658

CONNECTICUT-CONSENT.

Connect'icut, the largest river to the E. of the Hudson in the U. S., rises in the northern part of N. H., and, after a fall of 1,600 ft. and a S.-S.-W. course of about 450 m., enters Long Island Sound. With the exception of the State of Me. it may be said to be the chief artery of the whole of New England, separating N. H. on the E. from Vt. on the W., and afterward crossing successively Mass. and the State of its own name. It is navigable up to Hartford for a draught of 8 ft.; and up to Middletown for a draught of 10 ft., while, with few subsidiary canals, it carries barges of from 8 to 10 tons fully 200 m. above the former city.

Connoisseur', the French term by which we commonly designate persons who, without being themselves artists, are supposed to possess a discriminating knowledge of the merits of works of art. They are called by the Italians Cognoscenti.

Co'noid, a solid formed by the revolution of a conic section round an axis; such are the sphere paraboloid, ellipsoid, and hyperboloid.

Co'non, general of Athens; defeated by Lysander; conquered the Spartans in 394 B.C. Rebuilt the walls of Athens.

Conoid.

Wappers, the painter, befriended him, inducing the king to give him the place of Registrar at the Royal Academy of Painting at Antwerp. In 1845 he obtained the honorary title of Agrégé of the University of Ghent, and was appointed to instruct the royal children in Flemish. C. has written numerous tales and novels, most of which have been translated into German and French, and some into English; d. 1883.

Con ́sciousness. This is, perhaps, the most comprehensive term employed in designating the mind. If it had been used only in its widest signification, there would have been little difficulty in defining it; but unfortunately there are some exceedingly important meanings of a narrower range that are commonly expressed by it, rendering it an ambiguous or equivocal term, and, like all such terms, a source of fallacy and misapprehension. In the widest meaning C. is almost identical with mind in action. When we are mentally alive, or performing any of the recognized functions of the mind, we are said to be conscious; while the total cessation of every mental energy is described by the term "unconsciousness," among other phrases. In dreamless sleep, in stupor, fainting, and under the influence of the anaesthetic drugs, we are unconscious; in walking, or rallying into mental activity, we are said to become conscious.

Con'script Fa'thers, senators of Rome, so called because when Brutus added 100 to their number the names of the new and the old were "written together."

Co'non of Sa'mos, friend of Archimedes, and a Greek astronomer; invented the spiral curve. Con'quest. In the law of succession in Scotland heritable property acquired during the life-time of the deceased, by purchase, donation, or excambion, is called C. in opposition to that to which he has succeeded, which is called Heritage. Conscription is the system whereby the French-since In the event of one dying intestate leaving only brothers, but 1795-and some other foreign armies are recruited. It is brothers both older and younger than himself, or of his leav-compulsory, and, taken all in all, as a disturbance of the ing uncles both older and younger than his father, or the issue of such brothers or uncles, these two kinds of property took different lines of succession-the heritage descended to the younger brothers or uncles, the C. ascended to the elder brothers or uncles. This was abolished in 1874. C., in a marriage contract, is the difference between the possessions of the husband before and after marriage, allowance being made for the increased expenditure; or that by which he has been made richer.

Con'rad, (CHARLES M.,) an Amer. statesman, was b. in Va., and d. 1878; he was U. S. senator from La., and a Confederate brigadier-general during the civil war.

Consal'vi, (ERCOLE,) an Ital. cardinal, a distinguished reformer of abuses in the Papal States; b. at Rome June 8, 1757. He was made cardinal and secretary of state by Pope Pius VII., and in this capacity concluded the concordat with Napoleon in 1801. His stanch maintenance of the rights of his own sovereign against the insidious encroachments of France offended Napoleon, who, in 1806, demanded his removal from office; and the pope at last unwillingly consented, on the desire of C. himself, who was anxious that peace should continue. He was, however, again employed in 1815 in all transactions between Rome and Paris, and also in settling the internal affairs of the Papal States. In the latter capacity he reformed numerous abuses; and the measure known as the Motu Proprio, introduced by him in 1816, suppressed all monopolies, feudal taxes, and exclusive rights; d. 1824.

system of employment in all grades of society, is probably the most expensive means of recruitment yet devised. Every Frenchman may be called to enter the army at the age of 20, but those who choose may enlist as early as 18. The term is for five yrs. in the regular army, four in the army reserve, five yrs. in the territorial army, (militia,) and six yrs. in the territorial reserve. This brings the conscript to 40 yrs. of age when his liability to service ceases. The law of 1872, reorganizing the French army, forbids the providing of substitutes by conscripts. All are exempt from conscription who are under 5 ft. 2 in. in h.; or have any natural infirmities unfitting them for active service; or are the eldest of a family of orphans; or are the only sons of widows, or of disabled fathers, or of fathers above 70 yrs. of age; or are intended for the Church; or are pupils at certain colleges. Moreover, if two brothers be drawn as conscripts, and the younger is efficient, the elder is declared exempt; and if of two only brothers one is already in the army, or has retired through wounds or infirmity, the other is exempt. Culprits and felons are not allowed to enlist.

