Broussais, (FRANÇOIS JOSEPH VICTOR,) founder of a school of medicine, b. at St. Malo 1772. In 1832 he became Prof. of General Pathology and Therapeutics in the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, and afterward was made a member of the Institute; d. 1838. In 1841 a statue was erected to Brown, (JOHN,) the leader of the Harper's Ferry insurhis memory in the Court of Val-de-Grace. B.'s peculiar rection (1859) designed to incite the slaves of the Southern views were that life is sustained only by excitation; that this States to rebellion, was descended from a Puritan carpenter, excitation may be either too strong (surexcitation) or too weak, one of the Mayflower emigrants, and was b. at Torrington, (adynamie,) the latter case, however, being far less frequent Conn., in 1800. In 1854, having imbibed an intense hatred than the former. These abnormal conditions of surexcita- of slavery, he went to Kansas, in order to vote and, if need tion and adynamie at first manifest themselves in a specific were, fight against the establishment of slavery in that terriorgan of the body; but afterward, by sympathy, are extended tory. In many of the conflicts which ensued between the to other organs; i. e., all diseases are originally local, and proslavery party from Missouri and the free settlers B. become general only by sympathy of the several organs. played a prominent part, and in one of these he had a son The organs most subject to disease are the stomach and killed, a circumstance which deepened his hostility against bowels, and therefore gastro-enteritis (inflammation of the the Southern party. After the agitation in Kansas was setstomach and the intestines) is the basis of pathology; conse- tled by a general vote B. traveled through the Southern and quently B. resorted to local phlebotomy-especially the appli- Eastern States, declaiming against slavery, and endeavoring to cation of numerous leeches to the region of the abdomen-organize an armed attack upon it. In Oct., 1859, at the head as a remedy in fevers and various diseases. His theory and of 17 white men and 5 blacks, he commenced active hostilities practice gained many adherents in France, who took the name of the " Physiological School."

defenses, etc. As civil engineer he was engaged on several of our most important R.Rs., and upon invitation of the Czar of Russia became chief engineer on the St. Petersburg and Moscow R.R.; b. 1807, d. 1855.

ing-B. became a volunteer in a regiment of militia raised in in the construction of Fort Adams, R. I., Charleston Harbor Fifeshire during the rebellion of 1745, and in 1747 schoolmaster in the neighborhood of Kinross. During the vacations of his school he studied philosophy and divinity under the inspection of the Associate Synod and the superintendence of the Rev. Ebenezer Erskine and James Fisher. In 1750 he was ordained pastor of the Secession Church at Haddington. Brown, (JOHN, D.D.,) grandson of the preceding, b. 1784 near Whitburn, Linlithgowshire, Scotland. In 1824 he was appointed Prof. of Pastoral and Exegetical Theology in connection with the Associate Synod; d. 1858.

Brown, (JOHN, M.D., LL.D.,) son of JOHN B., D.D., was b. 1810. He attained a distinguished place among the medical practitioners of Edinburgh, and in 1858 published Hora Subsecive, a volume of essays, most of which had previously appeared in periodicals. One of these, Rab and his Friends, has been since published separately, and is very popular; d. 1882.

Brown, (JOHN, M.D.,) founder of the Brunonian system of medicine, the son of a day-laborer, and himself first intended for a weaver, b. in 1735 in Berwickshire, Scotland, was educated at the grammar school of Dunse, in which he was subsequently an usher. After studying medicine at the Edinburgh University, he commenced giving lectures upon a new system of medicine, according to which all diseases are divided into the sthenic, or those depending on an excess of excitement, and the asthenic, those resulting from a deficiency of it; the former to be removed by debilitating medicines, as opium, and the latter by stimulants, such as wine and brandy. His system gave rise to much opposition, but his partisans were numerous, and for a time his opinions had some influence; d. 1788.

Brown, (JOSEPH E.,) an Amer. lawyer, b. 1821; Gov. of Ga. 1857-65, the longest term of any incumbent in that office; d. 1894.

