472 CAMERARIUS-CAMPAN. piece of ground glass on the top of the box in a non-inverted quence of the corps having been raised by Cameron of Er. position, so that they may be viewed or sketched from as in roch, 1793. nature. The C. O., being now an indispensable article in the practice of photography, has received a number of recent im Camera Obscura, Exterior. provements, which make it rank as a scientific instrument. Another modern device, common in our public parks, consists of a darkened room with revolving lenses in the roof, by means of which a picture of the surrounding scenery may be cast upon a whitened table beneath. Camero'nians, the religious sect in Scotland alluded to in the notice of RICHARD CAMERON, (q. v.) Cam'eronites, adherents of John Cameron, in the 17th c., sometimes called Hypothetical Universalists. Cameroons', a river of Upper Guinea, Africa. Its length is not certainly known, but for 40 m. upward its breadth averages nearly of a m., its depth varying in the dry season from 2 to 20 ft. Cameroons' Mount'ains, are situated in West Africa, and attain a h. of 13,000 ft. Came'ta, a town of Brazil on the Tocantins River, in the midst of a fertile district; pop. 20,000. Camil'la, the swift-footed daughter of the Volscian king who aided Turnus against Enus, the fabulous Æneas. Camil'lus, (MARCUS FURIUS,) a celebrated Roman patrician, consular tribune 396 B.C.; d. 365 B.C., of the plague. Cam'let (Arab. chamal, "fine") is properly a fabric made from the hair of the Angora goat. The Cs. made in Britain are either wholly of wool, or of wool mixed with cotton or linen, and spun hard. Camera'rius, (JOACHIM,) b. 1500, d. 1574. He was by nature earnest and taciturn; but the extent of his knowledge, his sobriety of opinion, strength of character, and, on occasion, overpowering eloquence, won for him the esteem of all Camo'ens, de, (Luis,) the epic poet of Portugal, b. 1524 his contemporaries. He died at Leipsic after a life devoted at Lisbon, and studied the ancient classics at Coimbra. He to literature. His works, of which several are still valuable, sailed for India 1553. Offended by certain abuses of the include an excellent biography of Melanchthon, and a collec- Portuguese authorities in India, C. ventured to expose them tion of letters by this reformer; also annotations on Cicero's in a satire, entitled Disparates na India, (Follies in India,) Quaestiones Tusculana, (1525,) Elements of Rhetoric, Commen- in which he treated even the viceroy with ridicule. For this tarii Lingua Grace et Latina, (1551,) and Epistolæ Famil-offense he was banished, 1556, to Macao, where he lived seviares, (1583-95,) giving interesting notices of his times. eral yrs, and was engaged in writing his principal Os LusiCamera'rius, (JOACHIM,) b. 1534, d. 1598, son of the adas till recalled. He dedicated The Lusiad to the young preceding, was one of the most learned physicians and bota- king, Sebastian, who granted him a small pension, (about nists of his age. $20,) and permission to remain at the court of Lisbon; d. in poverty and obscurity in the hospital at Lisbon 1597. Camogʻlia, a town of Italy, on the Gulf of Genoa, 13 m. E.-S.-E. of the city of Genoa; pop. 5,809. Camera'rius, (Rudolph Jakoв,) b. 1665, d. 1721, a Ger. botanist, in charge of the botanic garden at Tübingen. To him is ascribed the discovery of the sexual relation in plants. He was also a medical professor. Cameri'no, anc. Camerinum, a town of central Italy, in the prov. of Macerata. Its bishopric dates from the 3d c., and it was made an archiepiscopal see in 1787; pop. 5,500. Camerlengo, (Ital. camerlingo, “a chamberlain,”) one of the highest officers of the Roman court. A cardinal C., during a vacancy in the holy see, takes charge of all the temporalities, and presides over the apostolic chamber or palace. Cam'eron, (ANGUS,) an Amer. politician, b. 1826; U. S. senator from Wis., 1875-1885. Cam'eron, (DONALD OF LOCHIEL,) a Scotch Highland chief, who fought for the Pretender 1745-48; d. 1748. Cam'eron, (SIR DUNCAN A., K.G., C.B.,) served with distinction at Alma, Balaklava, and elsewhere, and became Gov. of Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst; b. 1808, d. 1888. Cam'eron, (JAMES DONALD,) an Amer. R.R. promoter and contractor, b. 1833; he was Sec. of War 1875, and U. S. senator from Pa., 1877-97. Came'ron, (JOHN,) a famous scholar and divine, b. at Glasgow, Scotland, about the yr. 1580; d. 1625. Cam'eron, (RICHARD,) a