BRITISH MUSEUM-BRIZURE.

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Brit'ish Muse'um. The B. M., an important national nography collection is arranged in chronological order. The institution in London, originated in a bequest of Sir Hans oldest series contains the antiquities of the stone and bronze Sloane, who, during a long life-time, gathered an extensive periods. The ethnographical collection contains antiquities, and, at the time, unequaled collection of objects of natural as well as objects of modern use, belonging to all nations not history and works of art, besides a considerable library of of European race. In 1855 the extensive collections of anbooks and MSS. These, in terms of his will, were offered, in tiquities and ethnography belonging to Henry Christy became 1753, to the government on condition that £20,000 should be the property of the museum, having been bequeathed by paid to his family, the first cost of the whole having amounted their proprietor. From the want of space, they were at first to more than £50,000. The offer was accepted; the neces- accommodated in a house rented for the purpose. Felix Slade sary funds were raised by a lottery, and the collection, with bequeathed his valuable collection of glass to the museum, the Harleian and Cottonian Libraries, were arranged in Mon- arranged so as to show the different phases through which tague House, which had been purchased for £10,250. The the art of glass-blowing has passed, as well as the history of new institution, thenceforth called the B. M., was opened in glass. In 1856 the trustees united the natural history depart1759. At first the contents of the museum were arranged ments under Prof. Owen, who was appointed superintendent under 3 departments-Printed books, MSS., and objects of of natural history. The new building at Kensington now natural history; but the progress of the museum has caused accommodates these sections of the B. M. The zoological dea more precise division of its contents. There are now 12 partment contains a collection of animals arranged in systemdepartments, viz.: Printed books, maps, MSS., prints and atic order in the galleries, comprising stuffed mammals, drawings, Oriental antiquities, Greek and Roman antiquities, birds, reptiles, and fishes, and the hard portions of radiate, coins and medals, and British mediæval antiquities and molluscan, and articulate animals. Admission to the museum ethnography, zoology, botany, geology, and mineralogy. The was at first obtained by printed tickets, which were delivered keeper of the department of printed books, which contains by the porter to persons making a written application. There 1,600,000 volumes, has the help of 3 assistant keepers and could be no more than 45 visitors, at the utmost, per day, 43 assistants. There are in addition 54 attendants. The under the regulations then in force. Now all who present maps, charts, plans, and topographical drawings were sepa- themselves are freely admitted; and every open day (every rated from the library to form a distinct department in 1867. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) the museum is visited by There are over 50,000 published and 20,000 MS. maps in the large numbers; as many as 45,000 holiday-folk have passed museum. Many of the latter have thrown much light on the through the building in one day. history of early geographical discovery. The MSS. are contained in several rooms in the S.-E. angle of the building. The work of the department is carried on by a keeper, assistant keeper, a keeper of Oriental MSS., and 9 assistants. The MSS. are for the most part bound in volumes, and placed in cases around the rooms. The collection consists of: (1) The Sloanean MSS., relating chiefly to medical and natural history subjects. (2) The Cottonian MSS., rich in documents referring to the history of Britain, including 2 of the originals of Magna Charta, in registries of English monasteries, and in original letters of royal and illustrious personages. The department of prints and drawings is managed by a keeper and 2 assistants. No purchases were made for this depart-3 c. after the Conquest, we read of British fleets of 240, 400, ment till 1840. During recent yrs. the objects of the museum included under the name of antiquities have been divided into 4 departments. The first of these includes the Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities. The Egyptian monuments date from a period as remote as 2,000 yrs. before the Christian era, and come down to the Mohammedan invasion of Egypt, 640 A.D. There are several beautifully sculptured sarcophagi. Most of the monuments are inscribed with hieroglyphics. The key to this dead and forgotten language was furnished by the celebrated Rosetta Stone, which is placed in the center of the gallery. The collection of Greek and Roman antiquities occupies 4 departments, which run parallel to the Egyptian Gallery. The Lycian Gallery contains a series of architectural and sculptural remains from ancient cities in Lycia, obtained by Sir C. Fellows in 1842-46. In the next gallery are the remains of the famous Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, erected in honor of Mausolus by his widow Artemisia. These remains were discovered by C. T. Newton, Esq., in 1857-59. In the same room are some remains of the Temple of Athene Polias at Priene, including the stone on which its dedication by Alexander the Great is inscribed. The Elgin Gallery contains the sculptures from Athens and Attica, the greater portion of which were obtained by the Earl of Elgin, and purchased from him by Parliament in 1816 for £35,000. The most important series in the gallery is the decorations of the Parthenon, which, notwithstanding their dilapidated condition, form the most valuable monument of Greek art which has descended to modern times. The Hellenic Gallery contains a number of antiquities brought from Greece and its colonies at different times. The gallery on the S. side of the building is occupied with the Roman and Græco-Roman sculptures. The bulk of the collection was formed by Charles Townley, Esq., and purchased in 1805 for £20,000. Subsequent additions have been made by the bequest of the collection of R. P. Knight, Esq., in 1824, and by various purchases and donations. The collection contains an interesting series of Roman portrait sculptures, and a very extensive mythological series, among which are some of universal fame-the Venus, Clytie, the Discobolus, and many others. A room in the basement is appropriated to mosaics and miscellaneous monuments, such as representations of animals, architectural and decorative fragments, and sacred and domestic implements. The British and mediaval antiquities and eth-indicate that a charge is bruised or broken.