Brown, (SIR WILLIAM,) founder of the Free Public Library at Liverpool, b. in Ireland 1784; was educated at Catterick, Yorkshire, Eng., and in his 16th yr. accompanied his parents to the U. S. He laid the foundation of one of the largest mercantile firms in the world. Embarking in trade, he became an extensive importer of cotton. A liberal reformer, he took a prominent part in local and public affairs, and unceasingly promoted the education of the people. A series of letters in defense of free trade, which in 1850 he contributed to the Pennsylvanian, attracted much attention. He was also an able advocate for the adoption of a decimal coinage. In 1857 he munificently subscribed $150,000 for the establishment of a Free Public Library at Liverpool; d. 1864.

Brown Coal, a mineral substance of vegetable origin, like common coal, but differing from it in its more distinctly fibrous or woody formation, which is sometimes so perfect that the original structure of the wood can be discerned by the microscope, while its external form is also not unfrequently preserved. In this state it is often called Wood Coal; and it sometimes occurs so little mineralized that it may be used for the purposes of ordinary wood-work. It burns without swelling or running, with a weaker flame than coal; emits in burning a smell like that of peat, and leaves an ash more resembling that of wood than of coal.

Browne, (CHARLES FARRAR,) an Amer. humorist, better known as ARTEMUS WARD," b. in Waterford, Me., 1834. In 1860 he became a contributor to Vanity Fair, a New York comic weekly paper, and, being invited to lecture, soon became very popular and attractive; d. 1867 in England.

Brown, (NICHOLAS,) an Amer. merchant philanthropist, b. 1769, d. 1841; gave $100,000 to Providence University, which took the name of Brown University in consequence. Brown, (ROBERT,) an Eng. clergyman, founder of the sect of Brownists, b. 1549, was at first a preacher at Bennet Church, then a school-master in Southwark, and a lecturer at Islington. In 1580 he began to attack the order and discipline of the Established Church, and soon after formed a distinct church on democratic principles at Norwich. Committed by Dr. Freake, bishop of that see, to the custody of the sheriff, he was released from prison through the influence of the lord-treasurer, Cecil, to whom he was nearly related. Having, in 1582, published a controversial work, entitled The Life and Manners of True Christians, with, prefixed, Aunteer naval officer in the civil war; b. 1820, d. 1872. Treatise of Reformation without Tarrying for Any, he was again arrested, but, through the lord-treasurer's intercession, again liberated. He afterward formed several Cong. churches; but, with many of his followers, was obliged to take refuge in Holland. In 1589 he returned to England, reconciled himself to the Established Church, and became rector of a church near Oundle, Northamptonshire. Of a very violent temper, he was, when 80 yrs. old, sent to Northampton jail for an assault on a constable, and d. in prison in 1630.

Browne, (HABLOT KNIGHT,) an Eng. artist, best known for his illustrations of Dickens's books. His first drawings made for Dickens were for Pickwick, in 1836; b. June 15, 1815, d. July 8, 1882.

Browne, (HENRIETTE,) the nom de plume of a Fr. artist, the daughter of Count de Bouteiller, and wife of M. Jules de Saux. Her genre pictures have great merit, and she has a well-deserved reputation; b. at Paris 1829.

Browne, (JOHN Ross,) an Amer. writer, minister to China 1868-70; b. 1817, d. 1875.

Browne, (THOMAS,) an Eng. antiquary and physician, b. 1605. He was knighted in 1671 by Charles II.; d. 1682. Brownell', (HENRY HOWARD,) an Amer. author and vol

Brownell', (REV. THOMAS CHURCH, D.D., LL.D.,) an Amer. prelate; P. E. Bishop of Conn. and first Pres. of Trinity Coll., Hartford; b. 1779, d. 1865.

Brown'ian Move'ments, those seen among the minute particles of a liquid, first described by Robert Brown, botanist, in 1827.

