CAULIFLOWER-CAVAIGNAC. 529 Caulaincourt, de, (ARMAND AUGUSTIN LOUIS,) Duke of if he can find out the true succession in one instance he is Vicenza, a statesman of the French Empire, b. at Caulain- satisfied that the same succession will always hold. In the court, in the Dept. of Somme, 1772. In 1807 he was ap- physical sciences, therefore, there is no dispute as to the law pointed embassador at St. Petersburg. Disputes having arisen of causation itself; the controversies on that head occur only between Alexander and Napoleon, C. endeavored to restore in metaphysics. It is made a serious problem by mental phiamity and prevent war; but his proposals being rejected, he, losophers, and also by theologians, to determine how we come in 1811, asked permission to resign his post, and was ap- by the irresistible belief that we are said to possess-that pointed to the army of Spain. During the events of 1813 he every event has and must have a C. There are many anwas frequently employed as plenipotentiary in diplomatic swers to this question: The subject of causation was very affairs. In Nov., 1813, he was made Minister for Foreign particularly stated by Aristotle. He enumerated four different Affairs, and in this capacity attended the congress at Chatil-kinds of Cs., which have ever since had a place in philosolon, Jan., 1814. When Napoleon abdicated C. used his in- phy. These are the material, the formal, the efficient, and fluence with Alexander to obtain the most favorable con- the final. The first, or material, is what any thing is made ditions for the fallen emperor, and, chiefly through his of; brass or marble is the material C. of a statue. The intervention, the island of Elba was ceded to Napoleon. formal is the form, type, or pattern according to which any During the 100 days C. resumed office as minister of foreign thing is made; the drawings of the architect would be the affairs, and was made a peer. On the second restoration he formal C. of a house. The efficient is the power acting to retired into private life; d. in Paris, 1827. produce the work, the manual energy and skill of the workman, or the mechanical prime mover, whether that be human or any other. The final C. is the end or motive on whose account the work is produced, the subsistence, profit, or pleasure of the workman. Cauliflower, a variety of the common kale or cabbage, affording one of the most esteemed delicacies of the table. It was cultivated as a culinary vegetable by the Greeks and Romans. The C. is entirely the product of cultivation. The leaves are not in this, as in other varieties of the same species generally, the part used, nor are they so delicate and fit for use as those of most of the others, but the flower-buds and their stalks, or, properly speaking, the inflorescence of the plant deformed by cultivation, forming a head or compact mass generally of a white color. Cau'line, in Bot., a phrase indicating those parts of plants which grow on the stem. Caus'tic, (Gr. "burning,") in Med. and in Chem., is the term applied to such substances as exert a corroding or disintegrating action on the skin and flesh. Lunar-C. is nitrate of silver, and common C. is potash. When used as a C. in medicine, the substance is fused and cast into molds, which yield the C. in small sticks the thickness of an ordinary leadpencil, or rather less. C. is also used in chemistry in an adjective sense-thus, C. lime, or pure lime, as distinguished from mild lime, or the carbonate of lime, C. magnesia and mild magnesia. Caus'tic, Cat'acaustic, and Di'acaustic. In Optics, C. is the name given to the curved line formed by the ultimate intersections of a system of rays reflected or refracted from a reflecting or refracting surface, when the reflection or refraction is inaccurate. When the C. curve is formed by rea, a joint of the planks; b, tool flection it is called the catacaustic-sometimes simply the C.; when formed by refraction it is called the diacaustic curve. In mathematical language, a curve formed by the ultimate intersections of a system of lines drawn according to a given law is called the envelope, and is such that the lines are all tan Caulking-iron. driven by a hand-hammer. Caulk'ing is the operation of driving oakum or untwisted rope into the seams of a ship to render them water-tight. The quantity thus driven in depends on the thickness of the planking; it varies from 1 to 13 double threads of oakum, with 1 to 2 single threads of spun yarn. The caulker first raims or reems the seam-i. e., drives a C. iron into it to widen the seam as much as possible and close any rents or fissures in the wood; he then drives in a little spun yarn or white oakum with a mallet and a kind of chisel, and afterward agents to it. As in a system of rays reflected or refracted by much larger quantity of black or coarse oakum. The fibers are driven in until they form a densely hard mass, which not only keeps out water, but strengthens the planking. The seam is finally coated with pitch or resin. Iron and steel ships need no C., the red-hot rivets as they cool and shrink drawing the plates tightly together. Caulo'nia, an ancient Greek city of Italy besieged and destroyed by Dionysius the Elder in 389 B.C. Caulop'teris, a generic name for the stems of fossil treeferns found in the Carboniferous and Triassic measures. They are hollow, and covered with the markings similar to the leaf scars on recent tree-ferns. Twelve species are described. 