CALIFORNIA, GULF OF CALIPH. Mount Hamilton, near San José. This was founded by James Lick, with a large endowment, and has the most powerful telescope in the world. Libraries are somewhat numerous in C., though mostly small. The State has much more than its proportional number of the newspapers of the U. S., and the newspaper business is conducted with much enterprise. History. The name C. seems to have been borrowed from a Spanish romance, Las Sergas de Esplandian, published first in Madrid, 1510. In relating the exploits of Esplandian, son of Amadis of Gaul, the romance in one passage describes a marvelous island called C., lying to the right hand of the Indies. The name was first applied to Lower C., soon after its discovery. Lower C. was discovered by men sent out by Cortés, 1534. Upper C. was visited first by Juan Cabrillo, 1542-43. In 1579 Sir Francis Drake visited the coast in his famous voyage around the world. No settlement was made until, in 1769, an expedition from Mexico founded San Diego, its purposes being both occupation and settlement on the one hand, and the propagation of Franciscan missions on the other. In 1775 the mission at San 465 act for themselves, framed a State constitution, and applied to Congress for admission as a State. This constitution forbade slavery, and delays therefore occurred; but in 1850, as a part of Mr. Clay's compromise measures, it was provided that C. should be admitted as a free State. But severe struggles were necessary before the social order could be satisfactorily restored. Lynch-law was persistent in the mining camps. Twice in San Francisco, 1851 and 1856, vigilance committees of prominent citizens were organized as the one means of coping with the lawlessness and other evils of the city. Since the restoration of order, the chief events in the history of the State have been the establish ment of connection with the East, the growth of industries other than mining, especially of agricultural industries, the anti-Chinese agitation, and the adoption of a constitution embracing many provisions hostile to the interests of corporations. GOVERNORS OF CALIFORNIA. Gaspar de Portala, 1767-71. Spanish Rule. José J. de Arrillaga, 1792-94. Mexican Rule. Pablo V. de Sola, 1822-23. José Castro, 1835-36. Nicolas Gutierrez, 1836. Nicolas Gutierrez, 1836, Pio Pico, 1845-46. American Military and Territorial Rule. P. H. Burnett, 1849-51. Gen. S. W. Kearny, 1847. State Government. J. Neely Johnson, 1856-58. Leland Stanford, 1862-63. Henry H. Haight, 1868-72. Francisco was founded. The missions advanced rapidly, and California, Gulf of, divides Lower California from Mexico. It was originally know as the Sea of Cortés, hav. ing been explored by himself; and it has, from its shape, been occasionally designated the Adriatic of the New World. It is 700 m. in l. and varies in w. from 40 to 100 m. California, Univer'sity of, at Berkeley, was estab lished 1868; the first class was received 1869; has now about 2,000 students. The first president was H. Durant, LL. D., succeeded by Daniel C. Gilman, and, in 1875, by John Le Conte, M.D. President, 1895, Martin Kellogg, LL.D. Calig'ula, (CAIUS CESAR AUGUSTUS GERMANICUS,) Roman emperor, (37-41 A.D.,) the youngest son of Germanicus (nephew of Tiberius) by Agrippina, was b. 12 A.D., at Antium, and was educated in the camp, where the soldiers gave him the by-name C., from the half boots (caliga) which he wore. On the death of his brother Drusus, he was made augur in his stead; and on the death of Tiberius, (37 A.D.,) who, it was suspected, had received foul play at his hands, it was found that he had been appointed co-heir along with the grandson of Tiberius, but the Senate and the people allowed C. supreme and sole authority. He was, to appearance, lavishly generous and merciful, pardoning even those who had been the instrument of cruelty against his own family, but in reality he was a spendthrift and barbarously cruel; d. 41 A.D. Cal'ipers, a kind of compasses with curved legs, used by turners and other workmen for measuring the diameters of cylindrical, spherical, and other work. Calipers. Caliph, or Calif, the title of the successors of Mohammed in temporal and spiritual power, from which the historians of the Middle Ages designated the Arab Empire founded by these princes the Caliphate. This empire, for 2 or 