security Council is required by the Charter before the General Assembly can act upon the application of a state for admission to the United Nations. In two others, the Court advised that there exist disputes between Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania on the one hand and certain of the Allied Powers on the other hand growing out of their charges of violation of human-rights articles in the treaties of peace; that the former governments are under an obligation to appoint representatives to the commissions contemplated by the treaties to adjudicate such matters; and that in default of such appointment no other method is available for establishing the commissions. In the fourth opinion, the Court ruled that South-West Africa is still a territory under international mandate; that its status can be modified by the Union of South Africa with the consent of the United Nations; that the Union's obligations are continued from the time of the League of Nations; but that the Union is under no legal obligation to place the Territory under the United Nations trusteeship system. By the International Law Commission Serving in a personal capacity-not as representatives of states— 10 of the 11 members of the International Law Commission (Mr. |