Brown'ie, a domestic spirit of the fairy order in the old popular superstitions of Scotland. The common tradition respecting the B. is that he was a good-humored drudging goblin who attached himself to farm-houses and other dwellings in the country, and occupied himself during the night in performing any humble kind of work that required to be attended to, such as churning, thrashing corn, etc., a spirit not seen or spoken to, and only known by the obliging per

Brown, (ROBERT,) an eminent British botanist, b. at Montrose, Scotland, 1773. In 1810 B. received the charge of the library and splendid collections of Sir Joseph Banks, which in 1827 were transferred to the British Museum, when he was appointed keeper of the botanical department in that estab-formance of his voluntarily undertaken labors. lishment. He was Pres. of the Linnæan Society from 1849 to 1853; d. in London, June 10, 1858.

Brown, (SAMUEL, M.D.,) was b. at Haddington, Scotland, 1817, d. 1856. He took his degree as M.D. in 1839, and immediately devoted himself to chemistry. One idea possessed him to the close of his life-the possibility of reconstructing the whole science of atomics. He never, in spite of crushing failures in experiment, abandoned his early conviction that chemical elements, usually considered simple, might be transmuted into each other.

Brown, (SAMUEL GILMAN, D.D., LL.D.,) an Amer. educator, b. 1813; Pres. of Hamilton Coll.; among other works he published a Biography of Self-Taught Men. D. 1885. Brown, (THOMAS,) a Scotch metaphysician, b. in 1778. At the age of 18 he had published a refutation of Darwin's Zoonomia; was a member of an academy of physics, or society for "the investigation of the laws of nature," and contributed at the outset to the Edinburgh Review. In 1804 appeared his essay on Cause and Effect; d. 1820.

Brown'ing, (ELIZABETH BARRETT,) Eng. poetess, b. March, 1806, d. 1861. Her first important essay in authorship was a translation of the Prometheus of Eschylus in 1833. In 1838 appeared the Seraphim, and Other Poems. In 1846 she married Robert B. In 1850 Mrs. B. published her collected works, together with several new poems. In 1851 appeared the Casa Guidi Windows, a poem whose theme was the struggle made by the Tuscans for freedom in 1849. Aurora Leigh, her longest production, was published in 1856. Poems Before Congress appeared in 1860. poetry is distinguished by its depth of feeling and generous sentiment.

Her

Brown'ing, (ORVILLE H.,) an Amer. lawyer and legislator; U. S. senator 1861-63; Sec. of the Interior 1866-68; acting Attorney-Gen. of the U. S. 1869; b. 1810, d. 1881.

Brown'ing, (ROBERT,) a contemporary Eng. poet, b. in London 1812. He was educated at the London University, and in 1835 wrote his first poem, "Paracelsus," which immediately arrested attention. In 1837 he wrote a tragedy called Brown, (THOMPSON S.,) an Amer. military engineer; served | Strafford, which was not so successful. In 1849 and 1855

The Ring

he published two volumes of his collected poems.
and The Book was published in 1868-69. He afterward
published other volumes of verse, including some translations
from the Greek dramatists. In 1881 the first Browning So-
ciety was formed in England by F. J. Furnivall for the study
of B.'s works. Numerous similar societies have also been
formed in other places in England and in Am. D. 1889.
Brown'low, (WILLIAM GANNAWAY,) an Amer. M. E.
minister and politician; Gov. of Tenn. 1865-69; U.S. senator
1869; b. 1805, d. 1877.

Brown Pig'ments, a term in Art applied to those substances in which the three primary colors unite in unequal proportions, red being in excess.

Browns, in porcelain manufacture, are generally imparted by a mixture containing more or less sulphate of iron, which, when heated, leaves the red oxide of iron (rust) on the porcelain, forming a more or less deep-tinted ocher.

Browns, in cloth dyeing, are communicated by ARNOTTO (q. v.) and copperas, assisted by fustic, sumach, peachwood, logwood, and alum.

Brown-Sequard', (C. EDOUARD, M.D.,) of French and Amer. parentage, but resided chiefly in New York; an eminent consulting physician and authority on diseases of the nervous system; later discovered what he termed the Elixir of Life; b. 1818, d. 1894.

Brown'son, (HECTOR MCLEAN,) an Amer. soldier and preacher; fought gallantly in the War of 1812; member of the New England M. E. Conference, and for nearly 40 yrs. Supt. of the American Bible Society for Central N. Y.; b. 1790, d. 1876.