3 c., exceeded the Roman Empire in extent. As Mohammed died without leaving any sons, a contest arose concerning the inheritance of his power, which terminated (632 A.D.) in the triumph of Abubekr, one of his fathers-in-law, over Ali, his nephew and son-in-law. Abubekr now assumed the title of Caliphet-Resul-Allah-i. e., Representative or Deputy of the Prophet of God. He sent forth his armies for the extension of Mohammedanism, and after several victories over the forces of the Byzantine Empire conquered Syria. He was succeeded in 634 by Omar, another father-in-law of Mohammed, by whom Egypt and Jerusalem were annexed to the caliphate. He assumed the title of Emir-al-Mumenini. e., Prince of the Faithful-a title which all subsequent Cs. retained. Calisthenics, exercises designed to promote grace, beauty, and strength, and better adapted for girls than ordinary gymnastics. Calisto'ga, a pretty town of Napa Co., Calif., and a famous summer resort, situated in a beautiful mountain-encircled valley, and noted for its mineral springs and picturesque scenery; pop. 2,000. Cal'iver, was a matchlock or fire-arm about midway in size and character between an arquebus and a musket. Calix'tines, a Bohemian religious sect, so named from the Latin calic, a cup, because they contended for giving the cup, as well as the consecrated wafer, to the laity. Calix'tus, the name of 3 popes who reigned respectively 219-23, 1119-24, 1455-58. Calix'tus, (GEORG,) prop. CALLISEN, an eminent theologian of the Lutheran Church, b. 1586 at Medelhye, in Schleswig, d. 1656. Cal'ken, a village of Belgium in East Flanders, on the Scheldt; pop. 5,227. Cal'kin, (JOHN BAPTIST,) Eng. organist and composer, b. in London, March 16, 1827; organist St. Columba's Coll., Ireland, 1846-53; Woburn Chapel 1853-57; Camden Road Chapel 1863-68; St. Thomas's, Camden Town, 1870-84. He has written numerous anthems, part-songs, and organ pieces. Call, (1) A military musical term meaning a signal on the trumpet. (2) A metal whistle used by the boatswain and his mate on shipboard. Various strains or kinds of sound produced denote signals or orders for hoisting, heaving, lowering, veering, belaying, letting-go, etc. These sounds are as much attended to by the seamen as those of the drum, bugle, and trumpet are by soldiers. At one time a gold C., with a chain, used to be the badge of an admiral. Call of the House, in legislative bodies, is an imperative summons to every member of the House on some particular occasion, when the sense of the whole is deemed necessary, or when the question as to whether there is a quorum present is to be decided. Call to the Bar is the formal expression by which the admission of law-students to the rights and privileges of the degree of barrister in England and Ireland is publicly announced. In Scotland the corresponding expression is Passing Advocate; in Am., Admitted to the Bar. Cal'la, a genus of plants of the natural order Araceae, or, according to some botanists, of the natural order Orontiacea, which is distinguished from Araceae only by having hermaphrodite flowers. Cal'lander, a village in Perthshire, Scotland, on the Teith. It lies in a beautiful and romantic situation, surrounded by high mountains and highland lakes. Hence it is much frequented by tourists, who make this place a center Calla, (Richardia Africana.) to visit Benledi, the Trosachs, the Bracklin Falls, and Lochs Lubnaig, Vennachar, Achry, and Katrine; pop. 1,538. Callao, the port of Lima, the cap. of Peru. The present C. dates only from 1746, when the original city was submerged by a tidal wave caused by an earthquake; pop. 35,492. Cal'lernish, a district on the W. coast of the island of Lewis, about 16 m. from Stornoway, remarkable for its circles of Standing Stones. Callich'thys, (Gr. kalos, "beautiful," ichthys, "a fish,") a genus of fishes of the family Silurida, having the body almost entirely covered by 4 rows of large, hard, narrow, scaly plates, two rows on each side. The head is also protected by a sort of helmet. The mouth is small, the teeth very small; two long barbules hang from each angle of the mouth. The species of this genus are natives of warm climates, particularly of S. Am. They are interesting because, when the stream or pools which they inhabit dry up, they make their way across the land to some other piece of