BRUNSWICK, DUCHY OF-BRYOPHYLLUM. power; seat of Bowdoin Coll. and of Medical School of Me.; pop. 6,012. Bruns'wick, Duchy of, (Ger. Braunschweig,) a State of Germany, consisting of 3 larger and 5 smaller distinct parts; area 1,424 sq. m., pop. 403,773. For administrative purposes B. is divided into 6 circles, viz.: Brunswick, Wolfenbüttel, Helmstädt, Gandersheim, Holzminden, and Blankenburg. Of the 3 larger parts the principal one, forming the circle of Wolfenbüttel, and including the cap., lies between Prussia and Hanover; the second, extending E. and W. from Prussia to the Weser, divides Hanover into 2 parts; and the third, forming the circle of Blankenburg, lies to the S.-E., between Hanover, Anhalt, and Prussia. The surface is mostly mountainous, particularly in the southern portions of the country, but B. has, nevertheless, level tracts of considerable extent. The rivers, with the exception of the Weser, are comparatively unimportant, though advantage is taken of one or two for the transport of timber. The climate in the lowlands resembles the general climate of northern Germany; but in the Harz district it is much colder, and harvest is usually a month later than in the plains. Bruns wick-Be'vern, (AUGUST WILHELM,) the tallest soldier of his time in the Prussian army, distinguished himself in the battles of Lowasitz, Reichenberg, Prague, and Kollin; b. 1715, d. 1781. Bruns'wick Green, a pigment used in the arts, and consisting of the hydrated chloride and oxide of copper. Brunswick, House of, the reigning family in Great Britain; came first to the throne in the person of George I. (Elector of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg) 1714. See HANOVERIAN SUCCESSION. Bruns'wick-Lüne ́berg, Duke of, (KARL WILHELM FERDINAND,) commander-in-chief of the allied armies of Austria and Prussia 1792; defeated and mortally wounded at Jena 1806; b. 1735. 431 Place des Martyrs, where a memorial has been erected to those who fell here in the revolution of 1830. Among the churches of B. the largest and finest is the Cathedral of St. Gudule, which dates from the 12th c. In the Palais des Beaux Arts is the picture-gallery, containing the finest specimens of the Flemish school; the public library, with its 234,000 volumes and its 20,000 MSS. The observatory is one of the finest in Europe. The educational establishments of B. are numerous, the principal being the free university, founded in 1834, with 4 faculties. It has also numerous charitable and benevolent institutions, and is the seat of the provincial government of South Brabant, as well as of the general government of the kingdom. B. is one of the chief centers of the industry of the country. Its lace is particularly famous. Of carpets which pass under the name of B. carpets only a few are manufactured here, most of those of Belgic make being produced at Tournai; pop. 183,833, but including its 9 suburbs, 482,268. (For map of Brussels see next page.) Brus'sels Sprouts, one of the many cultivated varieties of Brassica oleracea, distinguished by producing, in the axils of the leaves, little clusters of leaves, which close together and form miniature cabbages. These are used, like other greens of this species, for the table, and are very delicate. The plant is cultivated much in the same way as cabbage or kale, requiring, however, less space than most of the varieties. It may be planted in shady situations, or between the rows of crops, such as peas, beans, scarlet-runners, etc., which are to be removed from the ground in autumn. The sprouts are fit for use chiefly in winter and spring. Bru'tus, (LUCIUS JUNIUS,) figures in the legendary history of early Rome as the hero who overturned the monarchical, and established the republican, form of government. That his character as a stern old Roman hero might be complete, the legend adds that he sacrificed to the new republic his own sons, detected in a conspiracy to restore the monarchy. He fell in mortal combat against the Tarquins about 507. Bru'sa, a city of Asia Minor, at the foot of Mount Olympus. B. was the cap. of ancient Bythuania. It has manufact. ures of silk, satin, gauze cloth, and tapestry; pop. 60,000. Bru'tus, (MARCUS JUNIUS,) b. 85 B.C., appears to have Brusacor'ci, (DOMENICO,) an Ital. painter, b. in Verona spent the early yrs. of manhood in exclusive devotion to lit1494, d. 1567; he was named "the Titian of Verona" on erary pursuits, and not to have taken part in the political account of his imitation of the style of that master. His