Brown'son, (NATHAN,) member of the Provincial Congress 1775; surgeon in the Revolutionary army; Gov. of Ga. 1781; d. 1796.

Brown'son, (Orestes Augustus, LL.D.,) an Amer. journalist and theologian, founded the Boston Quarterly Review, and published several novels, etc.; b. 1808, d. 1876.

Bruce, the surname of a family illustrious in Scottish history, descended from Robert de Bruis, a Norman knight, who accompanied William the Conqueror to England in 1066, and died soon after. His youngest son, Adam, left a son, Robert de Brus of Cleveland. He d. in 1141. His English estates were inherited by his eldest son, Adam, whose male line terminated in Peter de B. of Scarborough Castle in 1271. Robert de B., 2d Lord of Annandale, had two sons: Robert-who married a natural daughter of William the Lion, and d. without issue before 1191-and William, whose son, Robert, 4th Lord of Annandale, married Isobel, 2d daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon and Chester, brother of William the Lion, and thus laid the foundation of the royal House of B.; he d. in 1245.

Bruce, (ARCHIBALD, M.D.,) Prof. of Materia Medica in New York Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, member of many societies, and editor of Journal of American Mineralogy; b. 1777, d. 1818.

Bruce, (DAVID,) son of King Robert B., succeeded his father, in 1329, as David II., when only 5 yrs. old. By the terms of the treaty of Northampton, he married, when 4 yrs. old, Joanna, daughter of Edward II. of England, and on Nov. 14, 1331, he was crowned with her at Scone. In 1333 the success of Edward Baliol and the English party obliged David's guardians to send him and his consort to France; but on the dispersion of Baliol's adherents David returned to Scotland in 1341. He made three unsuccessful inroads into England, and on a fourth invasion, in 1346, was taken prisoner at the battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham, and conveyed to the Tower of London. Thence he was removed to Odihom, in Hampshire, and not released till 1357, when his ransom was fixed at 100,000 marks; d. 1371.

Bruce, (EDWARD,) King of Ireland, a chivalrous but rash and impetuous prince, who actively engaged in the struggle for Scotland's independence. In 1308, after defeating the English forces twice, he made himself master of Galloway. In 1315 the chieftains of Ulster tendered to him the crown of Ireland on condition of his assisting them to expel the English from the island. With a small army of 6,000 men he embarked at Ayr, and reached Carrickfergus May 25 of the same yr., accompanied by Sir Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, Sir John of Soulis, Sir John the Stewart, Sir Fergus of Ardrossan, and other Scottish knights of renown. His victories made him master of Ulster, and he was crowned King of Ireland in 1316, but was slain at Dundalk 1817.

Brown's Tract, ("John Brown's Tract,") a portion of the W. slope of the Adirondack region near the head-waters of the streams that flow into the Black River. It comprises 210,000 acres, and originally formed a part of what is known as Macomb's purchase. It was bought at a foreclosure sale in 1798 for $33,000, by John Brown, a rich merchant of Providence, R. I., who led the party that destroyed the British schooner Gaspee, in Narragansett Bay, 1772. For 20 yrs. he was treasurer of Brown University, which was named in honor of his family, and he laid the corner-stone of its Bruce, (SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM ADOLPHUS,) an Eng. edifice. The tract purchased by him was divided into 8 diplomat; embassador to the U. S. 1865; b. 1814, d. 1867. townships, and it is said that Aaron Burr had, at one time, Bruce, (GEORGE,) a Scotch printer, who introduced stereosome interest in the property, though this was doubtless prior typing in New York, and with his nephew David invented a to its purchase by Brown, who died and left it a wilderness.type-casting machine; b. 1781, d. 1866. DAVID B. d. in New Browns'ville, town, port of entry, cap. of Cameron Co., York 1892, aged 91. Tex., on the Rio Grande, 35 m. from the Gulf of Mexico. It is opposite Matamoras, Mexico, 22 m. from Point Isabel, on the Gulf coast. Its prosperity is due chiefly to its trade, of which the steam navigation of the Rio Grande forms the principal part. It has several churches, a convent, a college, a custom-house, and one daily and several weekly newspapers. It is also the seat of a vicar-apostolic of the R. C. Church. A short distance E. of B. is Fort Brown, garrisoned by U. S. troops; pop. 6,134.

