CATHARTINE-CATHEDRAL.

CATHELINEAU--CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION ACT.

526

CATHOLIC EPISTLES-CATO.

against unbelief. The first principle of the design of the rector of this university and his colleagues is that their establishment shall graduate priests and laymen as Amer. and modern as they are Catholic and conservative. The Rev. John J. Keane, Bishop of Richmond, surrendered his diocese to become the first rector of the university.

anti-Roman Catholic, enacted on Oct. 22, 1691, that Irish members of both Houses should take the oaths of supremacy; and three yrs. later a set of acts were passed which placed the Roman Catholics in a worse position than at any previous period of their history. The whole population were disarmed, and the priests banished from the country. But what must have been still more intolerable was the interference with the private arrangements of their families. All Roman Catholics were prohibited from acting as guardians not only to Protestant but to Catholic children. At a somewhat later date (1704) it was enacted that if a son chose to turn Protestant he should be entitled to dispossess his father, and at once to take possession of the family estate. Though Catholics were not directly declared incapable of holding land, they were deprived of the right of acquiring it by purchase, or even by long lease; and if a Catholic chanced to occupy a place in a line of entail he was passed over in favor of the next Protistration in his province. His political conspiracies were estant heir. No office of trust, civil or military, was now open to a Catholic; he was forbidden to vote at elections, to intermarry with a Protestant, or even to dwell in Limerick or Galway, except under certain conditions. But perhaps the most demoralizing provision of all was that which empowered the son of a Catholic to bring his father into Chancery, to force him to declare on oath the value of his property, and to settle an allowance on him, as the court should determine; but the C. E. A., 1829, put an end to all this. This righteous measure became the law of the land April 13, 1829. Its main provisions were as follows: For the oath of supremacy another oath was substituted, by which all R. C. members of Parliament bound themselves to support the existing institutions of the State, and not to injure those of the Church. Roman Catholics were admitted to all corporate offices, and to an equal enjoyment of all municipal rights. The army and navy had already been opened to them. The Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Act, the outcome of Protestant panic in 1854, has been since repealed, and the use of ecclesiastical insignia and episcopal titles and names is no longer denied to the R. C. Church in Britain.

Catholic Epis'tles, the name given, according to Clem€ as Alexandrinus and Origen, to certain epistles, addressed not to particular churches or individuals, but either to the Church universal or to a large and indefinite circle of readers. Originally the C. E. comprised only the 1st Epistle of John and the 1st of Peter; but at least as early as the 4th c. (as evinced by the testimony of Eusebius) the term was applied to all the apostolic writings used as "lessons " in the orthodox Christian churches. But this included the Epistles of James, of Jude, the 2d of Peter, and the 2d and 3d of John. These seven thus constituted the C. E., although the genuineness and authenticity of the last-mentioned five were not universally acknowledged; but this very incorporation with epistles whose canonicity was not questioned naturally had the effect of confirming their authority, so that in a short time the entire seven came to be considered a portion of the canon. Catholicos, the title of the patriarchs or chief ecclesiastics in the hierarchy of the Armenian Church, and of the Christians of Georgia and Mingrelia.

Cath'olic University of America, The, at Washington, D. C., was formally opened in 1889, the foundation-stone having been laid May 24, 1888, in the presence of the President of the U. S. and a large assemblage. Divinity Hall was dedicated Nov. 13, and the divinity classes commenced recitations Nov. 18 following. The first impetus given to the project of the university was due to Bishop Spalding. Leo XIII. gave enthusiastic encouragement to the undertaking. A committee was formed consisting of Messrs. Thomas E. Waggaman, Michael Jenkins, Eugene Kelly, the Revs. P. L. Chapelle, T. S. Lee, J. M. Farley, Bishops Maes, Marty, Keane, Spalding, Archbishops Ireland, Corrigan, Ryan, Williams, and Cardinal Gibbons. The committee concluded to begin with the theological department. Miss Mary Gwendolen Caldwell gave $300,000 for the founding of the university. Her sister gave $50,000; Mr. Eugene Kelly, of New York, gave $50,000 and endowed a chair; the Misses Drexel, of Philadelphia; the Misses Andrews, of Baltimore; Col. Bonaparte, Mr. James Carroll, Dr. Ouchterlony, of Louisville, and many others responded munificently, so that the question of adequate endowment is settled forever. Washington was chosen as the site. The property, near the city, consists of 65 acres. Signor Gregori, a Florentine artist, furnished portraits of Washington (after Stuart) and Archbishop Carroll. The aim of the Catholic bishops of the U. S. was to found a university which should be indigenous to the soil, and which should stimulate and equip devout believers in Christianity for the struggle