son, dissensions agitating Rome till he had attained a mature age. FELICIO, called also THE YOUNGER, 1540-1605, was a skillful When the civil war broke out between Pompey and Cæsar painter on marble and alabaster, he sided with the former, but after the battle of Pharsalia made his submission to the latter, and in the following yr. was appointed Gov. of Cisalpine Gaul. The influence of Cassius prevailed upon him to join the conspiracy which ended in the murder of Cæsar. Defeated by Antony and Octavianus (Augustus) at Philippi, (42 B.C.,) he terminated his life by falling upon his sword. Brusanti'ni, Count, (VINCENZO,) an Ital. poet of the 16th c.; he had an adventurous career, and is best known by his Angelica Innamorata. Bru'schius, or Brusch, (GASPARD,) a Ger. historian of the 16th c., Count Palatine, and poet-laureate. Brush, (GEORGE JARVIS,) Prof. of Metallurgy and Mineralogy in Yale 1855-64; b. 1831. Brush Turkey, (Tallegalla Lathami,) an Australian bird which deposits its eggs in a great heap of grass and dried leaves, and leaves them to be hatched by the artificial heat of the mound. Brush'-wheel, a wheel without teeth, used occasionally in light machinery to turn a similar one by means of something soft or brush-like attached to the circumference. A revolving brush used for polishing by turners, silversmiths, and lapidaries. Brush-wheel. Brux, a town of Bohemia, has extensive coal-mines, and the famous mineral springs of Püllna and Seidlitz; pop. 6,102. Bry'ant, (WILLIAM CULLEN,) poet and journalist, b. in Hampshire, Mass., 1794. At the age of 10 he published translations from the Latin poets; at 13 he wrote a terse and vigorous political poem entitled The Embargo; and at 18 he composed his Thanatopsis. B. established The New York Review, to which he contributed many of his best poems. In 1826 he became principal editor of The Evening Post, a leading paper of New York, which he conducted with manliness and purity of tone. The first collected edition of his poems appeared in 1832. They were soon after republished in England, and were regarded as the highest effort, up to that time, of the American muse. In 1842 he published The Fountain, and other Poems. B. visited Europe in 1834, and several times afterward, and records his observations in Letters of a Traveler in Europe and America. In 1858 appeared a new edition of his poetical works, and in 1869 a metrical translation of the Iliad, followed in 1871 by that of the Odyssey. He afterward engaged in writing the History of the United States; d. 1878. Bryd'ges, (SIR SAMUEL EGERTON, M.P.,) an Eng. bibliographer, who laid claims to the barony of Chandos unsuccessfully; b. 1762, d. 1837. Brus'sels, (Fr. Bruxelles,) the cap. of Belgium, situated on the river Senne, communicates with Antwerp and the Baltic Sea by means of the Scheldt Canal, and R.Rs. connect it with Germany, France, and Holland, as well as with all the principal towns of Belgium. The city is built partly on the side of a hill and partly on a fertile plain. French is spoken in the upper part of B.; in the lower Flemish is prevalent, and in one quarter the Walloon dialect is spoken. The English language, owing to the large number of English who reside in B. for economy, is also very common. Besides the fine park in the Upper Town, covering an area of some acres, ornamented with fountains and statues, and surrounded by the king's palace, the "Palace of the Prince of Orange," the Chamber of Representatives, and other buildings, B. has sev-tacea, distinguished by triadelphous stamens, with distinct eral other squares or places, among which the most noteworthy are: the Place Royale, with the colossal monument of Godfrey of Bouillon; the Grand Place, in which is situated the Hôtel de Ville, a splendid Gothic structure, erected in the beginning of the 15th c., with a pyramidal tower 364 ft. h., surmounted by a statue of St. Michael, the patron saint of B., and where, in 1568, the patriot counts, Egmont and Horn, were beheaded by order of the Duke of Alba; and the Bry'ony, a genus of plants of the natural order Cucurbi anthers, a trifid style, and a few-seeded fruit destitute of hard rind. The stems climb by means of lateral tendrils, the leaves are angular or 3-5-lobed, and the flowers campanulate, 5-partite, unisexual, and generally yellow. The root is acid, purgative, and emetic; it is employed in homeopathic practice. Bryophyllum, (Gr. bryon, "moss," and phyllon, "a leaf,") a genus of plants of the natural order Crassulacea. other