Brit'ish Na'vy. While the Romans occupied Britain they were obliged to maintain a fleet of war-vessels on the coasts to protect it from the ravages of the Saxons, who were the pirates and buccaneers of those times. When the Romans had departed, and the Saxons became dominant, the coasts were invested by another naval power-the Scandinavian Vikings. It was Alfred the Great who first established what may be called a navy in the island, consisting of efficient vessels well manned, for protection. Ethelred made the building of a ship a condition for holding a certain acreage of land. William the Conqueror strengthened the navy by the institution of the CINQUE PORTS, (q. v.) During the first and even 730 sail-a proof that the vessels must have been very small, even if there was no exaggeration of numbers. Until 1485 the fleets were collected just as wanted; but in this yr. Henry VII. conceived the idea of a permanent navy, to be ready at all times. He built the largest ship of the age, the Great Harry. Henry VIII. pursued the course established by his father, and still further strengthened the navy by instituting the admiralty, the navy office, the trinityhouse, and the dock-yards at Woolwich, Portsmouth, and Deptford. James I. made many improvements in ship-building by encouraging a distinguished naval architect, Phineas Pett. James II. not only restored it, but brought it to a higher state of efficiency and strength than ever. William of Orange became King of England he found a navy carrying 7,000 guns and 42,000 seamen; he built many additional ships, some with as many as 80 guns, and established Plymouth dock-yard. Queen Anne succeeded to the possession of a fine navy, which at her death had increased to 198 ships, mounting 10,600 guns, with a tonnage of 157,000 tons. George I. attended to the navy chiefly in repairing the ships after a period of war and in supplying a new armament. George II. greatly added to the number of ships, established a naval uniform, and increased the renown of the B. N. With the accession of Queen Victoria came a revolution in naval architecture, on account of the introduction of the screw propeller and of iron-plated ships of war. The B. N. for the yr. 1895 included 85 armored ships, 147 unarmored, 2 armored gunboats, 78 unarmored gunboats, 4 dispatch vessels, 29 training ships, and 232 torpedo boats. These ships carry altogether 6,403 guns, not including those in torpedo boats. The officers for the B. N. number 2,723; seamen, 49,330; marines, 14,750; making a total active list of 66,803; the naval reserves number 80,000. Among the new battleships are the Majestic, Magnificent, and Jupiter. Brit'ton, (JOHN,) an eminent Eng. topographical and antiquarian writer; b. 1771, d. 1857.

When

Brixham, a market-town and sea-port of Devonshire, Eng., whose prosperity depends chiefly on its fisheries, it being the head-quarters of the great Devonshire fishery of Torbay, in which many vessels are employed, mostly trawlers, of which there are about 200; pop. 5,366.

Briz'ure, Brize, or Brise, terms used in Heraldry to

BROACH-BROKEN WIND.

Brock'haus, (FRIEDRICH ARNOLD,) the founder of the well-known firm of B., in Leipsic, and publisher of the Con-orated in value. versations-Lexicon, was b. at Dortmund 1772, d. 1823.

place where treaties were entered into between Sweden and Denmark in 1541, 1641, and 1645.