Scotch Presb. preacher in the 17th c., who suffered death for the cause he espoused, and from whom the religious sect ordinarily called Cameronians has been named. C. belonged to the extreme party, who held by the perpetually binding obligations of the Solemn League and Covenant, which were set aside at the restoration of Charles II. He strenuously resisted those measures that reinstated the Episcopal Church in Scotland, and that prescribed the meetings for public worship of unauthorized religious bodies. In June, 1680, he, in company with about 20 persons of equal zeal, well armed, entered the town of Sanquhar; and in the market-place they formally renounced their allegiance to Charles II., and declared war against him and all his adherents. After this act they retired to the hills between Nithsdale and Ayrshire, where they succeeded in evading capture for a month. On the 20th of July, 1680, however, they were surprised in Aird's Moss, and C. was killed. His hands and head were cut off and sent to Edinburgh, where they were fixed upon the Netherbow Port. C. ranks as a martyr, and has an honorable place in the history of Scots Worthies. Cam'eron, (SIMON,) an Amer. statesman, b. 1799; he served as U. S. senator 1845, 1856, 1866, and 1873; was Sec. of War 1861 in the cabinet of President Lincoln, and minister to Russia 1862; d. 1889. Cam'eron High'landers, the designation given to the 79th Regiment of Infantry in the British service, in conse Camor'ra, the name of a secret society, existing throughout all parts of the former kingdom of Naples, the members of which are called Camorristi, and have exercised lawless force to a great extent over the humbler classes of society. Under the Bourbons they openly presented themselves at markets, hackney-coach stations, public spectacles, and occasions of popular amusement; assumed the right of deciding disputes; extorted a portion of whatever money passed from hand to hand for purchases, rents, wages, and the like, or in games; undertook also the transport of smuggled goods, and contracted for the commission of serious crimes. Their readiness for violence and murder, and their close association among themselves, made them so much dreaded that even Camorristi who had been thrown into prison succeeded in exacting money from their fellow-prisoners and from the jailer himself. See MAFIA. Cam'ouflet, in military pyrotechny, is a stinking compo sition inclosed in paper cases. It is used in siege-works, to blow into the faces of the sappers and miners, when hostile parties come within reach of each other, and thus to confuse them. Camp, (Lat. campus, a “plain," or "level field.") The sig nification of this word in English is rather that which belonged to the Latin castrum, an encampment, or castra, a collection of tents, huts, etc., for the accommodation and protection of troops, than that indicated by its etymology. Campagn'a, a town of Italy, in the prov. of Salerno, has a fine cathedral, several convents, and a large annual fair; pop. 8,192. Campagn'a di Ro'ma, an undulating, uncultivated, and unhealthy plain of Italy surrounding Rome, including the greatest part of ancient Latium, and forming the late papal delegation of Frosinone and the great part of the Comarca di Roma. Its 1. is about 90 m., and its w. from 27 to 40 m. A broad strip of sandy plain skirts the Mediterranean. The ground, which never rises 200 ft. above the sea, is almost entirely volcanic, and the lakes are formed by craters of extinct volcanoes. The vapors arising from this district, and especially from the Solfatara, produce the pestilential atmosphere styled Aria Cattiva. The number of inhabitants is very small, and in summer they are driven from the C. di R. by its pestilent air, and seek shelter in Rome and other neighboring places. Of late yrs. attempts have been made, attended with some success, to drain and reclaim these waste lands. Campaign' generally means a connected series of military operations, forming a distinct stage or step in a war. Campan, (JEANNE LOUISE HENRIETTE,) reader to the CAMPANARIO-CAMPHOR. Campana'rio, a town of Estremadura, Spain, about 62 m. E.-S.-E. of Badajos; pop. 6,145. 