plant. plants. These buds are capable of forming independent which it is put by the natives is to afford threads for string. This curious mode of propagation is found also in ing beads on. the bog orchis, (Malaxis Paludosa,) a plant of a very different natural order. Brzesc Litew'ski, a walled town of Russia, in the Govt. of Grodno, the scene of a battle between the Russians and Poles in 1794; pop. 22,132. Bu balus, Bu balis, or Bu'balé, (Antilope B.,) supposed to be the B. of the ancients-although that name is now generally appropriated to the buffalo-a species of antelope, of that section of the genus which is characterized as boviform or ox-like. The Arabic name is Bekker-el-Wash, BUBASTIS-BUCHU. which signifies wild ox. It is an animal about the size of a large stag, with very ox-like head and muzzle-the head, however, remarkably long; the horns about as long as the head, surrounded by a succession of thickened rings, curved so as somewhat to resemble the sides of a lyre, the points directed backward. Bubas'tis, a goddess of the Egyptians, was, in their mythology, the child of Isis and Osiris, and sister of Horus. She was identified by the Greeks with Artemis. (See DIANA.) The chief temple erected to B. was at Bubastis. B. is represented on monuments as having the head of a cat, an animal that was sacred to her. Bubas'tis, (the Pi-beseth of Scripture, and the modern Tel Bassa,) a ruined city of Egypt, about 14 m. N. of Belbeys; it derived its name from the Egyptian goddess Bubastis, (q. v.,) in whose honor a temple was erected there. Nothing but some stones of the temple, which are of the finest red granite, now remain. Bub'ble, as a term, is defined by Blackstone as an unwarrantable undertaking by unlawful subscriptions, subjecting the parties who originate and put them in operation to the penalties of præmunire. The South Sea Company was a terrible example of such a B. Bu'bo, an inflammatory tumor, seated in the groin or the arm-pit. Buccaneers', a celebrated association of piratical adventurers, who, from the commencement of the second quarter of the 16th c. to the end of the 17th, maintained themselves in the Caribbean seas, at first by systematic reprisals on the Spaniards, latterly by a less justifiable and indiscriminate piracy. The name is derived from the Caribbee boucan, a term for preserved meat, smoke-dried in a peculiar manner. The B. were also sometimes called "Brethren of the Coast." The arrogant assumption by the Spaniards of a divine right -sanctioned by the pope's bull-to the whole New World was not, of course, to be tolerated by the enterprising mariners of England and France; and the enormous cruelties practiced by them upon all foreign interlopers, of which the history of that time is full, naturally led to an association for mutual defense among the adventurers of all other nations, but particularly among the English and French. The fundamental principles of the policy were close mutual alliance, and war with all that were Spanish. The center of their predatory life was Tortuga. Their last great exploit was the capture of Carthagena, 1697. Buccina'tor, the name of a muscle situated in the substance of the cheeks; it is so called because when the cheeks are distended with air the contraction of the B. muscles forces it out. In its Bucci'no, a town of Italy, in the prov. of Salerno. vicinity are quarries yielding fine marble; pop. 6,049. Buccleuch', the name of one of the oldest and most distinguished families in Scotland. The family traces its descent from Sir Richard le Scott, in the reign of Alexander III., (1249-1285.) Historically conspicuous is Sir Walter Scott of Branxholm on the border, who flourished in the reign of James V.; and on some incidents in his life his great namesake founded the Lay of the Last Minstrel. Bucen'taur, the name of a ship which acquired much celebrity in Venice at the time when that state was a flourishing republic. The B. is described as having been a galley, about 100 ft. 1. by 21 in extreme w.; on a lower Bucentaur. deck were 32 banks or rows of oars, manned by 168 rowers, and on an upper deck was accommodation for the illustrious visitors who occasionally came on board. The whole of the fittings were of the most gorgeous character. The B. was employed once a yr., when the Doge "married the Adriatic." Buceph'alus, (Gr. "ox-head,") the name of the favorite charger of Alexander the Great, was probably also the name of a peculiar breed of horses in Thessaly. According to tradition Alexander in his