Catili'na, (LUCIUS SERGIUS,) b. about the yr. 103 B.C., d. 62 B.C. During his youth he attached himself to the party of Sulla. His bodily constitution, which was capable of endur. ing any amount of labor, fatigue, and hardship, allied to a mind which could stoop to every baseness and feared no crime, fitted him to take the lead in the conspiracy which has made his name infamous to all ages. In the yr. 68 B.C. he was elected pretor; in 67 B.C. Gov. of Africa; and in 66 B.C. he desired to stand for the consulship, but was disqualified on account of the accusations brought against him of maladminfrustrated by Cicero, and he fled from Rome and took refuge with Manlius, who was in command of the army in Etruria. In 62 B.C. the army of the Senate encountered that of C. near Pistoia, and after a desperate battle, in which C. displayed almost superhuman courage, he was defeated and slain. Catineau-Laroche, (PIERRE MARIE SÉBASTIEN,) b. at Saint-Brieuc, France, 1772, d. 1828. He studied at Poitiers, emigrated to San Domingo 1791, and published at Port-auPrince a paper, L'ami de la paix et de l'union. Giving offense by his antislavery opinions, he was prosecuted and narrowly escaped condemnation to death. Removing to Cape Haytien, then Cape Français, he was one of 17 Frenchmen saved from massacre. After visiting the U. S. and England, he returned to France, 1797, and prepared several lexicons. His printingoffice was burned, and he entered the employ of government, which sent him to Guiana, 1819, to examine its climate and resources; his notes thereon were published 1822.

Catkin, (amentum,) in Bot., a spike of numerous small unisexual flowers, destitute of calyx and corolla, and furnished with scale-like bracteæ instead, the whole inflorescence finally forming on by an articulation in a single piece. Examples are found in the willow, hazel, oak, birch, alder, and other trees and shrubs, forming the natural order Amentaceæ. In some, as in the oak and hazel, the male flowers only are in Cs.

Catkin.

Cat'lin, (GEORGE,) artist and writer on Indians, b. at Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1796, d. 1872. He studied law in Conn., and practiced two yrs., but forsook it for art, and became a portraitpainter in Philadelphia. Impressed by a delegation of Sioux, he conceived the idea of perpetuating the fast-disappearing types, customs, and costumes of the Indians. Taking boat, 1832, at St. Louis for the Yellowstone, he spent eight yrs. among some 48 tribes, learning their languages, studying their habits, and making copious notes, studies, and sketches. Returning by the Indian Ter., Ark., and Fla., he went to Europe, 1840, with his collection, which he exhibited in Egyptian Hall, London, and published Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, two volumes, with above 300 engravings, (London, 1841.) The Athenæum called this "a unique work, a book of extraordinary interest and value, beyond all praise." It was followed by a North American Portfolio, (1844,) 25 plates of hunting scenes, games, etc., in the Rocky Mountains and prairies. His Eight Years' Travels and Residence in Europe (1848) tells the adventures of three parties of Indians whom he introduced to the courts of England, France, and Belgium. The Breath of Life, published 1861, in manugraph," sets forth the advantage of breathing through the nostrils and keeping the mouth closed, especially in sleep. His work entitled Last Rambles among the Indians of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes appeared 1868. His later yrs. were spent mostly in Europe, till 1871; he died at Jersey City, N. J. His Indian gallery was acquired by government, and placed in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington.

Cat'mint, (Nepeta cataria,) a plant of the natural order Labiatae. It appears to act upon cats in a similar way to Valerian-root; and when its leaves are bruised so as to be highly odoriferous cats are at once attracted to it, rub themselves on it, tear at it, and chew it. Its odor has been described as intermediate between that of mint and that of pennyroyal.

Ca'to, (DIONYSIUS,) is the name prefixed to a little volume of moral precepts in verse, which was a great favorite during the Middle Ages. Whether or not such a person ever existed is a point of the greatest uncertainty. The name C. may have been given from the merit of these precepts.

at the point of incidence, and the reflected ray, lie all in one plane. (2) The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.

Catop'tromancy, divination by the mirror or lookingglass. At Patras, in Greece, the sick foretold their death or recovery by means of a mirror let down with a thread until its base touched the water in a fountain before the temple of Ceres. The face of the sick person appearing healthy in the mirror betokened recovery; if it looked ghastly, then death was sure to ensue. More modern superstitions attach ill-luck to the breaking of a looking-glass, and to seeing one's face in a glass by candle-light.

