On June 27, pursuant to the resolution of the Security Council of June 25, the United States announced that air and sea forces were engaged in giving cover and support to the troops of the Republic of Korea.

The Security Council met again on June 27. It had before it a further report from UNCOK, indicating that the aggression was continuing despite the Security Council's June 25 resolution and that the Northern regime was evidently carrying out a well-planned, concerted, and full-scale invasion; that the forces of the Republic of Korea were deployed on a wholly defensive basis; and that the attack had taken them completely by surprise.

At the June 27 meeting of the Security Council, the United States representative declared that the continuing invasion by North Korean authorities in the face of the Council's resolution of June 25 was "an attack on the United Nations itself." He introduced a draft resolution recommending that the members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as might be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area. This resolution was adopted by a vote of 7 to 1 (Yugoslavia), with 1 absence (Soviet Union) and 2 members not voting (India and Egypt).

On June 30 the United States announced that in keeping with the June 25 and June 27 resolutions the United States had authorized specific action against the North Korean aggressors by land, sea, and air forces.

Response of members of the United Nations to the Security Council's two resolutions of June 25 and 27 was prompt, and pledges of support, moral or material, were made by the great majority of members. In order better to utilize the various offers of assistance and to unify operations in defense of the Republic of Korea, the Security Council on July 7, 1950, adopted by a vote of 7 to 0, with 3 abstentions (Egypt, India, Yugoslavia) and 1 absence (Soviet Union), a resolution requesting that the nations providing military forces and other assistance to this action make them available to a unified command under the United States. The United States was also requested to designate the commander of such forces. The Unified Command was authorized at its discretion to use the United Nations flag in the operations against North Korean forces concurrently with the flags of the various nations participating. In addition the resolution asked the United States to provide the Council with reports on the course of action taken under the Unified Command. The United States representative informed the Council that the United States would accept the responsibilities of the Unified Command.

On July 8, pursuant to the Security Council's resolution, General MacArthur was designated by Presidential action as commanding general of the forces operating in Korea under the Unified Command and was directed to fly the United Nations flag.

Support of the Security Council resolutions has been expressed by 53 member nations, including the United States. Only 6 members of the United Nations have withheld support (U.S.S.R., Ukrainian S.S.R., Byelorussian S.S.R., Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia). Forty-one member nations, in addition to the United States, have offered specific assistance, including ground troops, air and naval support, hospital and merchant ships, field medical units, strategic materials, and food supplies. Ground forces from Australia, Greece, France, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey and the United Kingdom took their their places in the line of action beside those of the Republic of Korea and of the United States; others were to be sent by Belgium, Canada, Ethiopia, Luxembourg, and New Zealand, and offers of ground forces had been made by Cuba, Colombia, and China. Naval units from the United States, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Thailand, and the United Kingdom were in action, and planes from the United States, Australia, Greece, South Africa, and the United Kingdom were participating in military operations, in addition to planes of the Republic of Korea; naval units from Colombia and Denmark were in transit. India and Sweden had placed hospital units in the field. A number of other countries were discussing with the Unified Command the nature of the aid which might usefully be contributed.

The North Korean aggressors had been well trained and supplied before their attack was started. They had been imbued also with a fanatical hatred for the Government of the Republic of Korea. Moreover they may have been encouraged by expectations of effective reinforcement from the few states which condoned their action. Apparently they had been led to believe they would win quickly and that there would be no accounting for their deeds.

While the forces under the Unified Command, including those of the Republic of Korea, were suffering early blows which the North Koreans had unleashed, the representative of the U. S. S. R. in the Security Council announced on July 27 that he would exercise the presidency of that organ during the month of August, in the regular turn of his Government. It was now evidently to the advantage of the U.S.S.R. to exercise the presidency of the Security Council, even though its boycott tactics had failed to force the majority of Security Council members to change their view that the Nationalist representative was still entitled to represent the Republic of China.

When the representative of the U.S.S.R. resumed his seat in the Security Council to serve as president, he acted throughout the month of August in utter disregard of the application in good faith of the rules of procedure. Thus he succeeded in preventing the Security Council from proceeding with the conduct of its business. His attitude, and his long and vehement expositions of the position of his government in defense of the North Korean regime, nevertheless served a purpose in emphasizing to the peoples of the free world the contempt and disdain of his government toward the authority of the Charter, of the organs, and of the membership of the United Nations. When the representative of the United Kingdom assumed the presidency of the Security Council on September 1, the Soviet representative did not abandon his seat or resume his boycott. On September 6, 1950, the Soviet Union vetoed an American draft resolution, introduced at the end of July and held in suspense throughout August, which was designed to localize the conflict in Korea and to prevent it from spreading to other areas. It would have called upon all states to use their influence to prevail upon the authorities of North Korea to cease their defiance of the United Nations and to refrain from assisting and encouraging them and from acting in a manner which might lead to the spread of the conflict to other areas, thereby further endangering international peace and security. The negative vote of the U.S.S.R. stood alone, nine members of the Council having voted affirmatively and one (Yugoslavia) having abstained.