boyhood was the only person able to manage the steed B., and thus was fulfilled the condition stated by an oracle as necessary for gaining the crown of Macedon. The town Bucephalia, on the river Hydaspes, in India, was founded near the grave of B., which died during Alexander's Indian expedition. Bu'cer, (MARTIN,) one of the Church reformers of the 16th c., b. at Schlettstadt, in Alsace, 1491, d. 1551. His remains 433 were interred in a church at Cambridge with solemnity; but during the reign of Mary his bones, with those of Fagius, were taken from their graves and burned in the marketplace. Bu'ceros, a group of birds called Hornbill, order Incessores, natives of the Old World. Buch, von, (LEOPOLD,) one of the most celebrated of German geologists, b. at Stolpe, in Prussia, in 1774 or 1777, d. 1853. Bu'chan, the N.-E. district of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, consisting of about one quarter of the county, lying between the Ythan and the Dovern. The chief seats of population are Peterhead, Fraserburgh, Macduff, and Turriff. B. contains several so-called Druid circles, as well as the remains of the Abbey of Deer, and of several castles belonging to the Comyns, who held the earldom of B., but forfeited their title and property in 1309. Buchan'an, (GEORGE,) one of the most learned men of the 16th c., and a distinguished poet and historian, b. at Killearn, Scotland, in 1506, d. 1582. In 1570 B. was appointed tutor to the young king, James VI., also Director of Chancery, which he soon resigned. In the same yr. he was made Keeper of the Privy Seal. Buchan'an, (JAMES,) b. in Franklin Co., Pa., 1791; was educated at Dickinson Coll., adopted the profession of the law, and in 1814 was elected a member of the Pa. House of Representatives. In 1820 he was chosen a member of Congress, and remained so till March 4, 1831. In May of that yr. he was nominated embassador to Russia. He returned to the U. S. in 1834, and soon after was elected a member of the Senate; he was re-elected in Dec., 1836, and in 1843. Appointed by President Polk, in March, 1845, Sec. of State, he held that office till the close of Polk's Presidency. Embassador to England in 1854, B. resigned that post the following yr., and in 1856 was elected President of the U. S. He favored the maintenance of slavery and the demands of the Southern party, and his inaction at a critical moment is said to have precipitated the civil war; d. 1868. Buchan'an, (ROBERT C.,) an Amer. army officer; served in frontier posts, and in the Mexican and civil wars, from 1830 to 1870; b. 1811, d. 1878. Buchan'an, (THOMAS MCKEAN,) an Amer. naval officer; was in many engagements during the civil war, and fell at Bayou Têche on the Mississippi; b. 1837. Bu'chanites, an extraordinary set of fanatics which sprang up in the W. of Scotland in 1783. The founder of the sect was Mrs. or Lucky Buchan, b. in Banffshire in 1738. In 1782 she became acquainted with the Rev. Hugh White, minister of the relief congregation in Irvine, who adopted her opinions, for which he was deposed by his presbytery, and began with her to found a new sect at Irvine, whose expected heaven was one of mere sensual delights. They finally became extinct in 1846. Buchan'ness, the easternmost promontory of Scotland, in the N.-E. of Aberdeenshire. Bucharest', Bukharest', or Bukhorest', the chief city of Wallachia, is for the most part meanly built, and the streets are very irregular and generally unpaved. There are, however, some handsome hotels, and the churches are numerous and many-spired, giving to the place a picturesque appearance. The number of cafés and gambling-tables is extensive, and B. has the unenviable reputation of being the most dissolute capital in Europe. It is the entrepôt for the trade between Turkey and Austria; pop. probably 250,000. Buchez', (PHILIPPE BENJAMIN JOSEPH,) a Fr. physician, writer, and Pres. of the National Assembly in 1848, b. in 1796 at Matagne la Petite, in the Dept. of Ardennes. All his writings are marked by original views and arguments in favor of the belief in human progress. On the inauguration of the empire B. returned to his studies; d. 1866. Buchholz, a town of Germany, in the prov. of Saxony, 46 m. S.