Bron'chi are the subdivisions of the trachea or windpipe. Opposite the third dorsal vertebra the latter divides into two branches or B., of similar structure to itself, viz., round and cartilaginous in front, and flat, with muscular and fibrous tissue behind, lined with mucous membrane. Of these B., one goes to each lung, the right being little more than an in, the left about 2 in., in 1. On entering the substance of a lung the B. divide into smaller branches, which again subdivide, until they are no larger in diameter than to of an in., which give origin to, or terminate in, small polyhedral cells, which seem to cluster round their extremities, and open into them. These are the air-cells; they consist of elastic tissue, with a lining of mucous membrane, and beneath the latter a layer of minute blood-vessels of the lung.

tory organs of the horse, which, from the French pousse, was termed by some of the old English writers on farriery pursiness. The Germans term it Dämpfigkeit, or asthma, though Bromsgrove, a market-town of Worcestershire, Eng. in many of their works it receives also the name of Herz-There is here a very flourishing grammar school, founded by schlägigkeit, from a belief that it consists in palpitation of Edward VI. in 1553; pop. 7,960. the heart. The nature of the malady is not well understood, though it appears in the form of difficulty in the act of expiration, the horse making an extraordinary or spasmodic effort to expel from the lungs the air which has already entered them in inspiration. The treatment of B. W. is very unsatisfactory; palliation of the symptoms may be obtained by keeping the alimentary canal in proper order, administering occasional purgatives, and feeding on a proper quantity of the best oats, which should always be bruised; also allowing the horse the best hay in spare quantities, viz., from 10 to 12 lbs. daily. Some veterinarians have vaunted their powers in curing this disease, and recommended large doses of camphor, digitalis, and opium; but these potent narcotics only operate for a very short time, and as their effects pass off the symptoms return, and often with increased severity. B. W. is regarded as incurable; and horses thus affected very frequently drop down exhausted when at hard work, and die either from congestion of the lungs, hemorrhage, or simple suffocation.

Bronchi'tis, or inflammation of the lining membrane of the bronchial tubes, is a disease of very common occurrence. The first symptoms are generally those which distinguish a common cold, viz., shivering, headache, and sense of weariness, with occasional cough; but the cough continues, and Broker, an agent employed to make bargains and con- recurs in paroxysms; there is a feeling of oppression on the tracts between other persons in matters of trade, commerce, chest, and the person wheezes when he breathes. He also and navigation, for a compensation commonly called broker-breathes more rapidly, because he is breathing through an age. Where he is employed to buy or sell goods he is not extraordinary amount of mucus secreted by the inflamed linintrusted with the custody or possession of them, and is not ing membrane of the tube. During his paroxysms of cough, authorized to buy or sell them in his own name. In this re- this mucus is spit up. If the inflammation extend no furspect he differs from a factor, and he differs rom an auctioneerther, it is termed tubular B., and is seldom a fatal disease in in two particulars: a B. may buy as well as sell, but an auctioneer can only sell; a B. cannot sell personally at public auction, for that is the function of an auctioneer, but he may sell at private sales, which an auctioneer (as such) does not. Brom'berg, a town of Prussia, in the prov. of Posen; pop. 41,399.

Brome'-grass, a genus of Grasses, very nearly allied to FESCUE, (q..,) with flowers in lax panicles, glumes manyflowered, the outer palea bifid at the extremity, and awned beneath, and the very short stigma growing from the face of the germen, beneath its apex. The soft B., (B. mollis,) an annual or biennial, which has very soft downy leaves, grows well on poor soils, and is readily eaten by cattle, but not much esteemed by farmers, either for the quantity or quality of fodder which it yields. Its seeds have also the reputation of possessing deleterious or poisonous properties; and those of two other species of this genus, B. purgans and B. catharticus, the former a native of N. Am., and the latter of Chili, are said to be emetic and purgative. Among the numerous species are some very common grasses.