99 66 Caus, de, (SALOMON,) a Fr. engineer considered as one of the inventors of the steam-engine; b. 1576, d. 1630. Cause. The words cause," causality," and causation," although familiar and intelligible in ordinary speech, have given rise to some of the most subtle questions in philosophy and theology. In common language we are accustomed to describe as the C. of an event the one event immediately preceding it, and but for which it would not have happened; but this mode of speaking is defective, as not expressing the whole fact, or, in other words, presumes a great deal that is not stated. When, however, we aim at strict accuracy, as in the investigations of science, we must not be content with singling out the one turning event, but must enumerate every thing that is necessary to the result. A scientific C. is the full assemblage of conditions, failing any one of which the effect would not happen. In a full explanation of the phenomenon of the tides, we must enumerate all the circumstances connected with their production-the attraction of the sun and moon, the motions of the earth and the moon in their orbits, the globular form and rotation of the earth, the liquidity of the sea, the mode of distribution of the sea over the earth -every one of which facts is an essential in the full causation. Causation consists in this, "that every consequent is connected in the manner now described with some particular antecedent or set of antecedents." The physical philosopher-the chemist or physiologist-trusts to the uniformity with which the same C. yields the same effect; and the same surface all follow the same law, it follows that the C. is the envelope of reflected or refracted rays. Cau'tery, (Gr. kaio, “I burn,") a substance used for "firing," burning, or disorganizing the part to which it is applied. The red-hot iron was much used formerly for preventing hemorrhage from divided arteries. The galvano-C. has taken the place of the old-fashioned C.-irons. A special battery is used, strong in quantity. A knife or needle of platinum is arranged in the circuit, and, having a greater resistance to the current than the copper-wire conductors, it becomes heated from a dull cherry to a white heat. A mechanism is placed in the electrode which carries the knife or needle by which the circuit may be closed or broken at will. The galvano-C. is used for many operations, and the different intensities of heat produce different effects on the tissues. Cauveripu'ram, a town of the district of Coimbatoor, in the Presidency of Madras, India; pop. 6,532. Cau'very, or Kav'eri, a river in the S. of Hindustan. It rises in Coorg, flows through Mysore and Madras, falling into the Bay of Bengal after a course of 472 m. Ca'va, La, a town of Italy, in the prov. of Salerno; pop. 20,397. About a m. from C. is the celebrated Benedictine monastery of the Trinity, with its magnificent archives. Cavaignac, (LOUIS EUGENE,) b. in Paris 1802, and educated in the Polytechnic School and the Ecole d'Application, at Metz. He first served in the Morea, and afterward in Africa. He was made chef de bataillon in 1837, and rose to the rank of brigade-general in 1844. In 1848 he was ap pointed Gov.-Gen. of Algeria, but in view of the impending revolutionary dangers was called to Paris, he having also been elected a delegate to the National Assembly. In the insurrection of June which followed, C., as minister of war, had a most difficult part to play, and he displayed, during the four days and nights of the contest, remarkable presence of mind, firmness, and activity. When he had the power of assuming the dictatorship he resigned it into the hands of the National Assembly, which appointed him President of the Council. As a candidate for the presidency of the republic, when Louis Napoleon was elected, he received about 1,500,000 votes. On the coup d'état of Dec., 1851, C. 530 CAVAILLON-CAVOUR, COUNT DI. was arrested, but released after a short detention; and though he consistently refused to give in his adhesion to the empire, he was permitted to reside in France without molestation. He d. 1857. In debates C. was remarkably unlike his countrymen, being