-W. of Dresden; pop. 5,247. Buch'ner, (FRIEDRICH KARL CHRISTIAN LUDWIG,) a leading advocate in Germany of humanitarianism, materialism, and atheism; b. 1824. Buch'tel College, a Universalist institution situated in Akron, O., opened in 1872; affords equal facilities to both sexes. Bu'chu, a name common to several small shrubs of the genus Barosma, (formerly included in Diosma,) natives of the Cape of Good Hope, the leaves of which are used in medicine. The strong odor of B. leaves is generally regarded as disagreeable, but the Hottentots perfume themselves with them. Buck, a name sometimes distinctively appropriated to the male of the fallow deer, the female of which is a doe. But the term B. is often also applied to the male of other species of deer, as the roebuck, although never to that of the red deer, which, when mature, is a stag or a hart. Buck, (DUDLEY,) an Amer. composer, b. in Hartford, Conn., March 10, 1839. While a student in Trinity Coll., Hartford, he was organist of St. John's Episcopal Church. In 1858 he went to Europe to perfect his musical education, studying composition Buck, or Fallow Deer. editor New England Galaxy, Boston Courier, and New En gland Magazine; b. 1779, d. 1861. Buck'ingham, (WILLIAM ALFRED,) Gov. of Conn. 1858-66; U. S. senator 1869; b. 1804, d. 1875. Buck'ingham, Duke of, (GEORGE VILLIERS,) (1) The favorite of James I. and Charles I. of England, b. at Brookesley, Leicestershire, 1592. In 1623, while negotiations were in progress with the Spanish court for a marriage between the Infanta and the Prince of Wales, afterward Charles I., B. persuaded the latter to go himself to Madrid and prosecute his suit in person. By his advice James declared war against Spain. On the accession of Charles I., in 1625, B. maintained his ascendency at court, but after the ill-fated expedition against Cadiz he became odious to the nation. He was assassinated by a discontented subaltern officer named Felton, 1628, in his 36th yr. (2) A brilliant but profligate nobleman, son of the preceding, b. at Willingford House, Westminster, 1627, d. 1688; interred in Westminster Abbey. under Hauptman, Reitz, and Richter, piano under Plaidy, and organ under Schneider, of Dresden. During a period of 10 yrs. after his return to the U. S. in 1863, while making a national reputation as concert organist, his compositions for Buck'inghamshire, a south-midland county of England, church use obtained general recognition. In the larger forms its greatest I. being about 54 m., its average w. 18, and total of composition he has also had marked success. The Centen-area 477,151 acres. The chief rivers are the Thames, bordernial Cantata for the opening of the Exposition of 1876, by ing the county on the S.-W., the Ouse, Oasel, Colne, and appointment of the U. S. Centennial Commission, the Forty- Thame, the latter two falling into the Thames. The Grand sixth Psalm, the Legend of Don Munio, the Golden Legend, Junction Canal and the Great Western and North-western of Longfellow, and the Marmion symphonic overture, are R.Rs. intersect the county on the E. and S.; pop. 185,190. among his larger works with orchestra. He has also employed his pen in the composition of chamber music, songs, and male-voice music. His most recent larger works comprise the Voyage of Columbus and the Light of Asia. He has been for many yrs. organist of Holy Trinity Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., and is director of the Apollo Club of the same city. Buck, (GURDON, M.D.,) b. 1807 in New York; surgeon to various hospitals; trustee of Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons of New York and several hospitals. He was the first to introduce the treatment of fractures by the use of the weight and pulley, now known as "Buck's Extension." His contributions to medical literature were numerous; d. 1877. Buck'au, a town of Germany, in the prov. of Saxony; pop. 16,049. Buck'bean, or Marsh Tre'foil, (Menyanthes trifoliata,) a plant of the natural order Gentianeæ, the only known species of its genus, widely distributed in all the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, and common in Britain. It has been described as "perhaps the most beautiful" of all British plants. It grows in marshy places, its creeping root-stocks (or rhizomes) and densely matted roots often rendering boggy ground firm. The leaves are ternate, like those of the trefoils, or clover, and are supported on pretty long stalks. The flower-stalks bear a corresponding raceme of 10-20 white flowers, externally tipped with red. The calyx is 5-parted; the corolla funnel-shaped, with a spreading 5-lobed limb, shaggy on inner surface, with thick, fleshy hairs. The fruit is a 1-celled, 2-valved capsule. Bückeburg, a town of northern Germany, cap. of the principality of Schaumb-Lippe, on the Aue, an affluent of the Weser, 6 m. E.