Bromelia'ceæ, a natural order of monocotyledonous plants, allied to Amaryllidea and Irideæ, stemless, or with short stems, and rigid, channeled, often spiny and scaly leaves. Bro'mic A'cid is the only known compound of bromine and oxygen. It is prepared by acting upon bromine by caustic potash, when much bromide of potassium is formed, accompanied by bromate of potash, a compound of potash and B. A. It likewise combines with silver, lead, and mercury, yielding salts, all of which are styled bromates.

the first attack; but, as may be expected, it will often extend, or, in some cases, begin, in the small tubes-vesicular B.-when the symptoms just described will be present, but in a greater degree, the breathing being so embarrassed that the patient can no longer lie down, but requires to sit or stand up, and use all his muscles of respiration. Though he coughs, he spits very little, till about the third day, when he expectorates large quantities of yellow fluid. At last, prostration becomes so complete that he ceases to spit, and dies suffocated by the accumulated mucus, from the 5th to the 7th day. In less severe cases, or those which yield to treatment, the delicate tubes may be permanently injured by the inflammation. The treatment of B. must vary with the patient's constitution; but in most cases counter-irritation, applied through the medium of mustard or hot turpentine fomentations, will be found very useful. These remedies act more rapidly than a blister, and may be frequently repeated. It should be remembered that patients suffering from B. are very easily depressed. Such medicines as ammonia should be given, to promote expectoration, combined with the liquor ammoniæ acetatis, to produce perspiration. In very acute cases, after a brisk purge, salines, with ipecacuana or squills, may be given, and an emetic will remove accumulations of mucus. In the B. of old persons chloric ether will be found very useful, and may be combined with sedatives, as henbane; but opium must be given with great caution, or not at all, as it tends to increase the congestion of the inflamed tubes. Terebene, 5 drops on sugar every 3 or 4 hours; terpine hydrate, 3 to 10 grains in sweetened water every 3 or 4 hours; peroxide of hydrogen, (10 vol. sal,) 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls in sweetened water thrice daily, are some of the newer remedies, and may be tried with advantage.

Bron'cho, or Bron'co, a species of the American horse well known for its hardiness and its peculiar lope.

Brond'sted, (PETER OLUF,) a learned Swedish antiquary, b. in Jutland 1780. He visited Italy and Greece, where he made excavations which furnished valuable materials for the study of classical antiquity; he d. rector of the Copenhagen University in 1842.

Bro'mine, one of the chemical elements, occurs in combination in sea-water to the extent of about 1 grain to the gallon. It is found more abundantly in certain saline springs, especially those at Kreuznach and Kissingen in Germany. It is also present in water and land plants and animals. In the extraction of B. from concentrated sea-water, from which common salt has been separated in quantity, and which is then called bittern, or from salt springs, the liquor-which contains the B. as bromide of magnesium-has a stream of chlorine gas passed through it, which forms chloride of magnesium, and liberates the B. The liquid thus becomes of a Brongniart, (ADOLPHE THEOPHILE,) son of the succeedmore or less yellow tint, and if agitated with ether, and al-ing, b. 1801; author of several botanical works held in high lowed to settle, the latter floats up the B. The ethereal solu-esteem; became Prof. of Botany at the Jardin des Plantes, tion is then treated with potash, which principally forms Paris, and member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1852 he bromide of potassium, and fixes the B., so that the ether may was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society of Lonbe distilled off. The residue is then treated with oxide of don; d. 1876. manganese and sulphuric acid in a retort with heat, which results in the liberation and distillation of pure B.

Bromley, (ISAAC H.,) famous Amer. editor, b. 1833; he established the Norwich Bulletin, became editor of the Hartford Evening Post, was provost-marshal for 2 yrs. during the civil war, and entered the editorial staff of the New York Tribune 1873.

Brom'sebro, a village of Sweden. It is celebrated as the

Brongniart, (ALEXANDER,) an eminent Fr. chemist and naturalist, b. 1770, is said to have delivered a lecture on chemistry before he was 15. In 1790 he visited England for a scientific examination of the Derbyshire mines and potteryworks, and, on his return to France, published a Mémoir sur l'Art de l'Emailleur. Appointed in 1800 director of the porcelain manufactory at Sèvres, he held that office for the remainder of his life; d. 1847.

Bro'ni, a town of Italy, in the prov. of Bavaria. It has a been classed as a Unitarian, and in 1887, wishing to enter singular old church, some portions of which date from the Parliament, he went through the legal forms which enabled 10th c. In its vicinity is the castle of B., celebrated in his-him to drop the title " Reverend." tory as the place where Prince Eugene obtained a victory over the French in 1703; pop. about 7,000.