not voluble and declamatory, but sober, clear, and moderate. Cavaillon, a town of Provence, in the Dept. of Vaucluse, France, containing Roman ruins; pop. 8,034. Cavalier', in Fortification, is a defense-work constructed on the terre-plein or level ground of a bastion. It rises to a h. varying from 8 to 12 ft. above the rampart, and has a parapet about 6 ft. h. Its uses are to command any rising ground held by the enemy within cannon-shot, and to guard the curtain or plain wall between two bastions from being enfiladed. For these purposes it mounts heavy ordnance. It may be either curved or bounded by straight sides. Cavalier, (JEAN,) nicknamed "the Baker's Boy of Anduze," a brilliant and successful Protestant leader of the Camisards in the religious wars of the 17th c.; b. 1679, d. 1740. Cavaliers'. Originally a cavalier meant any horsesoldier, but in English history C. is the name given to the party which adhered to Charles I., in opposition to the Roundheads. Cav'aller-Maggiore, a town of Italy, in the prov. of Cumeo; pop. 5,300. ers. Cavendish, (HENRY,) a distinguished philosopher of the 18th c., b. at Nice 1731, d. 1810. To him it may almost be said we owe the foundation of pneumatic chemistry, for prior to his time it had hardly an existence. In 1760 he discovered the extreme levity of inflammable air, now known as hydrogen gas-a discovery which led to balloon experiments and projects for aerial navigation; and later he ascertained that water resulted from the union of two gases. He is best remembered for his determination of the mean density of the earth by means of the horizontal torsion-pendulum. Cavendish, (SIR W.,) a gentleman in the service of Cardinal Wolsey, and afterward in that of Henry VIII., by whom he was knighted; b. 1505, d. 1557. His descendants, who became the Dukes of Newcastle, played an important part in some of the most critical epochs of British history. Cavendish, (WILLIAM,) Duke of Newcastle, grandson of the above, a distinguished loyalist of the 17th c., b. 1592. His learning and winning address made him a favorite at the court of James I., who in 1610 made him Knight of the Bath. His support of King Charles I. during the contest with the parliamentary forces was munificent. After the battle of Marston Moor C. retired to the continent, where he resided, at times in great poverty, until the Restoration. On his return he was created Duke of Newcastle; d. 1676. Caves, or Cav'erns, are hollow places in the earth. They are either natural or artificial. Natural C. have been heaval of the strata by water, or by both causes combined. The denuding or eroding power of water, which has produced the materials of stratified rocks, has formed caverns in the courses of rivers and on the coast-line of the sea. C. most frequently occur in limestone rocks. They especially abound in England in the oolitic limestone, which on this account was called by the earlier Continental geologists "cavern limestone." The Mammoth Cave and the neighboring grottoes, as well as Wyandotte Cave, have been excavated in the subcarboniferous limestone. Next to limestone, the triassic measures, containing rock-salt, a material easily removed by water, most abound in caverns. They are also frequently met with in igneous rocks-the picturesque cave of Fingal, in Staffa, is formed in basalt; and in S. Am. and Iceland the modern lava contains large caverns. Many caverns have a calcareous incrustation lining their interior, giving them a gorgeous appearance. Sometimes this deposit is pure white, and has, when the cave is lighted up, a richness and transparency that cannot be imagined. It is, however, more generally colored by the impurities which the water has taken up from the superincumbent strata. To the incrustations which are suspended from the roof, like icicles, the name stalactite is given, while those rising from the floor are designated stalagmites. See Hovey's Celebrated American Caves and Packard's Cave Fauna of North America. Cavalry is a general name for horse-soldiers or troop-produced by the fracture and dislocation consequent on the upNine months of drilling is the least time requisite to make a recruit fit to mount on duty, during which period he is drilled for 8 hours a day. The U. S. cavalry system is of the same type with the European: a company comprises 64 men; two or more companies form a squadron; 10 companies form a regiment; the C. arms are sabers, carbines, and pistols. (See ARMY.) Authorities differ concerning the proportion that ought to be observed between cavalry and infantry in an army. In France and Austria the ratio is about 1 to 5; in Prussia and Bavaria, 1 to 4; in Russia, 1 to 6; in England, 1 to 8. But in this country the ratio is as 1 in 3, the reason for which is found in the vast expanse of territory