Brown Univer'sity, Providence, R. I.; organized at Warren 1764 as Rhode Island Coll. In 1770 it was removed to Providence, and in 1804 received its present name in honor of NICHOLAS BROWN, (q. v.,) one of its most munificent patrons. It has always been under the direction of the Baptists, but its instruction is not sectarian. The buildings, over a dozen in number, are on an elevation, surrounded by a beautiful campus of 16 acres, adorned with shade trees, mostly elms. The property is valued at over $1,933,000, the invested funds are about $1,300,000, and the annual income is about $65,000. The college has 100 scholarships, 64 of which are of $1,000 each. Thirty scholarships are sustained by a state fund of $50,000. There is also an aid fund of several thousand dollars, the income of which is used to assist students. It has a library numbering 80,000 volumes; a museum of natural history; 81 regular professors and other instructors, and between 800 and 900 students. About half of the students are from R. I.

Brozik, (VACSLAV,) a Bohemian artist, b. at Pilsen. His picture, "Columbus at the Court of Isabella," was presented to the city of New York by Morris K. Jesup, and is in the Metropolitan Museum.

Brshesi'ny, an insignificant town of Poland, in the Govt. of Piotrkov; pop. 6,040.

Bruce, (JAMES,) a celebrated traveler, b. in Stirlingshire, Scotland, 1730. In June, 1768, he proceeded to Alexandria, and from Cairo set out on his famous journey to Abyssinia, which forms an epoch in the annals of discovery. Sailing up the Nile to Syene he crossed the desert to Cosseir, and arrived at Jeddah in April, 1769. After various detentions, he reached Gondar, the cap. of Abyssinia, in Feb., 1770, and on Nov. 14 of that yr. succeeded in reaching the sources of the Abawi. He remained about 2 yrs. in Abyssinia, and, returning by way of Sennaar and the desert of Assouan, reached Alexandria, whence he embarked, March, 1773, for Marseilles. His long-expected Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the Years 1768-1773, were published in 1790, in 5 large 4to volumes, with plates and charts, and contained such curious accounts of the manners and habits of the people of Abyssinia that it startled the belief of many. But modern travelers, including Salt, Pearce, Burckhardt, Belzoni, and others, have fully confirmed his statements; d. 1794.

Bruce, (MICHAEL,) a minor Scottish poet, b. in Scotland 1746. He had all his life to struggle with poverty, and, his frame being weak, melancholy took possession of his mind, and his constitution began visibly to decline. He d. of consumption 1767, aged 21. His few poems, of a tender and pathetic description, were published by the Rev. John Logan, his fellow-student.

Bruce, (ROBERT,) the most heroic of the Scottish kings, b. 1274. In 1296, as Earl of Carrick, he swore fealty to Edward I. at Berwick, and the following yr. he renewed his oath of homage at Carlisle. Shortly after he abandoned the cause of Edward, and with his Carrick vassals joined the Scottish leaders in arms for the independence of their country. After Wallace's defeat at Falkirk, B. burned the castle of Ayr to the ground to prevent its falling into the hands of the English,

BRUCE, DE-BRUNCK.

Re

as a military commissary during the Seven Years' War. turning to Strasburg, he devoted all his spare time to Greek, and soon distinguished himself as a very able critic and emendator, and since the revival of learning few critics have done more for the progress of Greek literature. The outbreak of the French Revolution interrupted B.'s studies. He ardently attached himself to the popular side. During the Reign of Terror he was imprisoned, but was liberated after Robespierre's fall; d. 1803.