Bronn, (HEINRICH GEORG,) a famous Ger. naturalist, b. at Ziegelhausen 1800, d. 1862.

Bron'ner, (JOHANN PHILIP,) a noted Ger. writer and authority on wines and the propagation of the grape-vine; b. 1792, d. 1865.

Bron'te, a flourishing commercial town in the prov. of Catania, Italy; pop. 16,427.

Bron'té, (CHARLOTTE,) (“Currer Bell,") a well-known novelist, was b. at Thornton, Eng., 1816. Her first book (the joint work of herself and her sister, the latter known under the nom de plume of Acton Bell) was published in 1846; the Professor following; then Jane Eyre, and others; d. 1855. Bronze is a reddish-yellow, fine-grained alloy of copper and tin, in variable proportions. It was early known, and what is usually spoken of as brass in regard to the ancient nations was in reality B. The brass or B. referred to in the Bible was probably composed of copper and tin, though some translators consider it likely to have been copper alone. The examination of the most ancient coins and metallic ornaments and implements leaves no doubt as to the acquaintance of the ancients with B.; so much so, that in the antiquarian history of European nations there is a distinct period styled the B. Period. At the present time B. is largely used for house and church-bells, Chinese gongs, ordnance or cannon metal, and speculum or telescope metal. The novel word steel-B. first began to be common about 1875, when Uchatius devised a new method of hardening the old B. of the Austrian guns. This steel-B., with which Austria is mainly armed, has accordingly no steel in it; but is almost as hard as cast-steel, and was for Austria about 75 per cent, cheaper than steel. Silico-B. and phosphorus-B. are copper alloyed with silicon and phosphorus respectively, and are used for conducting electricity. Manganese-B. is a valuable material for making screw-propellers. ALUMINIUM (q. v.) also forms several valuable alloys with copper. Bronzed-skin, a peculiar discoloration of the skin frequently associated with Addison's disease, which is a disease of the supra-renal capsules.

Bronze-wing, Bronze-pig'eon, names given in the Australian colonies to certain species of pigeon, chiefly of the genus Peristera of Swainson, on account of the lustrous bronze color with which their wings are variously marked. They are otherwise also birds of beautiful plumage.

Brooke, (FRANCIS J.,) an Amer. Revolutionary officer who held various political offices in Va.; b. 1763, d. 1851. Brooke, (GUSTAVUS VAUGHAN,) an Irish tragedian of fine parts, b. 1818; drowned in the Bay of Biscay on the steamer London 1866.

Brooke, (HENRY,) an Irish dramatist and novelist, b. 1706. His novel entitled The Fool of Quality is the only work of his which is likely to meet the eyes of modern readers. It was originally published in 5 volumes, and was greatly admired by John Wesley. A new edition was published in 1859, with a preface by the Rev. Charles Kingsley; d. 1783.

Brooke, (SIR JAMES,) Rajah of Sarawak and Gov. of Labuan, b. at Combe Grove 1803. He conceived the idea of putting down piracy in the Eastern Archipelago, and of carrying civilization to the natives. On his return to England B. was created a K.C.B., and was appointed Gov. of Labuan; d. 1868.