to be covered, as in the campaigns against the Indians, with a very small force. So far as concerns actual duties, heavy cavalry charge the enemy's cavalry and infantry, attack the guns, and cover a retreat; while the light cavalry make reconnaissances, carry dispatches and messages, maintain outposts, supply pickets, scour the country for forage, aid the commissariat, pursue the enemy, and strive to screen the movements of the infantry by their rapid maneuvers on the front and flanks of their army. At the battle of Balaklava the heavy cavalry charge was within the reasonable duties of the troops, but that of the light was not; the former succeeded, the latter failed. A cavalry horse will walk 4 m. in an hour on general service, trot 8 m. in maneuvering, and gallop 11 m. in making a charge. The cavalry usually attack in line against cavalry, en échelon against artillery, and in column against infantry. Cav'an, an inland county in the prov. of Ulster, Ireland. It lies in the narrowest part of Ireland, 18 m. from the Atlantic, and 20 from the Irish Sea; area 477,399 acres, pop. 111,917. Cav'an, the cap. of County Cavan, Ireland, on a branch of the Annalee, 70 m. N.-W. of Dublin, with which it is connected by the Irish North-Western R.R. The suburbs are chiefly wretched cabins. The principal buildings are in the W. outskirts. A public garden was bequeathed by a late Lady Farnham, and the beautiful demesne of Lord Farnham lies between C. and Lough Oughter, which is about 5 m. W. Agriculture is the chief industry; pop. 3,050. Cavanilles y Cen'ti, (DON ANTONIO,) a modern Span. historian, b. 1805, d. 1864. Cavarzere', a town of Italy, prov. of Venice; pop. 12,400. Cavati'na, a short form of operatic air, of a soft character, differing from the ordinary aria in consisting only of one part, and that spun out more in the form of a song. Modern composers have, however, disregarded this difference. Cave, (EDWARD,) an English man of letters, founder of the Gentleman's Magazine, the first literary journal of the kind ever established; b. in Warwickshire 1691, d. 1754. He was the friend and early patron of Samuel Johnson. Ca'veat, (Lat. caveo, "to beware,") a judicial warning or caution. It consists in an intimation by the party interested to the proper officer to prevent him from taking any step without such intimation being made to the said party as shall enable him to appear and object. Cavian'a, island of Brazil, at the mouth of the Amazon, under the equator. It is triangular in shape, 35 m. 1. and 20 m. w., level, fertile, and stocked with cattle. On the S.-E. side is a small town, Roberdello. Caviare, a prepared article of food consisting of the salted roes of several kinds of large fish, chiefly of the common sturgeon, Accipenser Sturio. (See STURGEON.) Hence we have the phrase "Caviare to the general," (the taste for C. being not natural but acquired,) something that cannot be appreciated or understood by the people, from the fact of the disagreeable flavor of caviare to an unaccustomed palate. C. is prepared chiefly in Russia, where it is greatly esteemed as food. It is used also in Italy and France. The species of sturgeon from the roe of which chiefly it is prepared inhabit the Caspian and Black Seas and their tributary rivers. Cavicor'nia, or Cav'icorns, (Lat. cavus, "hollow," cornu, "a horn,") the hollow-horned ruminants, in which the horn consists of a central bony core, surrounded by a horny sheath, as in the ox, sheep, or antelope. Cavité, a town of considerable importance on the island of Luzon, one of the Philippines; pop. 7,000. Cavor', or Cavour', a town of Piedmont, in Italy; pop. 6,000. Cavo-rilie'vo. In this peculiar kind of rilievo, which was extensively employed by Egyptian artists, the highest surface of the object represented is only on a level with the plane of the original stone, the rounded sides being cut into it. The effect resembles that of a concave seal. It is cor rectly described as intaglio rilievato. Cavour', Count di, (CAMILLA BENSO,) a distinguished Ital. statesman of the 19th c., b. at Turin 1810. In the CAVY-CEBUS. Marquis d'Azeglio's ministry, formed soon after the fatal battle of Novara, C. was successively Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Minister of Marine, and Minister of Finance; and in 1852 he was appointed to succeed D'Azeglio as premier. C. was the originator as well as the director of the Sardinian policy, which he continued to control until his death, 1861. Ca'vy, (Cavia,) a genus of quadrupeds of the order Rodentia, regarded as the type of a family, Cavida, differing from the hare family in the complete want of clavicles, in the want of growing roots to the molar teeth, and in having the incisors situated as in other quadrupeds generally, and not in the peculiar manner so