473 daughters of Louis XV., b. in Paris 1752. She was favored cess against the hill-tribes. On the breaking out of the Criby Marie Antoinette, and gave her royal patroness numer- mean War in 1854 he was appointed to the command of the ous proofs of her fidelity. During the Reign of Terror Highland Brigade, and took a prominent part at the battle of she remained concealed at Combertin. After the fall of the Alma; and afterward at Balaklava, where, with the 93d Robespierre she opened a boarding-school at St. Germain- Highlanders, which he did not even form into square, he beat en-Laye, which was patronized by Josephine Beauharnais, back the Russian cavalry, who were swooping down on the who sent her daughter Hortense to it. In 1806 Napoleon port, with its accumulation of shipping and stores. His servappointed her lady superintendent of the Institution at ices in this war were rewarded with promotion to the rank Ecouen for the education of the children of the officers of of major-general, and he was also created a Knight Grand the Legion of Honor; d. 1822. Cross of the Order of the Bath, and received the Cross of the French Legion of Honor. He was appointed Inspector-Gen. of Infantry, and, in 1857, commander of the forces in India, then engaged in quelling the Indian mutiny, which by his energy and judgment was soon subdued. One of the most notable characteristics of C.'s generalship was the care he took of the lives of his men, all his victories being won with the minimum expenditure of the blood of his soldiers. For his exploits in India, C., in 1858, was created a peer of the realm, with the title of Baron Clyde, and appointed a general, and the East India Company granted him an annuity of £2,000. C. arrived in Britain from India in 1860, and d. 1863. Campbell, (DUNCAN R., D.D.,) Bap. minister and Pres. of Georgetown Coll., Ky., b. 1797, d. 1865. Campanella, (TOMMASO,) a Dominican monk celebrated for his philosophical ability, b. in Calabria 1568, d. 1639. Campanha, town of Brazil, 150 m. W. of Rio de Janeiro; pop. 6,000. Campan'ia was anciently a prov. of central Italy, having Capua as its cap., and was one of the most productive plains in the world, producing in extraordinary abundance corn, wine, and oil; and both by Greek and Roman writers is celebrated for its soft and genial climate, its landscapes, and its harbors. Through it passed the Appian Way, the greatest high-road of Italy. The promontory Misenum, Mount Vesuvius, the river Vulturnus, the towns Baiæ, Cumæ, Linternum, Puteoli, Naples, Herculaneum, Pompeii, Nola, Salernum, Capua, etc., belonged to C. It was the oldest Greek settlement in Italy, having been colonized, according to the later chronologers, about 1050 B.C. Cam'panile, (Ital., from Lat. campana, 'a bell,") a belltower of the larger kind, usually applied only to such as are detached from the church. In Italy they are found every-where. Perhaps the most remarkable are the so-called "Leaning Tower" of Pisa, 151 ft. in h., and 12 ft. out of the perpendicular, and the C. of Florence, designed by Giotto, 293 ft. in h. Cam'panini, (ITALO,) a famous operatic tenor, b. in Parma, June 29, 1846. He made his Amer. début in 1873; was knighted by the King of Italy, and said to be familiar with the tenor roles of 100 operas. Campan'ula, (Lat., "a little bell,") a genus of plants of the natural order Campanulacea, distinguished by a bell-shaped corolla with 5 broad short segments, filaments dilated at the base, a 2-5-cleft stigma, and a top-shaped capsule with 2-5 cells, opening by lateral clefts below the calyx segments. The species are very numerous, chiefly, but not exclusively, abounding in the northern parts of the world and the more elevated districts of the temperate zones. They are mostly herbaceous, some of them annual. Campanulate Campanula ceæ, a natural order of exogenous plants, herbaceous or half-shrubby, with a bitter milky juice. About 500 species are known, natives chiefly of the temperate and colder climates of the northern hemisphere, where their blue or white flowers are among the finest ornaments of fields and woods. The roots and young leaves of some species are eatable. Campbell, (ALEXANDER, D.D.,) famous theologian and founder of a sect called DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, (q. v. ;) Pres. of Bethany Coll., W. Va.; b. in Ireland 1788, d. 1866. Camp'bell, (ARCHIBALD, U.S.A.,) an Amer. engineer officer; commissioner to settle the North-west boundary, 1857-69, and also to survey the 49th parallel 1872; b. 1813, d. 1887. Campbell, (BARTLEY,) an Amer. actor, b. in Allegheny City, Pa., 1843, d. 1888. He was a successful playwright, and wrote such dramas as My Partner, The Galley