Brook Farm Association, a community which originated 1841, with William Henry Channing, George Ripley, and Sophia, his wife, with whom were united from time to time George William Curtis, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Theodore Parker, Charles Anderson Dana, John Sullivan Dwight, Margaret Fuller, and other personages cf a philosophic turn of mind. It started as an expression of the transcendentalism then attracting philosophical minds in the region of Boston, and as a suggestion from the Fourier communistic movement in Europe, and much shaped by the religious differences which excited New England 1825-45. The dominating idea of the Brook Farm experiment was liberty: it was a practical protest against the long-dominant Calvinism. An organization was formed, having those named and others as stockholders, and a farm of 200 acres was purchased in West Roxbury, 8 m. from Boston, where the transcendentalists who adopted its main principle carried it into practice by Working the land to the best of their ability and knowledge, which, however, were limited. The actual life of Brook Farm was, reverentially, planned on the theory that Christ had designed to reorganize society, and that any effort in that direction would be worthy and acceptable to him. The intellectual plan of the undertaking covered such intellectual objects as would be expected from the brilliant minds included in the community. In this regard it was doubtless | successful-so long as it existed. That it ceased to exist, after 5 or 6 yrs., was due to the utterly unpractical natures Bronz'ing is the process of covering plaster or clay fig- of those engaged in the enterprise, which was finally abanures, and articles in ivory, metal, and wood, so as to commu-doned after having been a financial failure from the beginnicate to them the appearance of ordinary bronze. Gold powder ning. The scheme of the association contemplated utilizing is used for the finer work, and is prepared by grinding gold- the labor—physical and intellectual-of each of its members, leaf with honey on a stone slab till a very fine state of di- at a certain fixed rate, the intention being to dispose of the vision is attained, then washing out the honey, and drying results of such labor to the outside public, and with such the gold powder. Inferior gold-leaf, or that which contains profit that all the delights and adornments of life were to be much silver or copper, yields the German gold powder em- procurable therefrom, which were to be held in common by ployed in B. Copper powder is prepared by introducing an the members of the association. This part of the plan iron bar or plate into a solution of copper, when the latter failed; and the community, having definitely gone over to metal is precipitated as a finely divided red powder. Mosaic Fourierism about 1843, and to Swedenborgianism a yr. later, gold, or musivum, is made by fusing 1 lb. of tin, introducing engaged in a general proselytizing undertaking, a search both lb. of mercury, allowing the alloy or amalgam to cool, then for converts and capital, prosecuted by lecturers and writers. pulverizing and grinding up with sal ammoniac, and 7 But the whole undertaking was brought to a collapse by the ounces sublimed sulphur. Ultimately, the whole is subjected destruction of the "Phalanstery" at Brook Farm, by fire, on to the process of sublimation, when the tin, as a brilliant- the night of March 3, 1846. yellow powder, resembling gold, is left in the subliming vessel. The color of mosaic gold may be deepened by the addition of red oxide of lead, and it then assumes a copper tint. Brooch, an ornamental pin or instrument for fastening the dress. Bs. were much used in antiquity, and varied in form as much as in modern times. They were worn both by men and women, and with a view both to ornament and use, from the time of Homer to the fall of the Western Empire.

Brook'ite, pure, native titanic anhydride, a reddish crystalline mineral found in Scotland, Switzerland, and America. Brook'lime, (Veronica beccabunga,) a species of speedwell abundant in ditches, water-courses, and wet places near springs in Britain, common also in some parts of the continent of Europe. They are sometimes sold with watercresses.

Brook'line, a village of Norfolk Co., Mass., on the Charles River. It has churches, a bank, a newspaper, and is connected with Boston by a horse-R.R.; pop. 12,103. Part was annexed to Boston in 1870. It is a beautiful suburb.

Brooklyn, a city at the W. end of Long Island, belonging to N. Y., is the third city in the U. S. It stands at the S.-W. extremity of Long Island Sound, here known as East River. Between B. and New York there are numerous ferries of of

Brooke, (REV. STOPFORD AUGUSTUS,) an eminent Eng. Unit. preacher, was b. in Dublin 1832; educated at Trinity Coll., and received degree of M.A. At various times was curate of St. Matthew, Marylebone, and of Kensington; minister of St. James's Chapel, York Street, and minister of Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury. In 1872 appointed chaplain in ordinary to the queen. Has published Life and Letters of Frederick W. Robertson, (1865;) Theology in the English a m. in w., on which ply steam-boats constantly day and night. Poets, (1874;) Primer of English Literature, and 4 volumes of sermons. In 1880 he left the Church of England, alleging, as his reason for so doing, that he had ceased to believe the miracles, especially the incarnation. In recent yrs. he has

B. is connected with New York by a suspension-bridge, nearly a m. 1., 135 ft. above the water. (See EAST RIVER BRIDGE.) B. was founded by the Dutch in 1625, and in 1776 its neighborhood was one of the principal seats of the Revolutionary

At the suggestion of his friend Buffon, the naturalist, he wrote the Histoire des Navigations aux Terres Australes, in which he described the supposed great continent under the several names Magellania, Australia, and Polynesia. He d. as Pres. of the Parliament of Burgundy 1777. His letters from Italy under the title Italie il y a cent Ans, were edited and republished by his son, René, Count de B., in 1834.