characteristic of the Guinea-pig. hares. There are 4 molar teeth in each jaw, and in the genus C. these are compound; and the genus is further characterized by 4 toes on each of the fore-feet, and 3 on each of the hind-feet, by the feet not being webbed, by the females having only 2 teats, and by the want of a tail. The guineapig, C. Cobaya, represents the genus. Cawk, a popular name for a massive variety of the mineral called heavy spar, or sulphate of baryta. Cawnpore'. (1) A city of the Doab, on the right bank of the Ganges, India. During the mutiny of 1857 C. was the scene of Nana Sahib's massacre of the English captives; pop. 188,712. (2) The district of the above-described city, in the lieutenant-governorship of the North-west Provinces; with a pop. of 1,181,396, it has an area of 2,353 sq. m. Caxamar'ca, or Cajamar'ca, a prov. of Peru, with a cap. of its own name. The prov. has 273,000 inhabitants, and the city about 20,000. Caxamarquilla, a town of Peru, in the prov. of Libertad; pop. about 8,000. Caxatam bo, or Cajatambo, a town of Peru, in the prov. of Ancachs; pop. 6,000. Cax'ton, (WILLIAM,) who introduced printing into England, was b. in the Weald of Kent about 1422. He was ap Caxton's House, Westminster. prenticed in 1439 to Robert Large, a wealthy London mercer. At the death of the latter in 1441 he went to Bruges, where, in 1462 or 1463, he seems to have become governor of a chartered association of English adventurers trading to foreign parts. In 1471 C. entered the service of Margaret, the Duchess of Burgundy, formerly an English princess, and toward the end of 1476 set up his wooden printing-press at the sign of the Red Pale, in the Almonry at Westminster. The art of printing he had acquired during his sojourn in Bruges, doubtless from Colard Mansion, a well-known printer of that city, and in 1474 he put through the press the first book printed in the English tongue, the Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, a translation of Raoul le Fevre's work. 531 The Dictes and Notable Wise Sayings of the Philosophers, published in 1477, is the first book which can with certainty be maintained to have been printed in England. All the eight fonts of type from which C. printed may be called black-letter. He d. 1491. Cayam be, in Ecuador, a peak of the Andes, is directly under the equator, but perpetually covered with snow; h. 19,648 ft. Cayenne, a fortified sea-port, the cap. of French Guiana, is chiefly known as a great French penal settlement. C. became a French colony about 1635; deportation thither began during the first French Revolution; pop. 12,524. Cayenne Pep'per consists of the powder of the dried pods, and more especially of the dried seeds, of different species of capsicum. Cay'man, a name somewhat variously used, either as the distinctive appellation of some, or as a common name for all, of the Crocodilide of S. Am. The genus Alligator is by some naturalists of the present day divided into three genera, to one of which the name C. (Caiman) is appropriated, and of which the type is the species called the Eye-browed C., (Alligator palpebrosus,) to which the name C. is distinctively applied in Surinam and Guiana, a species very abundant there, but not one of the largest or more dangerous of its tribe. It is remarkable for the three bony plates, separated by sutures only, which form each eyebrow or eyelid, projecting as large knobs, like a man's fist; and this and the scarcely webbed feet constitute the most important characters of the genus or sub-genus C. Cay'mans, three low islets of the Caribbean Sea, which form a dependency of Jamaica. Discovered by Columbus, they were by him called Tortugas, from the abundance of turtle. Area 225 sq. m.; pop. 4,322. Cayu'ga Lake, the boundary between Seneca and Cayuga Counties, N. Y., outlet Seneca River; surface 387 ft. above the sea; 1. 38 m. Cazalla de la Sier'ra, a town of Spain, in the prov. of Seville; pop. 8,000. Caz'auran, (AUGUSTUS R.,) an Amer. author and playwright, b. in Bordeaux, France, Oct. 31, 1820, d. 1889; educated at the University of Dublin. In 1848 he became implicated in an Irish rebellion, fled to the U. S., and obtained employment as a reporter. During the Crimean War he acted as war correspondent to a London daily. Afterward he was connected with the Cincinnati Enquirer, and became chief editor of the Memphis Argus. When Lincoln was shot he was at the theater as dramatic critic, and wrote the first account of the assassination. In 1869 he came to New York, did dramatic work, and gathered about him a remarkable company of artists. He adapted "Miss Multon," "Les Danicheffs," "Man of Success," "The Mother's Secret," "Lillian's Lost Love," "The Banker's Daughter," "The Celebrated Case," "Lost Children," "French Flats," "Mother and Son," "Felicia," "The