water, even although at a considerable distance. They also sometimes bury themselves in the mud of wet meadows, out of which they are dug. Čallic rates, a famous Greek architect who designed and helped to build the Parthenon, fl. 440 B.C. Callicrat'idas, a Spartan general and commander of the fleet 406 B.C. Callig'onum, a genus of plants of the natural order Polygonec, having a quadrangular fruit, (achenium,) winged at the angles. The best known species is C. Pallasia, a succulent shrub found on the sandy steppes near the Caspian Sea and in the lower part of the basin of the Volga, where its acid fruit and its also acid shoots often serve to allay the thirst of the Kalmucks and of weary travelers. Its root strikes deep into the sand, is swollen at its upper part, and when cut there gives out a nutritious gum resembling tragacanth, which is also obtained by pounding and boiling it, and on which the Kalmucks feed in times of scarcity. Callig'raphy, beautiful writing, with ornamental letters, devices, etc., an art largely practiced before the discovery of printing. Callimachus, an eminent Greek poet, grammarian, and critic of the Alexandrian period, fl. about the middle of the 3d c. B.C. Cal'linger, one of the hill-forts of Bundelcund, a territory of Hindustan, India, about 700 ft. above the adjacent plain, and separated from a neighboring range of mountains by a ravine of 1,200 yds. in w. At its base stands a town of the same name, which, though now much decayed, bears testimony to its ancient extent and grandeur. The locality is famous for its excavated temples of Siva. Calli'ope, (Gr., "the sweet-voiced,") was, according to the ancients, the first of the Muses, and presided over epic poetry or over poetry in general. She was said to be the mother of Orpheus, and of the Siren. The name is applied to the steam siren or whistle, by means of which the musical scale is sounded. Callip'pus, an ancient Greek astronomer, the companion of Aristotle, 330 B.C. Callis'thenes, of Olynthus, the son of Hero, a cousin of Aristotle, b. about 360 B.C. He devoted himself to the study of natural and political history, and accompanied Alexander the Great in his expedition to India. Calliope. He incurred the displeasure of the courtiers and favorites, and of Alexander himself. He was put to death on a pretended charge of treason, 328 B.C. Callis'tratus, an Athenian orator and rival of Demosthenes, 380-360 B.C. Callot, (JACQUES,) one of the most eminent French artists of his time, b. at Nancy 1592, d. 1635. His work consists almost entirely of etching. His chief performance is a series of plates illustrating "the miseries of war." Cal'lus. The term was employed in old surgical works, and is still used properly to indicate the exuded material by which fractures of bones are consolidated together. If the broken ends are accurately adjusted to each other there is no projection of C., but merely a slight deposition of it between the two surfaces; if, however, the adjustment is not accurate the C. is effused in such quantity as to fill up any interspaces that may exist, and is often to form a considerable hard swelling round the seat of the fracture; any excess is, however, usually absorbed during the last stage of the repair of a fracture. When the broken ends are allowed to move upon each other-which, of course, should be always prevented, if possible-a ferule of new bone, encircling both fragments for some little distance, so as to splice them together till they are united by a permanent C., is formed; this is termed a provisional C. Cal'met, (AUGUSTINE,) an exegetical and historical writer and learned Benedictine, b. at Mesnil-la-Horgue 1672, d. 1757. Calms, or Calm Lat'itudes, are those parts of the ocean, near the equator, which are subject to total absence of wind for long periods together. The part of the ocean where C. are most looked for is between the region of the trade-winds and that of the variable winds. It is almost as much dreaded by seamen as a region of storms, for the ship is unnavigable; and during a calm of many weeks food and water may be nearly exhausted at a point too far from land for boats to reach it. Where a calm occurs unexpectedly it is likely to be followed by violent storms. See HORSE LATITUDES. Calne, a parliamentary borough and ancient town of Wiltshire, Eng.; pop. 5,315. |