War. Occupying comparatively elevated ground, B. com- Brosses, de, (CHARLES,) a learned Fr. historian, b. at Dimands a complete view of the adjacent waters, while, not- jon 1709. His first work was Lettres sur l'Etat de la Ville withstanding its inequalities of surface, its streets chiefly d' Herculaneum, the result of a tour through Italy in 1739. cross each other at right angles. B. has a very large number of churches, (whence it is called the "City of Churches," various flourishing banks and literary institutions. It has an immense trade in grain, the warehouses being capable of holding about 19,000,000 bushels. It possesses a national navy-yard, which covers 45 acres, and magnificent docks, including a wet dock for the largest vessels. Its trolley system has about 17,000 miles of wire, and carries annually more than 180,000,000 passengers. Pop., (1890,) 806,343. State census, (1892,) 957,163. Estimated, (1896,) 1,275,000. See GREENWOOD CEMETERY, PROSPECT PARK, EAST RIVER BRIDGE, etc. Brooks, (CHARLES SHIRLEY,) an Eng. novelist and journalist, b. in Oxfordshire 1815; was a contributor to Punch; d. 1874. Brooks, (CHARLES TIMOTHY,) an Amer. Unit. minister, b. 1813, d. 1883. He was graduated at Harvard 1832; made numerous translations from different German authors; among them are: Schiller's William Tell, (1838;) Homage of the Arts, (1847;) German Lyrics, (1853;) and Goethe's Faust, (1856.) He is also author of Aquidneck, (1848;) The Controversy touching the Old Stone Mill, (1851;) Songs of Field and Flood, (1854;) a collection of sermons, etc.

Brooks, (ELBRIDGE GERRY, D.D.,) an Amer. Univ. minister, b. 1816; he was General Sec. of the Universalist General Convention 1867-68. D. 1878.

Brooks, (ERASTUS,) an Amer. editor and journalist, b. 1815; he controlled the New York Express for many yrs.;

d. 1886.

Brooks, (JABEZ, D.D.,) a famous Amer. educator; professor in the University of Minnesota.

Brooks, (JAMES,) established the New York Express 1836; lawyer, politician, and writer; b. 1810, d. 1873.

Brooks, (JOHN, M.D., LL.D.,) an Amer. Revolutionary officer, b. 1752; Gov. of Mass. 1816-23; Pres. of Massachusetts Medical Society 1817-25; d. 1825.

Brooks, (KENDALL, D.D.,) an Amer, minister and educator, b. 1821; he was sometime Prof. of Mathematics in Waterville Coll.; editor of the National Baptist, and Pres. of Kalamazoo Coll., Mich.

Brooks, (MARIA GOWEN,) an Amer. poet, b. in Medford, Mass., 1795, d. 1845. Having lost her father while young she was cared for and educated by her future husband. After his death, 1823, she moved to Cuba; visited London and Paris 1830, and Southey at Keswick 1831. She published: Judith, Esther, and other Poems; Zophiel, or the Bride of Seren, her best work, for which she received of Southey the highest praise; Idomen, or the Vale of Yumuri; Ode to the Departed, etc. Southey called her “Maria dell' Occidente." Brooks, (NATHAN COVINGTON, LL.D.,) an Amer. educator, b. 1819; Pres. of Baltimore Female Coll.

Brooks, (REV. PHILLIPS,) an eloquent Amer. P. E. minister and orator, b. 1835; Rector of Trinity Church, Boston. In 1891 chosen Bishop of Mass. D. Jan. 23, 1893.

Brooks, (WILLIAM T. H.,) an Amer. officer; Brig.-Gen. U. S. Volunteers; served in nearly every battle in Mexico, and in many in the civil war; b. 1821, d. 1870.

Brook'ville, a thriving manufacturing village of Pa., cap. of Jefferson Co.; pop. 2,478. Brook'ville, town and county seat of Franklin Co., Ind., seat of Brookville Coll.; pop. 4,270.

Broom, a name given to a number of species of shrubs of the closely allied genera Cytisus, Genista, and Spartium, of the natural order Leguminosa, sub-order Papilionaceaeall of them having long slender branches and axillary flowers. Broom'-corn, a grass cultivated for the manufacture of brooms and whisks, which are made of the tops of the culms and the branches of the panicle. It is regarded as a mere variety of the species of which the shaloo, or sugar-grass, is another variety. It has been much longer cultivated in N. Am., however, than the sugar-yielding variety. It is said to have been brought from the East Indies, and is now extensively cultivated in all parts of the U. S., and especially by some branches of the religious society called Shakers.