-S.-E. of Minden. It is well built, has 5 gates, a castle, a park, a gymnasium, a normal school, and a public library. Near B. is the summer palace of Baum. Pop. 5,186. Buck'horn, (1) The horns of the buck or deer. (2) In Bot., a species of Lobelia. Buck-hound, a dog once very common in Britain, when buck hunting was a most fashionable amusement, but of which few packs now exist. The B. resembles a dwarf stag-hound. Buck'hout, (ISAAC C.,) an Amer. architect and engineer; designer of the Grand Central Depot, New York; b. 1830, d. 1874. 1 3 Horns of a Buck. 1, dag of pricket, or buckor of 3d y. 3, horn of sore, or of 4th y.; 4, horn of buck, or of 5th y. and after; t, t, tines; fawn of 2d y.; 2, horn of sorel, 8, 8, 8, snags. Buck'ingham, the old county town of Buckinghamshire, Eng.; pop. 7,545. Bobbin lace is the chief manufacture, but it is on the decline. The Earls of Buckingham built a castle here soon after the Norman conquest. Buck'ingham, (JAMES SILK,) a modern traveler and popular lecturer, was b. in England 1786. He was projector and Sec. of the British and Foreign Institute Literary Club 1843-46, and Pres. of the London Temperance League 1851. B. was the author of numerous works of travel on the Continent, in the East, and in Am.; d. 1855. Buck'land, (FRANCIS TREVELYAN,) an Eng. naturalist, b. at Christ Church Coll., Oxford, 1826. From his boyhood he manifested an enthusiastic delight in natural history, especially when it could be applied practically to the cultivation of useful quadrupeds, birds, or fish, in which study he was encouraged and guided by his father. He has contributed a vast number of brief papers on various branches of his favorite science. He was also the author of Curiosities of Natural History, Fish-hatching, Log-book of a Fisherman and Zoologist, and editor of a new edition of his father's Bridgewater Treatise, and of White's Selborne; d. 1879. Buck'land, (WILLIAM, M.D.,) a distinguished Eng. geologist, whose labors tended greatly to the advancement of science, was b. at Axminster, Eng., in 1784. He was made Dean of Westminster, and in 1847 a trustee of the British Museum; d. 1856. Buck'le, (HENRY THOMAS,) an Eng. author who attained sudden fame in 1857 by the publication of the first volume of a work entitled The History of Civilization in England. He was b. at Lee, in Kent, 1823. After bringing out a second volume of his work, in 1861, he undertook a journey to the East, in order to restore his health and extend his knowledge. Having spent the winter in Egypt, he went over the desert to Syria, caught typhus fever, and d. at Damascus 1862. Buck'ler, in old armor, was a kind of shield worn on the left arm. The Bs. worn by the hastati, or spearmen, among the ancient Romans, were about 4 ft. 1. by 24 in w., made of boards, covered on the inside with linen and sheep-skin, and on the outside with iron-plate. In the Middle Ages the B. was round, oval, or square in shape, and was frequently made of wickerwork, or of hide, strengthened by metal plates. Buckler. Buck'les, metal instruments consisting of a rim and tongue, used for fastening straps or bands in dress and harness. The use of B. instead of shoe-strings was introduced into England during the reign of Charles II. They soon became very fashionable, attained an enormous size, (the largest being called Artois B., after the Comte d'Artois, brother of the King of France,) and were usually made of silver, set with diamonds and other precious stones. In the latter half of the last c. the manufacture of B. was carried on most extensively in Birmingham. Buck'ley, (JAMES M., D.D.,) an Amer. minister of the M. E. Church, b. in Rahway, N. J.; educated at Pennington Seminary, N. J., and at Wesleyan University; joined New Hamp shire Conference of the M. E. Church in 1858; served as pastor in the New Hampshire, Detroit, and N. Y. East Conferences, and was a member of the General Conference in 1872, 1876, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1892, and 1896. He has enriched the periodical literature of the Church and has written many separate publications; as a platform speaker and an ecclesiastical legislator his influence is great. He was elected editor of The Christian Advocate 1880, 1884, 1888, and 1892. Published Travels in Three Continents 1895. Buck'ley, (SAMUEL BOTTSFORD, Ph.D.,) an Amer. student of botany and kindred sciences; connected with State Survey Buck'ingham, (JOSEPH TINKER,) an Amer. journalist, of Tex. and the