Creole," "Daniel Rochat," "A Parisian Romance," and "The Ranzar." Cazem be, or Kazem be, an important country of Africa, the limits of which have not been clearly determined. The king's rule extends over a great portion of the established route across the continent of Africa, from the Congo, up the valley of Lulúa, and down the valley of Luapúla. Cazeno'via, a prosperous village of Madison Co., N. Y., has churches, paper and woolen mills; it is the seat of Cazenovia Seminary, (M. E. ;) pop. 1,987. Cea'ra, a prov. of Brazil, on the N. coast. It has an area of 42,053 sq. m., with 952,625 inhabitants. Ce bus, a genus of American monkeys, characterized by a round head and short muzzle, a facial angle of about 60°, long thumbs, and a long prehensile tail, entirely covered with hair. The species are numerous, all of very lively disposition and gregarious habits, living in trees. They feed chiefly on fruits, but also on insects, worms, and mollusks. They are included under the popular designation of Sapajou in its wider sense, and some of them are the monkeys to which this name is sometimes more strictly appropriated. C. fatuellus, which ranges from Paraguay to Guiana, and C. capucinus, Guiana, Venezuela, and Peru, are common in menageries. Cebus. 532 CECIDOMYIA-CEILING. Cecidomy'ia, (Gr. kekidion, “a gall-nut," and myia, "a fly" or gnat,") a genus of dipterous (2-winged) insects of the family allied to the Cecidomyida, the gnat and mosquito family; having downy wings, which have three nervures, and are horizontal when at rest; antennæ as long as the body, with bead-like joints, and whirls of hairs at the joints; long legs, and the first joint of the tarsi very short. The species are numerous; nearly 30 are British. All are of small size, but some of them are very important on account of the ravages which their maggots effect in grain crops. Some of the species of C. deposit their eggs on the young buds of trees, which the larvæ transform into galls. C. tsitici is the Hessian fly. Ce'cil, (REV. RICHARD,) an eloquent evangelical preacher of the Church of England, b. 1748, d. 1810. Ce'cil, (WILLIAM,) Lord Burleigh, one of England's greatest statesmen, b. at Bourne, Lincolnshire, 1520. Entering Gray's Inn at the age of 21, he devoted himself assiduously to the study of law. History, genealogy, and theology also formed part of his studies, and his knowledge of the last recommended him to the notice of Henry VIII., who presented him with an office in the Common Pleas; in 1547 appointed him Master of Requests, and in the following yr. his talents procured for him the office of secretary of state. When Queen Mary ascended the throne C., being a Protestant, resigned his official employment, but as a private gentleman he maintained good relations with the R. C. party, and was one of the few eminent Protestants who escaped in purse and person during that reign. Elizabeth created him Baron Burleigh in 1571, and conferred on him the Order of the Garter, when he was also made lord high treasurer; d. 1598. Cecilia, Saint, the patroness of music. Her heathen parents, as we are told, belonged to a noble Roman family, and betrothed their daughter, who had been converted to Christianity, to a heathen youth named Valerian. This youth and his brother, Tiberius, became Christian converts, and suffered martyrdom. C., when commanded to sacrifice to idols, firmly refused, and was condemned to death. She is regarded as the inventor of the organ. Another St. Cecilia was b. in Africa, and suffered martyrdom by starvation under Diocletian. Cecro'pia, a genus of trees of the natural order Artocarpaceæ. C. pelatta, a native of the West Indies and of S. Am., sometimes called trumpet-wood and snake-wood, is remarkable for its hollow stem and branches, exhibiting merely membranous partitions at the nodes. The small branches, these partitions being removed, are made into wind instruments. Also the original name of Athens, Greece. Cecro'pia Moth, a lepidopterous insect, Platysamia cecropia, nearly related to the silk-worm, the largest N. Amer. moth yet known. It is often 6 in. across when expanded, is dusky gray in color, variegated with many neutral tints. Ce'crops, the first king of Attica, figures in Greek mythology as an autochthon, half man and half dragon. Belonging, as he does, to the prehistoric ages of Greece, his real character can only be guessed at. Tradition declared him to be the founder of marriage, the author of the political division of Attica into 12 states, and the introducer of agriculture, of navigation, and of commerce. He is also said to have civilized the religious rites of the people. The name of C. is given to various towns in Greece, and the legends in general seem to indicate a Pelasgic origin for the hero. Ce'dar, or Ce'dar of Leb ́anon, a tree