Broome, (JOHN L.,) an Amer. soldier and M. C.; served in Mexico during the Mexican War; b. 1824.

Bror'sen, (THEODOR,) b. 1819, observed at the observatory at Senftenberg in Bohemia; discovered five comets; the first, which bears his name, found in 1846, is one of short period, returning every 5 yrs.

Bross, (WILLIAM,) an Amer. teacher and journalist, b. 1813; he established the Daily Democratic Press, and beeame Pres. of the Chicago Tribune Association.

Broth is an infusion or decoction of vegetable and animal substances in water. It is customary to use more or less meat, generally ox-flesh, with bone and certain vegetables, as cabbage, greens, turnips, carrots, peas, beans, onions, etc. The whole are mixed together in cold water, heat slowly applied, and the materials allowed to simmer for some hours. The meat yields up certain ingredients, while others are retained in the residual flesh.

Broth ́erhoods, Religious. These were societies instituted for pious and benevolent purposes, and were numerous in the Middle Ages. Their origin is probably to be traced to the desire which then prevailed to imitate the spiritual orders. They were usually founded at first without ecclesiastical authorization, on account of which several of the confraternities that either did not seek or did not obtain the recognition of the Church assumed the character of sects, and were suspected of heresy. To this class, among others, belonged the Beghards and Beguines, the Brothers and Sisters of the Free Spirit, the Apostolic Brethren, the Flagellants, who, tolerated by the Church for a while, at last incurred its displeasure, and were severely persecuted. We may also reckon among R. B. the old building corporations, from which sprang the order of Freemasons, the religious character of whose secret societies indicated, in the opinion of the Church, a peculiarly dangerous gnosis and symbolism. Others coming into existence under ecclesiastical oversight, or at least being confirmed by the Church, had no arcana, but were simply dedicated to the promotion of religion, either by the imposition of new penances, the acceptance of new and severer devotions, or the assisting of strangers, travelers, the unprotected, the oppressed, the destitute, and the sick.

Broth ́ers, a name given to a group of 6 or 8 rocky islets immediately outside the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, 250 to 350 ft. in h. They lie off the African coast, about 9 m. S. of the island of Perim, now occupied by England. Brothers is also the name given to 3 isolated mountains near the coast of New South Wales, between Harrington inlet to the S. and Port Macquarie to the N.

Broth ́ers, (RICHARD,) a fanatic, whose prophecies and writings excited an unusual sensation in his day, was at one time a lieutenant in the British navy, which he quitted in 1789. Refusing, from conscientious scruples, to take the requisite oath to enable him to receive his half-pay, he was reduced to great distress, and ultimately placed in the work-house. As a dangerous lunatic, he was at length, by order of government, committed to Bedlam, but released 1806; d. 1824.

The

Broth ́ers and Sis'ters of Char'ity. Under these names there exist in the R. C. Church two widely ramified beneficent societies for the nursing of the poor and sick in hospitals, without distinction of faith, rank, or nation. order of the Brothers of Charity, or Compassionate Brothers, was established in 1540, at Seville, in Spain, by the Portuguese John di Dio, (d. 1550,) who had served in Africa under Charles V. The funds for the purpose were obtained by begging. The primitive object of the society was the care of the sick and the reformation of women of immoral character; it was composed of lay-members, under no rule. In 1572 the order received the papal recognition, and was subjected to the rule of St. Augustine. All the privileges of the mendicant orders were conceded to it in 1624, and it then was divided into a Spanish congregation, with a major-general in Granada, and an Italian or extra-Spanish congregation, with a major-general in Rome. To the latter belong also the Brothers of Charity in Switzerland, Germany, Austria, (their chief seat,) Poland, the Netherlands, France, and other countries. The European members of the order clothe themselves in black; the extra-European, who are under a separate general of their order in Am., wear brown.

Broth'ers, Lay, an inferior class of monks, not in holy orders, but bound by monastic rules, and employed as servants in monasteries.

Brougham, (HENRY LORD BROUGHAM AND VAUX,) was b. in Edinburgh 1778. He spent some time traveling on the Continent; in 1800 was admitted to the Scotch bar. In