Brune, (GUILLAUME MARIE ANNE,) a Fr. marshal of the First Empire, b. at Brives-la-Gaillarde 1763. In 1797 he became brigadier under Napoleon in the Army of Italy, and distinguished himself at Arcola and Rivoli. In 1799 he was appointed to the command of the Army of Holland, and achieved the reputation of being one of the best generals of his age. In 1803 he was named embassador to the Ottoman Porte. He was assassinated in 1815 at Avignon. Brunehil'de, queen to Sigebert, King of Austrasia, and afterward regent of the kingdom; murdered 613.

1315, the deputies of the Forest Cantons, who 8 yrs. before had formed a plan for the liberation of their country from the Austrian yoke, laid the basis of the Helvetic Republic. Brun'now, Count von, (ERNEST PHILIP,) a Russian diplomatist, b. at Dresden 1797, d. 1875.

Brün'now, (FRANZ FRIEDRICH ERNST,) a Ger. astronomer, b. at Berlin 1821; first assistant in the Berlin Observatory, and afterward director of the observatory at Düsseldorf; author of a very valuable manual of spherical and practical astronomy. In 1854 came to the U. S. as director of the ob servatory at Ann Arbor, Mich., in which position he contin ued, with the exception of an intermission of 1 yr., until 1863, when his pupil, Watson, succeeded him. In 1865 he was appointed director of the Dunsink Observatory. Here he devoted himself to determinations of stellar parallax, for which, together with his Manual of Astronomy, he will be principally remembered.

Bru'no, (GIORDANO,) the precursor of the school of mod. ern Pantheistic philosophers, b. at Nola, in the kingdom of Brunel', (ISAMBARD KINGDOM,) an eminent engineer, b. in Naples, about the middle of the yr. 1550. He entered the England 1806. He assisted in his father's experiments for order of the Dominicans, but soon began to express his making carbonic acid gas a motive power, and was designer doubts in regard to the doctrines of transubstantiation and and civil engineer of the Great Western, the first steam-ship of the immaculate conception, in consequence of which he built to cross the Atlantic; and of the Great Britain, the first was obliged to flee from his convent. In 1580 he went to ocean screw-steamer. The Great Eastern, the largest vessel Geneva, where he spent 2 yrs., but having excited the sus ever built in the world, was constructed under his sole direc-picion and dislike of the strict Calvinists of that city he retion. moved to Paris. His disputes with the bigoted Aristotelians of the University of Paris compelled him, however, to leave France. He passed over into England, where he resided for 2 yrs. in quiet. He returned to Paris in 1585. In 1586 he proceeded to the University of Marburg, where he matriculated, and to Wittenberg, where he became professor; but being asked to join the Lutheran communion he refused. On his departure from the city he pronounced an impassioned panegyric on Luther. After spending some time in Prague, Brunswick, Helmstadt, and Frankfort-on-the-Main he resolved to go back to Italy, and fixed his residence at Padua, but went to Venice, where he was arrested by the officers of the Inqui sition. He was burned at Rome in 1600.

In 1833 B. was appointed chief engineer to the Great Western R.R., and designed and constructed the whole of the tunnels, bridges, viaducts, and arches on this line and extension branches. In 1842 he was employed to construct the Hungerford Suspension Bridge across the Thames at Charing Cross, London. In 1850-53 he constructed the works of the Tuscan portion of the Sardinian R.R.; d. 1859.

Brunel', (SIR MARK ISAMBARD,) the celebrated engineer of the Thames Tunnel, b. in France 1769. He was appointed to survey for the canal which now connects Lake Champlain with the Hudson River at Albany. Afterward he acted as architect in New York. His most remarkable undertaking was the Thames Tunnel, formed beneath the bed of the river, and which, commenced in March, 1825, was opened to the public in March, 1843. Among the less important of B.'s inventions were machines for making wooden boxes; for ruling paper; for shuffling a pack of cards without using the hands; for the manufacture of nails; and for making seamless shoes for the army. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1814, he was appointed vice-president in 1832. He was knighted in 1841; d. 1849.