much celebrated from the most ancient times for its beauty, its magnificence, and its longevity, as well as for the excellence and durability of its timber. It is often mentioned in Scripture; it supplied the wood-work of Solomon's temple; and in the poetry of the O. T. it is a frequent emblem of prosperity, strength, and stability. It belongs to the natural order Conifera, and is the Pinus Cedrus of the older botanists; but is now ranked in the genus Abies, in the genus Larix by those who make Larix a distinct genus from Abies, or is made the type of a genus, Cedrus, distinguished from Larix by evergreen leaves and carpels separating from the axis, and receives the name of C. Libani. Of the celebrated Cedars of Lebanon only a few now remain. They consist of a grove of some 400 trees, about of a m. in circumference, partly old trees and partly young ones. Learned travelers think that most of the trees in the grove may be 200 yrs. old, and some between the ages of 400 and 800 yrs. These trees are more remarkable for girth than stature, their h. hardly exceeding 50 ft. Their age is variously estimated; the rules by which botanists de termine the age of trees are not applicable to them, for their stems have ceased to grow in regular concentric rings; they owe their prolonged existence to the superior vitality of a portion of their bark, which has survived the decay of the rest. Russeger is inclined to admit that these trees may possibly number some 2,000 yrs. Ce'dar, Barba'does, (Cedrela odorata,) a tree of the natural order Cedrelacea, and of the same genus with the toon of India, a native of the West Indies and warm parts of Am. It is simply called cedar in the West Indies. It is often upward of 80 ft. h., with a trunk remarkable for thickness. It has panicles of flowers resembling those of the hyacinth. The fruit, bark, and leaves have the smell of asafetida, but the wood has an agreeable fragrance. Being soft and light it is used for canoes and for shingles. Havana cigar-boxes are very generally made of it. In France it is used in making black lead-pencils. Ce'dar Creek, Battle of. In the war of secession, Oct. 19, 1864, at daylight, during Gen. Sheridan's absence, his army was surprised on this creek, at Alacken, Shenandoah Co., Va., by the Confederates under Early, who turned the left flank and took the camps of the 8th and 19th corps, with 20 guns and some prisoners. Gen. Wright, in command of the Federals, retreated and reformed their line. Gen. Sheridan arriving 10 A. M., after a famous "ride," celebrated in T. B. Read's poem, repelled an assault, routing the Confederates, retaking what had been lost, and capturing 30 guns and 2,000 prisoners. The cavalry pursued next day, and in the night Early retreated. See APPENDIX, p. 2956. Ce'dar Falls, city of Black Hawk Co., Ia., on the Cedar River, at the junction of the Illinois Central and the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern R. Rs. It has various churches, newspapers, banks, and several mills and factories; pop. 3,459. Ce'dar Mountain, Battle of. In the war of secession, Aug. 9, 1862, Gen. Banks was defeated near this hill in Culpeper Co., Va., by a superior Confederate force under Gen. Jackson, and retired for re-enforcements from Gen. Pope, with a loss of 1,400 killed and wounded, 400 prisoners, and many missing. The Confederates, who held the field two days and then fell back to meet Lee at Gordonsville, lost 1,314. Ce'dar Mount'ains, a range of the Cape Colony, parallel with the Atlantic, and nearly half way between it and the dividing ridge of the country. They form the height of land between the Oliphant River on the W. and the Great Thorn, its principal tributary on the E., varying in h. from 1,600 to 5,000 ft. They lie about lat. 32° S., and long. 19° E. Ce'dar Rapids, a city of Linn Co., Ia., on the Cedar River, 219 m. W. of Chicago, by the Chicago and Northwestern R.R., and 265 m. S.-S.-E. of St. Paul by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern R.R., which has its shops here. It is the terminus of the Dubuque and South-western R.R. Here are the head-quarters of the Iowa R.R. Land Company. It has a good water-power, sundry mills and manufactories, several pork-packing establishments, and a large and growing trade, being the center of supply to an extensive farming region. There are several newspapers, many churches, and a number of fine public and private buildings; pop. 18,020. Ce'dar River, a stream which rises in Dodge Co., Minn., flows through the E. part of Ia., and is an affluent of the Iowa River; 1. 