Ca'to, (MARCUS PORCIUS,) surnamed CENSORIUS and SAPIENS, afterward known as Cato Priscus, or Cato Major-to distinguish him from Cato of Utica-b. at Tusculum in 234 B.C. Induced by Lucius Valerius Flaccus to remove to Rome when that city was in a transition epoch from severe frugality to the luxury and licentiousness of Grecian manners, C. severely denounced the degeneracy of the Philohellenic party, and set for Rome a pattern of sterner and purer character. In 184 B.C. he was elected censor, and discharged so rigorously the duties of his office that the epithet Censorius, formerly applied to all persons in the same station, was made his permanent surname. Many of his acts were highly commendable. He repaired the water-courses, Cats, (JAKOB,) a Dutch statesman and poet, b. at Broupaved the reservoirs, cleansed the drains, raised the rents wershaven, in Zealand, 1577. He rose to high offices in the paid by the publicans for the farming of the taxes, and di- state, and was twice sent as embassador to England, first in minished the contract prices paid by the state to the under-1627, and again in 1652, while Cromwell was at the head of takers of public works. In the yr. 175 B.C. he was sent to affairs. As a poet he enjoyed the highest popularity; d. Carthage to negotiate on the differences between the Car- 1660. thaginians and the Numidian king Masinissa; but having been offended by the Carthaginians he returned to Rome, where, ever afterward, he described Carthage as the most formidable rival of the empire, and concluded all his addresses in the Senate-house-whatever the immediate subject might be with the well-known words: "Ceterum censeo, Carthaginem esse delendam," (“For the rest, I vote that Carthage must be destroyed.") C. d. 149 B.C.

Ca'to, (MARCUS PORCIUS,) named Cato the Younger, or Cato Uticensis, b. 95 B.C. From Macedonia, where he was military tribune in 67 B.C., he went to Pergamus in search of the Stoic philosopher, Athenodorus, whom he brought back to his camp, and whom he induced to proceed with him to Rome. He quitted the questorship at the appointed time amid general applause. In 63 B.C. he was elected tribune, and also delivered his famous speech on the Catiline conspiracy, in which he denounced Cæsar as an accomplice of that political desperado, and determined the sentence of the Senate; d. 46 B.C.

Catoo'sa Springs, in Catoosa Co., Ga., are saline chalyb. eate. The hotels afford accommodations for several hundred visitors.

Incidence.

AB H, angle of in-
cidence; CBH, an-

gle of reflection.

Catop'trics is that subdivision of geometrical optics which treats of the phenomena of light incident upon the surfaces of bodies and reflected therefrom. All bodies reflect more or less light, even those through which it is most readily transmissible; light falling on such media, for instance, at a certain angle is totally reflected. Rough surfaces scatter or disperse a large portion of what falls on them, through which it is that their peculiarities of fig ure, color, etc., are seen by eyes in a variety of positions; they are not said to reflect light, but there is no doubt they do, though in such a way, owing to their inequalities, as never to present the proper phenomena of reflection. The surfaces with which C. accordingly deals are the smooth and polished. It tracks the course of rays and pencils of light after reflection from such surfaces, and determines the positions and traces the forms of images of objects as seen in mirrors of different kinds. A ray of light is the smallest conceivable portion of a stream of light, and is represented by the line of its path, which is always a straight line. A pencil of light is an assemblage of rays constituting either a cylindrical or conical stream. A stream of light is called a converging pencil when the rays converge to the vertex of the cone, called a focus; and a diverging pencil when they diverge from the vertex. The axis of the cone in each case is called the axis of the pencil. When the stream consists of parallel rays the pencil is called cylindrical, and the axis of the cylinder is the axis of the pencil. In nature all pencils of light are primarily diverging-every point of a luminous body throwing off light in a conical stream; converging rays, however, are continually produced in optical instruments, and when light diverges from a very distant body, such as a fixed star, the rays from it falling on any small body, such as a reflector in a telescope, may, without error, be regarded as forming a cylindrical pencil. When a ray falls upon any surface, the angle which it makes with the normal to the surface at the point of incidence is called the angle of incidence; and that which the reflected ray makes with the normal is called the angle of reflection. Two facts of observation form the groundwork of C. They are expressed in what are called the laws of reflection of light: (1) In the reflection of light, the incident ray, the normal to the surface