Sanitary Commission; b. 1809; d. 1884. BUCKNER-BUDDHISM, BUDDHA. Buck'ner, (SIMON BOLIVAR,) b. in Ky. 1823; was graduated at West Point 1844. After serving as Prof. of Ethics at the Military Academy he took part in the Mexican War, being promoted several times for gallant conduct; assistant instructor of infantry tactics at West Point 1848-55; entered Confederate army as brigadier-general 1861; surrendered Fort Donelson to Gen. Grant in April, 1862; promoted to majorgeneral and afterward to lieutenant-general, and served with great distinction till the close; elected Gov. of Ky. 1887. Buck'skin is dressed deer-skin; also the name for a heavy twilled woolen fabric for trouserings, highly milled to about the usual width for such goods-27 in.-and cropped and finished, with the pile or nap so shorn as to show the texture through it. Bucks'port, a town of Hancock Co., Me., seat of the East Maine Conference Seminary; pop. 2,921. Buck'stone, (JOHN BALDWIN,) a distinguished Eng. comedian and dramatic writer, b. in London 1802, d. 1879. B.'s acting was noted for comicality and humor, which never degenerated into vulgarity, and for its distinct appreciation of individual traits. Of the 150 pieces which he is said to have written for the stage, the best known are: The Green Bushes, The Flowers of the Forest, Luke the Laborer, The Wreck Ashore, The Rough Diamond, Good for Nothing, The Irish Lion, and The Alarming Sacrifice. Buck'thorn, (Rhamnus,) a genus of shrubs or small trees of the natural order Rhamnaceae, distinguished by a bellshaped 4-5-cleft calyx, which divides around the middle after flowering, the upper part falling away, and the base remaining and adhering to the fruit, which is globose, and sometimes succulent, sometimes rather dry or spongy with 2-4 stones. The petals are sometimes wanting. Some of the species are diœcious, some hermaphrodite. Buck'wheat, (Fagopyrum,) a genus of plants of the natural order Polygonece, or, according to many botanists, a subgenus of Polygonum, distinguished by the central embryo, and by racemes of flowers grouped in panicles. Common B. (Fagorpyrum esculentum, or Polygonum Fagopyrum) is a native of the basin of the Volga, the shores of the Caspian Sea, and many parts of Central Asia, from which it is said to have been introduced by the Moors into Spain, and thence to have extended over Europe, in many parts of which and in the U. S. it is now naturalized. Another account represents it as having been brought to Europe by the Crusaders. In France it is called Blé Sarrasin, or Saracen wheat. It is cultivated on account of the farinaceous albumen of its seeds, which are used as grain, for food of man or cattle. Bucolic, a term derived from the Greek, meaning "belonging to herdsmen," equivalent to the Latin term pastoral. Bucquoi, Count, (CHARLES BONAVENTURE DE LONGUEVAL,) an Austrian general, b. 1561, d. 1621. Bucra'nia, in Arch., sculptured ornaments representing ox-skulls adorned with wreaths, etc. Bucy'rus, a town of Crawford Co., O., noted for mineral springs and the discovery there of the skeleton of a mastodon; pop. 6,988. Buc'zacz, a town of the Austrian Empire, in Galicia. A treaty of peace between the Poles and the Turks was signed here in 1672; pop. 8,500. Bucrania. Bud, (gemma,) in Bot., that part of a plant which contains the rudiments of leaves or flowers prior to their development. Bs. are classified as leaf-Bs. and flower-Bs.; the former producing leaves, and having a power of extension into a branch, the latter producing flowers only, and ordinarily destitute of this power of extension. Bu'da, (Slav. Budin, Ger. Ofen,) a city of Hungary, forming with Pesth (with which it is united by a magnificent suspension-bridge) the cap. of the country. B. has a highly picturesque appearance, being built round the Schlossberg (Castle-hill) in the form of an amphitheater, in the midst of a district covered with vineyards. Crowning this center hill or rock, which has an elevation of 485 ft. above the sea, is the citadel, the palace in which are preserved the royal insignia of Hungary, and an old Gothic church. Behind rises the Blocksberg, strongly fortified, with a precipitous face to the Danube, the slopes of the other sides being occupied with houses. B. has many educational and charitable institutions; and a fine observatory crowns the Blocksberg. B. has some manufactures of silk, velvet, woolen, cotton, leather, and gunpowder, and cannon and type foundries; but its chief trade is in wine and of excellent quality, of which it produces be 435 tween 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 gallons annually, known as the "Ofenerwein; " pop. of Buda-Pesth, 506,384. Budæ'us, (the Latinized form of Guillaume Bude,) one of the greatest French scholars of his age, b. in Paris in 1467, d. 1540. His works on philology, philosophy, and jurisprudence display extensive learning. Buda'on, Buda'un, or Budayoon', a town of India, 140 m. N.