400 m. Cedrela'ceæ, a natural order of exogenous plants, very nearly allied to Meliacea, and distinguished by the winged seeds. The known species are few, all tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, most of them trees valuable for their timber. To this order belong mahogany, satin-wood, toon, Barbadoes cedar, the yellow-wood of New South Wales, etc. The barks of some species are febrifugal. That of Soumida febrifuga, the Rohuna or East Indian mahogany, has been imported into this country as a medicine. Cefalu', Sicilian town, on the coast. It has a cathedral, and the ruins of a Saracenic castle occupy a neighboring hill ; pop. 10,000. Ceglie, a town in Italy, prov. of Lecce, near Brindisi; pop. 12,580. Cehegin', a town of Spain, in the prov. of Murcia, with a large trade in wine and fruits; pop. 10,000. Ceil'ing. This term seems to have been suggested by the use of arched coverings for churches, and even for rooms, which prevailed in the Middle Ages, and was not unknown to the Romans. Arched Cs, among the Romans were known by the name camera or camera, the Greek origin of which seems to furnish an argument in favor of the view that CELANDINE-CELIBACY. the arch was known to the latter people. The camera was formed by semicircular beams of wood, at small distances from each other, over which was placed a coating of lath and plaster. In later times the camera were frequently lined with plates of glass, whence they were termed vitrea. But the Cs. most commonly used among the Romans were flat, 533 C. is thus obtained for Fresco Ceiling from Santa Domitilla, Rome. Orpheus in center. Cel'estine, a mineral bearing the same relation to strontia that heavy spar bears to baryta. It is essentially sulphate of strontia, with occasional admixture of sulphate of baryta, carbonate of lime, oxide of iron, etc., in small proportions. It much resembles heavy spar, but is not quite equal to it in sp. gr.; is usually blue, often of a very beautiful indigo-blue; sometimes colorless, more rarely reddish or yellowish. Its crystallization is rhombic, like that of heavy spar. Most beautiful specimens of crystallized C. are found in Sicily and Sardinia. Cel'estines, an order of hermits of St. Damianus, founded by Peter de Morrone about 1264, and confirmed as a monkish order by Urban IV. in 1264 and 1274. They called themselves C. when the founder ascended the papal chair under the name of Celestine V. They are regarded as a branch of the great order of St. Benedict, whose rule they follow; they wear a white garment with black hood and scapulary, and live a purely contemplative life. Celibacy, (Lat. calebs, unmar ried.") Notwithstanding the divine commendation of marriage given in the the beams, as in modern times, having been at first visible, | Jewish Scripture, (Gen. i, 28,) the opinion had become prevaand afterward covered with planks and plaster. Sometimes The hollow spaces were left between the planks, which were frequently covered with gold and ivory, or paintings. oldest flat C. in existence is believed to be that of Peterborough Cathedral, England. Cel'andine, a genus of plants of the natural order Papaveracea, (the poppy family,) having a corolla of 4 petals and a pod-like capsule. The common C. (C. Majus) is a perennial, with pinnate leaves, lobed leaflets, and yellow flowers in simple umbels, frequent under hedges, in waste places, etc., in Britain and most parts of Europe. It flowers The root, stem, and leaves, when from May to September. fresh, have a disagreeable smell, and are full of yellow juice, which is very acrid, causing inflammation when applied to the skin. lent, even before the time of Christ, that C. was favorable to an Cel'ebes, a large island in the East Indian archipelago, E. of Borneo; area about 72,000 sq. m.; pop. 762,284. Cel'ery, (Apium,) a genus of plants of the natural order Umbellifera, distinguished by a mere rudimentary calyx, roundish entire petals, very short styles, and roundish fruit. The common C. is found wild in Britain and most parts of Europe, in ditches, brooks, etc., especially near the sea and in saline soils. Its leaves are dark green and smooth, its petals involute at the tip. The wild plant, also called smallage, has a stem about 2 ft. h., a tapering slender root, a penetrating offensive odor, a bitterish acrid taste, and almost poisonous qualities. By cultivation it is so much changed that its taste becomes agreeably sweetish and aromatic, while either the leaf-stalks much increase in thickness, or the root swells in a turnip-like manner. These parts, blanched, are much used as a salad, or to impart flavor to soups, etc., and sometimes as a boiled vegetable. They contain sugar, mucilage, starch, and a substance resembling manna-sugar. The "red" varieties of C. are esteemed rather more hardy than the "white." The blanching of the leaf-stalks is generally accomplished by drawing up earth to the plants, which are transplanted from the seed-bed into richly manured trenches; and as they grow the trenches are filled up, and |