Cat's-eye, a beautiful mineral, a variety of quartz receiving its name from the resemblance which the reflection of light from it, especially when cut, en cabochon, or in a convex form, is supposed to exhibit to the light which seems to emanate from the interior of the eye of a cat. It has a sort of pearly appearance, and is chatoyant, or characterized by a fine play of light, which results from the parallel arrangement of the minute fibers of the stone itself, or from an intimate mixture of some foreign substance, such as amianthus. It has been supposed that C. is silicified wood. It is of various colors, and is obtained chiefly from Malabar and Ceylon. The Singhalese are especially proud of it, believing it, although erroneously, to be only found in their island. It is often brought from that island, cut to resemble a monkey's face, from the idolatrous regard entertained for the monkey. A chatoyant variety of feldspar has been sometimes confounded with C., and is also found in Ceylon.

Catskill, cap. of Greene Co., N. Y., on the W. bank of the Hudson, at the mouth of Catskill Creek, 34 m. S. of Albany, and 109 m. N. of New York, on the West Shore R.R., and connected by ferry with the New York Central and Hudson River R.R. The village has the county buildings, various churches, banks, newspapers, and some factories; pop. 4,920.

Catskill Mount'ains, The, are a portion of the great Appalachian chain, which extends from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. The C. M. rise from a plain about 10 m. from the W. bank of the Hudson River. They are a favorite summer resort for New Yorkers and Philadelphians. The beauties of this region, which a few yrs. ago was nothing but a wilderness, have been opened up by the Catskill Mountain R.R., which leaves Catskill Station, and by the Ulster and Delaware R.R., which leaves Kingston Station, of the West Shore R.R. Some of the principal peaks of the Catskills and their heights are as follows: Slide Mountain, 4,220 ft.; Hunter Mountain, 4,052 ft.; Peakamoos Mountain, 4,000 ft.; High Peak, 3,809 ft.; Round Top, 3,804 ft.; Panther Mountain and Big Indian, each 3,800 ft.

Cat'taro, a town of Austria, in the crown-land of Dalmatia; pop. 4,000. It was at one time the cap. of a small republic, but in 1807 was annexed to the kingdom of Italy. It became an Austrian possession in 1814 by the treaty of Vienna.

Cat'tegat, or Kattegat, (Sinus Codanus,) the bay or arm of the sea situated between the E. coast of Jutland and the W. coast of Sweden, to the N. of the Danish Islands. It is connected with the Baltic Sea by the Great and Little Belt, and by the Sound. The Skager Rack connects it with the North Sea. The 1. of the C. is about 150 m., and its greatest breadth 85 m. It is of unequal depth, and has dangerous sand-banks. The principal islands are Lasöe, Samsöe, and Anhalt. The Danish shores of the C. are low, but the Swedish shore is very steep and rocky.

Cattell', (ALEXANDER GILMORE,) an Amer. capitalist and statesman, b. 1816; U. S. senator from N. J. 1866-71; he devised a plan whereby the payment of the Geneva Award of $15,500,000 was made to a syndicate of Amer. bankers, without disturbing the rate of exchange; d. 1894. Cattell', (WILLIAM CASSIDY, D.D.,) an Amer. educator and brother of the foregoing; Pres. of Lafayette Coll., Pa., 1864; b. 1827.

Cat'termole, (GEORGE,) one of the most distinguished of Eng. painters in water-colors, b. in Norfolk in 1800, d. 1868. Cat'ti, or Chat'ti, a German people, included by Cæsar under the name Suevi, who inhabited a country pretty nearly corresponding to the present Hesse. The S.-W. part of their

CATTLE-PLAGUE-CAULAINCOURT, DE.

territory, around Mattiacum, was conquered by the Romans ing 60 or 70 m. This range, formerly belonging entirely to under Drusus. The C. took part in the general rising of the Germans under Hermann. Tacitus praises them as excellent foot-soldiers. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, in the end of the 2d c., they made incursions into Roman Germany and Rhætia. Caracalla failed in an expedition against them and the Alemanni in the 3d c. About the middle of that c. their name began to give place to that of Franks, and the C. are last mentioned by Claudian in the latter part of the 4th c.

Cau'casus, a mountain range of great geographical and ethnographical importance, occupying the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian, its general direction being from W.-N.-W. to E.-S.-E. The breadth, including the secondary ranges and spurs, may be stated at about 150 m., but the breadth of the higher C. is much less, not much exceed-death by drowning.