Slave, Siberia, and The White Slave. Campbell, (SIR COLIN,) Lord Clyde, one of the bravest and most distinguished soldiers of modern times, b. in Glasgow, Scotland, 1792. His father was a cabinet-maker, named John Macliver, but Colin assumed the name of Campbell, to gratify an uncle on the mother's side. He entered the army as an ensign in 1808; fought through the war in the Spanish peninsula with distinction, and took part in the expedition to the U. S. in 1814. In 1842 he attained the rank of colonel, and in the same yr. he was present at the attack on Chusan, in China, and for his services there received honorable mention in the Gazette. He next served in the Punjab, commanding the left at the battle of Chillianwallah. For his conduct in this battle Lord Gough awarded him the highest praise in his dispatch to the Gov.-Gen. of India. He next commanded in the Peshawur district with uniform suc Campbell, (GEORGE WASHINGTON,) an Amer. statesman and diplomat, U. S. senator 1811-14 and 1815-18; Sec. of Treasury 1815; minister to Russia 1818. D. 1848. Campbell, (JOHN A.,) an Amer. jurist, Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court 1853; became Assistant Sec. of War of the Confederate States; b. 1811, d. 1889. Camp'bell, (THOMAS,) a distinguished British poet, b. in Glasgow 1777. He wrote The Pleasures of Hope. The poem was published in 1799, and went through four editions in a twelvemonth. He d. at Boulogne in 1844, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, Macaulay, Dean Milman, and other celebrated persons bearing the pall. Camp'bell Isl'and, a lonely spot in the South Pacific Ocean, in lat. 52° 33′ S., and long. 169° 9' E. Though it is mountainous, and measures 36 m. round, it is yet valuable on account of its harbors. It is also scientifically interesting, being volcanic, and displaying a rich and rare flora. Camp'bell, Lord, (JOHN,) High Chancellor of England, son of a minister of Cupar, in the county of Fife, Scotland, b. 1779, d. 1861. Camp belton, a royal burg and sea-port of Scotland, on the E. coast, near the S. end of the peninsula of Cantire, Argyleshire; pop. 7,693. Campe'che. (1) A S. E. state of Mexico; area 18,087 sq. m.; pop. 93,976. (2) City and capital of above state, and a port on the Gulf of Mexico. Has considerable export trade in logwood and cotton. Its shallow port obliges steamers to lie 5 m. out; pop. 18,730. Camp Eq'uipage is a general name for the tents, furniture, fittings, and utensils carried with an army, applicable to the domestic rather than the warlike wants of the soldier. Cam'per, (PETER,) one of the most learned and acute physicians and anatomists of the 18th c., b. in Leyden 1722, d. 1789. Camperdown', a broad tract of low downs which separates the small hamlets of Camp, in North Holland, from the German Ocean, about 30 m. N. from Haarlem. It is known on account of the victory obtained on that part of the coast by the English Admiral Duncan over the Dutch fleet. Camp Followers are the sutlers and dealers in smallwares who follow an army. Camphan'sen, (WILHELM,) one of the best Ger. painters of battle and soldier life, b. 1818 in Düsseldorf; studied with Alfred Rethel, and at the Düsseldorf Academy. Cam'phene, or Camphilene', is an artificial variety of camphor obtained from turpentine by acting thereon with the dry vapor of hydrochloric acid, and keeping the whole at a low temperature by immersing the vessel in a freezing mixt ure. A solid substance is produced, which separates in white crystalline prisms, and has the taste and agreeable aromatic smell of common, natural camphor. Camphine' is the name applied to a variety of spirit of turpentine obtained from the Pinus australis of the Southern States, and used for burning in out-of-door lamps. It is very volatile, and burns very freely, giving off a pure, white, brilliant light; and when the vapor diffuses itself through air, and is set fire to, it forms a dangerous and violently explosive mixture. Cam'phor is a solid essential oil which is found in many plants, and may be separated from many essential oils. It particularly abounds in certain species of the natural order 474 CAMPI-CANAANITES, THE. Lauracea. Almost all the C. of commerce is the produce lofty wall, on the inner side of which a wide arcade runs of the Camphor Laurel or Camphor-tree, a native of China, round the whole inclosure, giving to it the character of one Japan, Formosa, and Cochin-China, and which has been intro- magnificent cloister. At the smaller side there is a large duced into Java and the West Indies. C. is used in medicine, chapel, and two chapels of smaller size on the N. side. The both internally and externally, as a temporary stimulant. It lofty, circular arches of the arcade are filled with the richest is frequently employed in gout and rheumatism. In small Gothic tracery, which belongs, however, to a later date-the doses it acts as an anodyne and antispasmodic; in very latter half of the 15th c.