Immediately after this vote the Security Council rejected, by 8 votes opposed to 1-that of the U.S.S.R.-in favor, with 2 abstentions (Egypt, Yugoslavia), a Soviet draft resolution which would have "put an end to the hostilities in Korea" on the basis of the then existing military lines and which would have called for the withdrawal from Korea of "foreign troops," namely, those serving under the United Nations Unified Command to aid the Republic of Korea. This resolution would also have invited on an equal footing representatives of both Korean parties to participate in the Council's discussions of the question, and it would furthermore have invited representatives of the Chinese Communist regime.

On September 26 the representative of the U.S.S.R. introduced in the Security Council a further draft resolution under which the Security Council would demand "that the United States Government should cease, and henceforth forbid, the bombardment, by air forces or by other means, of peaceful towns and inhabited centers and also the machine-gunning from the air of the peaceful population of Korea." The Council on September 30 rejected this resolution by 9 votes opposed to 1 in favor, with one abstention (Yugoslavia). Several members commented on the fact that not a vestige of proof

of the accusations had been offered and that the North Korean regime had, indeed, been adamant in refusing to admit to territory under its control representatives of humanitarian organizations who could have furnished some impartial comment on these matters.

On September 15 United Nations and Korean forces landed at Inchon, far to the north of the southeastern perimeter within which the enemy had hemmed them. Their brilliant and heroic operations rapidly crushed all organized North Korean resistance and liberated the peninsula south of the 38th parallel. The Government of the Republic of Korea returned to the capital city of Seoul, which had been severely damaged by the retreating enemy.

By early October it appeared that the invasion had been repelled and that soon international peace and security would be restored in the area. Indeed it appeared that, incidentally to accomplishing this military objective of the United Nationas in Korea, the United Nations might be able to fulfill what had been its political objective for Korea for a number of years, i.e. the unification of the country.

On October 4 the Political Committee of the General Assembly adopted a resolution, sponsored by the delegations of Australia, Brazil, Cuba, the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, the Philippine Republic, and the United Kingdom, which, after noting that the objectives set forth in the Assembly's resolutions of 1947, 1948, and 1949 had not yet been fully achieved and that an attempt had been made to extinguish by armed attack from North Korea the lawful Government of the Republic of Korea, and after recalling that the General Assembly sought essentially the establishment of a unified, independent, and democratic government of Korea, recommended that all appropriate steps be taken to insure conditions of stability throughout Korea; that all constituent acts be taken, including the holding of elections under the auspices of the United Nations, for the establishment of a unified, independent, and democratic government in the sovereign state of Korea; that United Nations forces should not remain in any part of Korea otherwise than so far as necessary for achieving these objectives; that all sections and representative bodies of the population of Korea be invited to cooperate with the United Nations in the restoration of peace, in the holding of elections, and in the establishment of a unified government; and that all necessary measures be taken to accomplish the economic rehabilitation of Korea.

The resolution created a seven-member United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea (UNCURK) to assume the functions theretofore exercised by the United Nations Commission on Korea, to represent the United Nations in bringing about the establishment of the unified government of all Korea, and

to exercise responsibilities, to be determined through further United Nations study, in connection with relief and rehabilitation in Korea. Pending arrival in Korea of this Commission, member states represented thereon were to form an interim committee at the seat of the United Nations to consult with and advise the Unified Command in the light of these recommendations. The resolution also recommended that the Economic and Social Council expedite the study of long-term measures to promote the economic development and social progress of Korea.

The vote in favor of the resolution was 47; there were 5 opposing votes and 7 member states abstained.

On the same day the Political Committee rejected, by 46 votes opposed to 5 in favor, with 8 abstentions, a draft resolution which had been proposed by the delegations of the U.S.S.R., the Ukrainian S.S.R., the Byelorussian S.S.R., Poland, and Czechoslovakia. This resolution would have recommended "to the belligerents in Korea" that they "immediately cease hostilities," to "the Government of the United States and the Governments of other States" that they immediately withdraw "their troops" from Korea; that representatives of "north and south Korea" be elected at a joint assembly of the legis latures of both areas to form a "joint parity commission" which should organize and conduct "free all-Korean elections to the National Assembly of all Korea." A United Nations committee, of which the U.S.S.R. and China (obviously, in the sponsors' interpretation, the Communist regime) must be members, would "observe the holding of free all-Korean elections to the National Assembly." There was provision for subsequent rehabilitation of Korean economy and for admission of a unified Korea to the United Nations.

Also on the same day there was rejected, by 51 votes opposed to 5 in favor, with 3 abstentions, a draft resolution of the U.S.S.R. intended "to call upon the Government of the United States to terminate and to prohibit in the future the bombing of towns and inhabited centers by aircraft and other means, as well as the machine-gunning from the air of the peaceful inhabitants of Korea."

On October 7 the resolution which had been approved by the Committee was adopted by the plenary session, with 47 votes in favor to 5 opposed, with 7 abstentions. The new United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea was to consist of Australia, Chile, the Netherlands, Pakistan, the Philippine Republic, Thailand, and Turkey.

The resolution which had been proposed in the Political and Security Committee by the delegations of the U.S.S.R., the Ukrainian S.S.R., the Byelorussian S.S.R., Poland, and Czechoslovakia was again