-W. of Lucknow; pop. 33,322. It was occupied by the mutineers and a body of liberated prisoners from Bareilly, June 1, 1857. Buddæ'us, (JOHN FRANCIS,) a famous Ger. Lutheran theologian and philosopher; b. 1667, d. 1729. Buddha. Bud'dhism, Bud'dha. The religion known as B. (from the title of "the Buddha," meaning "the Wise," "the Enlightened," acquired by its founder) has existed now for 2,460 yrs., and may be said to be the prevailing religion of the world. In Hindustan, the land of its birth, it has now little hold, except among the Nepaulese and some other northern tribes; but it bears full sway in Ceylon, and over the whole eastern Peninsula; it divides the adherence of the Chinese with the systems of Con fucius and Lao-tse, claiming perhaps two thirds of the pop.; it prevails also in Japan, (although not the established religion;) and, N. of the Himalayas, it is the religion of Thibet (where it assumes the form of Lamaism) and of the Mongolian pop. of Central Asia, and extends to the very N. of Siberia, and even into Swedish Lapland. Its adherents are estimated at 400,000,000-more than one third of the human race. According to the Buddhist books, the founder of the religion was a prince of the name of Siddhartha, son of Suddhodana, King of Kapilavastu, which is placed somewhere on the confines of Oude and Nepaul. He is often called Sakya, which was the name of the family, and also Gautama, the name of the great "Solar " race of which the family was a branch. During the 40 yrs. that he continued to preach his gospel he appears to have traversed a great part of North India, combating the Brahmans, and every-where making numerous converts. He d. at Kusinagara (in Oude) at the age of 80, in the yr. 543 B.C.; and his body being burned, the relics were distributed among a number of contending claimants, and monumental tumuli were erected to preserve them. The most important point in the history of B., after the death of its founder, is that of the 3 councils, which fixed the canon of the sacred scriptures and the discipline of the Church. The Buddha had written nothing himself; but his chief followers, assembled in council immediately after his death, proceeded to reduce his teachings to writing. These canonical writings are divided into 3 classes, forming the Tripitaka, or "triple basket," and consist of discourses, discipline, and inspired writings. A prominent name in the history of B. is that of Asoka, King of Magadha, in the 3d c. of our era, whose sway seems to have extended over the whole peninsula of Hindustan, and even over Ceylon. This prince was to B. what Constantine was to Christianity. He was at first a persecutor of the faith, but being converted-by a miracle, according to the legend he became its zealous propagator; not, however, as princes usually promote their creed, for it is a distinguishing characteristic of B. that it has never employed force, hardly even to resist aggression. Asoka showed his zeal by building and endowing viharas or monasteries, and raising topes and other monuments over the relics of Buddha, and over spots remarkable as the scenes of his labors. B. is based on the same views of human existence, and the same philosophy of things in general, that prevailed among the Brahmans. It accepts without questioning, and in its most exaggerated form, the doctrine of the transmigration of souls, which lies at the root of so much that is strange in the Eastern character. According to Buddhist belief, when a man dies he is immediately born again, or appears in a new shape; and that shape may, according to his merit or demerit, be any of the innumerable orders of being composing the Buddhist universe, from a clod to a divinity. If his demerit would not be sufficiently punished by a degraded earthly existence-in the form, for instance, of a woman or a slave, of a persecuted or a disgusting animal, of a plant, or even of a piece of inorganic matter-he will be born in some one of the 136 Buddhist hells, situated in the interior of the earth. These places of punishment have a regular gradation in the intensity of |