-and, consequently, formed no large doses it is an irritant poison. It is generally reckoned part of the original design. The walls are adorned with an anaphrodisiac. Its alcoholic solution and liniments, in frescoes, which are of great interest and value, both abso which it is the principal ingredient, are much used for ex-lutely and with reference to the history of art. ternal application in sprains and bruises, chilblains, chronic Campve're, now called Vere, Veere, or Ter-Vere, a rheumatism, and paralysis. The effluvia of C. are very nox- small fortified town on the island of Walcheren, in the Nethious to insects, and it is therefore much used for preserv-erlands prov. of Zealand, 4 m. N.-N.-E. of Middelburg. It ing specimens in natural history. has a port on the Veersche Gat, which runs from the Sloe to the Roompöt, separating Walcheren from North Beveland. The town has fallen into decay, but its former prosperity is indicated by the town-house of white freestone, with elegant tower, and the front ornamented by statues of several lords and ladies of the house of Borssele; and by the large and beautiful cathedral church which is no longer used; pop. 1,192. Camt'oos, or Gamt'oos, a river of Cape Colony, 200 m. in 1. Cam'pi, a family of artists who founded at Cremona, in the middle and near the close of the 16th c., an eclectic school of painting, parallel with that founded by the family Caracci. GIULIO C. (1500-72) was the head of the school. ANTONIO C. studied, under his brother, both painting and architecture. VINCENZO C. (b. before 1532, d. 1591) seems to have followed the guidance of Antonio rather than that of Giulio, and excelled more in small figures than in large pictures. BERNARDINO C., (b. 1522, d. about 1590,) a kinsman Camucci'ni, (VINCENZO,) one of the most distinguished of the three brothers C., was the most famous of the whole. modern Italian historical painters, b. in Rome 1775. The Campidoglio, Palazzo, one of the many fine build-school of which he became the head was founded on the theings of Rome, erected by Michael Angelo. atrical antique style of the French painter, David; d. 1844. Camus, (ARMAND GASTON,) b. 1740, d. 1804; prominent in the French Revolution. On account of his superior knowledge of ecclesiastical law he was elected advocate-general of the French clergy. He hailed the movements of 1789 with joy, and was elected a member of the States-General by the people of Paris. He was absent in Belgium during the king's trial, but sent his vote for death. In March, 1793, when he was commissioned to make prisoners of Dumouriez and other generals suspected of treason, C. himself and his four colleagues were taken prisoners and delivered over to the Austrians, but after an imprisonment of 24 yrs. he was exchanged for the daughter of Louis XVI. On his return to Paris he was made member of the Council of Five Hundred, of which he became president, 1796, but resigned 1797, and gave his time to literature. Remaining true to his principles, he voted, 1802, against Napoleon's proposed consulship during life. Campi'nas, or San Carlos, a town of Brazil, in the province, and 70 m. N. of the city, of Sao Paulo; in a fertile and picturesque district, on a small river, the Piraticaba, a feeder of the Parana. There are large coffee and sugar plantations in the surrounding district, and large quantities of sugar are exported. Many of the houses are built of mud or clay, and the immense church, whose walls are 5 ft. thick, is composed of beaten earth; pop. 6,000. Campobas'so, a prov. of southern Italy, formerly Molise, bounded N.-W. by Chiati, N.-E. by the Adriatic, S. by Benevento, S.-W. by Caserta; area 1,691 sq. m. It contains 3 districts, has 1 river, the Biferno, and a mountainous surface, rising at Monte Miletto to a h. of 6,740 ft. C. produces grain and wine, and has some manufactories of iron and steel; pop. 377,396. Campobas'so, a fortified town of southern Italy, in the prov. of the same name, about 53 m. N.