Brunelles'chi, (FILIPPO,) one of the greatest Italian architects, b. at Florence in 1377, is reckoned the first who established on a sound basis the theory of perspective. When still a young man B. went to Rome, where he acquired a profound knowledge of ancient architecture. In 1407 he returned to Florence. In 1420 it was proposed to complete the structure of the cathedral of Sagta Maria del Fiore, founded in 1296, and then only wanting a dome. The work was intrusted to him, and finished, with the exception of the lantern, with which he intended to crown the whole, but was prevented by his death in 1444. B.'s dome, measured diametrically, is the largest in the world, and served as a model to Michael Angelo for that of St. Peter's.

Brun'hild, Bru'nehild, or Bru ́nehilde, (1) daughter of the King of Issland, beloved by Günther, one of the two great chieftains of the Nibelungenlied or Teutonic Iliad. She was to be carried off by force, and Günther asked his friend Siegfried to help him. Siegfried contrived the matter by snatching from her the talisman which was her protector. (2) The name given to the 123d asteroid, discovered by Peters at Clinton, N. Y., July 31, 1872, the fifteenth of these small planets detected by him.

Bru'no, Saint, the founder of the Carthusian order of monks, b. at Cologne 1051. He soon began to be troubled by the wickedness of his time, and, anxious to escape from what seemed to him the general pollution, he took refuge with six pious friends in a desert place near Chartreuse, in the diocese of Grenoble. Here, in 1086, he founded one of the most austere of all the monkish orders, which received its name from the locality whence it had sprung. B. and his companions had each a separate cell, in which they practiced the severities of the rule of St. Benedict, keeping silence during six days of the week, and only seeing one another on Sundays. Pope Urban II., who was one of B.'s most eminent scholars, in 1089 summoned the saint to Rome. B. obeyed the call reluctantly, and steadily refused all offers of preferment. In 1094 he established a second Carthusian monastery, called La Torre, in a solitary district of Calabria, where he d. in 1101. He was not canonized until 1628.

Bru'no, The Great, Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lorraine, one of the most eminent men of his time, was b. about 928 A.D. His knowledge, sagacity, and eloquence secured for him an immense influence over the bishops and clergy, while his liberality, meekness, and great earnestness of heart won the affections and reverence of the laity; d. 965.

Brunswick, the cap. of the Duchy of B., situated on the Oker, is supposed to have been walled, about the 9th c., by Bruno, Duke of Ostfalen. In the 13th c. B. became a member of the Hanse League, and soon attained considerable commer cial prosperity, but its importance declined with the decay of the League. The town is most irregularly built, with narrow, crooked streets, but possesses the advantages of good causeBru'ni, (LEONARDO,) a native of Arezzo, and hence styled ways and an abundant supply of water. The cathedral-in ARETINO, b. 1369, merits notice as one of the most learned which are preserved some interesting relics brought by Henry men who flourished during the epoch of the revival of Greek the Lion from the Holy Land-with the churches of St. Martin, learning in Italy. In 1414 he attended John XXII. to the St. Catherine, and St. Andrew, with steeple 316 ft. h., are among Council of Constance. On the deposition of that pope he re- the principal buildings. The industry of B. consists chiefly turned to Florence, where he was of service to the republic. in manufactures of woolen and linen, chicory, beet-sugar, toHis Historia Florentina procured for him the rights of citi-bacco, papier-maché, lacquered wares, etc.; pop. 101,047. zenship; and afterward, through the favor of the Medicean Bruns wick, a port and the cap. of Glynn Co., Ga., on family, he was appointed state secretary; d. 1444.

Brünn, a fortified city of the Austrian Empire, cap. of the Govt. of Moravia; pop. 94,462. It contains the castle of Spielberg, now used as a state prison, and noteworthy as the place in which Silvio Pellico was confined from 1822 to 1830. Brun'nen, a village of Switzerlaud, in the Canton of Schwyz, is celebrated in history as the place where, in Dec.,

St. Simon's Sound, 8 m. from the Atlantic and 80 m. S.-W. of Savannah. It is the terminus of two R.Rs., and has a fine harbor. The chief industry is the production and shipment of yellow pine lumber; pop. 8,459.

Brunswick, a thriving manufacturing town of Cumberland Co., Me., situated at head of tide-water and navigation on Androscoggin River, whose rapids afford abundant water