-N.-E. of the city of Naples. The town stands on the slope of the Monte Verde, in a cool, airy, and healthful region. It has a fine cathedral, a ruined castle, some convents, and palaces belonging to resident nobles. It has manufactures of cutlery, which has considerable reputation for excellence. Its situation, though far from inviting as regards scenery, is favorable for trade, which is facilitated by good roads; pop. 14,500. Campobel'la di Lica'ta, a town of Sicily, in the prov. of Giogenti; pop. 5,764. Campobel'lo, an island of New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of the Passamaquoddy Bay. It is small, being 9 m. 1., and from 1 to 3 m. w. ; but it is decidedly valuable, possessing some good harbors, and at its northern end a light-house of 60 ft. in h. Campobel'lo, a town of Sicily, in the prov. of Trapani; pop. 5,141. Cam'po de Cripta'na, a town of Spain, in the prov. of Ciudad Reale; pop. 5,250. Campoma'nés, Count de, (PEDRO RODRIGUEZ,) Span. minister and director of the Royal Academy of History at Madrid, founded by Philip V. in 1738; b. in Asturias in 1723, d. 1802. Cam'po May'or, a fortified town of Portugal, in Alemtejo; pop. 5,277. Cam'po San'to ("Holy Field ") is now the Italian designation for a cemetery or burying-ground, but more especially for an inclosed place of interment, surrounded internally by an arcade, and destined to receive the remains of persons of distinction. The most famous, and that from which the others derived the name, is that of Pisa-in the neighborhood of the Dome, and consecrated to the memory of men who had deserved well of the republic. Archbishop Ubaldo, toward the end of the 12th c., having been driven out of Palestine by Saladin, brought his 53 vessels, which had been destined for the conquest, laden with the earth of the Holy Land. This he deposited on the spot which was thence called the Holy Field, and which, as we have said, gave its name as generic term to the burying-grounds of Italy. The architect of the existing building was Giovanni Pisano, under whose superintendence it was completed in 1283. It contains an area of 400 ft. in l., and 118 in w., and is surrounded by a Camus, (CHARLES ETIENNE LOUIS,) a Fr. mathematical writer, b. 1699, d. 1768. Camus, de, (ANTOINE,) a celebrated physician, b. 1722, d. 1772; became professor in the University of Paris 1762; was noted for the original character of his technical publications and his literary ability, and was the author of a comedy, Love and Friendship; a poem, The Medical Amphitheater, (1745;) Maladies of the Region of the Heart, and The Medicine of the Mind, (1753.) Camusat, (NICOLAS,) b. in Troyes 1575, d. 1655; priest and antiquarian. He held the appointment of canon of the church in his native city, and wrote many works, one of the most famous being Mélanges historiques, (1619.) Cam'wood, or Bar'wood, a dyewood which yields a brilliant but not permanent red color, and is used with sulphate of iron to produce the red color in English bandana handkerchiefs. It is the wood of Baphia nitida, a tree of the natural order Leguminosa, sub-order Caesalpinia, a native of Angola. Ca'na of Galilee, called by the natives Kefr Cana, celebrated in Scripture as the scene of our Lord's first miracle, when he turned water into wine, is now a small village of a few hundred inhabitants, principally Greek Christians or Nazarenes. At the entrance to the village there is a fountain of the clearest and most delicious water, from which, it is supposed, the vessels of the marriage-feast were filled. Ca'naan, (lowland,") the country W. of the Jordan, called also Chanaan, and the Land of Canaan, after one of the sons of Ham. The Greeks applied the term Cana to the entire region between the Jordan and the Mediterranean up to Sidon, afterward termed by them Phenicia, a name which by degrees came to be confined to the N. coast district, or Phenicia proper. C. is generally considered equivalent to the Land of Israel or Palestine. Ca'naanites, The, a word used in two senses: (1) For the tribe of the “Canaanites" only-the dwellers in the lowland. The whole of the country W. of Jordan was a "lowland" as compared with the loftier and more extended tracts on the E. (2) Applied as a general name to the non-Israelite inhabitants of the land, as we have already seen was the case with "Canaan." Instances of this are: Gen. xii, 6; Num. |