Consecra'tion, the act of solemnly dedicating a person or thing to the service of God. It was one of the most widely spread religious ceremonies of the ancient world, being prac ticed in India, Egypt, Chaldæa, Judea, Greece, Rome, Britain, and other countries. In the O. T. we read of the C. or the dedication of the first-born, both man and beast, to the Lord; also the dedication of the Levites, of the tabernacle Consanguin'ity is relationship by blood, as distinguished and altar, of fields, houses, walls, etc. This custom, at least from affinity, or connection by marriage. C. is either direct so far as regarded places and things, did not pass imor lineal that is to say, in a line constituted by persons mediately from Judaism to Christianity, for the latter, being generating and generated, whether it be regarded in an more or less a persecuted religion until the time of Constanascending or descending point of view; or it is collateral, tine, could not venture to indulge with safety in any public oblique, or transverse—i. e., where the persons related are ceremonialism; but no sooner was the sword of persecution not all descended from a common parent. To persons re-sheathed than, according to Eusebius, "the sight was afforded lated in the direct line belong parents and children, grand- us, so eagerly desired and prayed for by all-the festivals of children, etc., to the remotest degree; to those related in the dedication and Cs. of the newly erected houses of prayer collateral line belong brothers and sisters, uncles and neph- throughout the cities." Eusebius himself describes the C. of ews, aunts, nieces, cousins, and the like. the church built at Jerusalem by Constantine 335 A.D. The practice of consecrating religious edifices has continued to the present day in the Roman and Anglican Churches.

Con'science, (HENDRIK,) the most fertile and original writer of fiction in Belgium, b. 1812 at Antwerp, where his father was inspector of the dock-yards, until he became a dealer in waste-paper, old books, etc. C. educated himself by the aid of his father's miscellaneous store of books until his 15th yr., when he entered a school, where he was engaged to assist the master in teaching. On the breaking out of the revolution in 1830 C. joined the ranks under Gen. Niellon. Later, failing in his attempts to obtain employment, he tried his hand at writing, and composed in Flemish the novel, In het Wonderjaer 1566, (Ghent, 1837,) which, notwithstanding its unprecedented success, left him in debt with his printer. C. now wrote his Phantasia, a collection of fantastic tales, and his celebrated historical novel, De Leeuw van Vlanderen, (Antwerp, 1838;) but being soon dissatisfied he threw up all his avocations, and for a whole yr. worked as a gardener.

Conseguian'a, a volcano of Nicaragua, occupies a promontory on the S. side of Fonseca Gulf, about 10 m. distant from the Pacific Ocean. The crater, at an elevation of about 4,000 ft. above the mean level of the surrounding country, is about m. across, while its interior descends perpendicularly to a depth of 200 ft. In 1835 a fearful eruption, the last on record, converted into a waste a large tract of grazing-land.

Consent'. When it is said that C. is the foundation of all contracts and legal obligations of every kind, we state a proposition often in the mouths of lawyers, but the vast magnitude and importance of which is by no means always apparent even to them. The doctrine that the free C. of the parties bound, and not the will of any earthly legislator, or the form in which that will is expressed, constitutes the

CONSERVATORY-CONSTABLE.

binding elements in contracts, flows as an inevitable logical consequence from the doctrines of personal and political freedom. And yet we continually forget it, and not only speak, but act, at variance with it. We talk of persons being married by the priest and divorced by a court of law, whereas, it is obvious that a valid marriage, like every other contract, can be made and unmade only by the contracting parties; and that all that either civil or ecclesiastical authority can do is to ascertain, at the instance of one or the other of them, whether it has been made or unmade. From overlooking this point of view differences between legal systems which are merely external are often supposed to be fundamental.

659

early Christian Church. The bishops established their Cs.;
and the highest ecclesiastical court, composed only of car-
dinals, which meets in the Vatican, under the presidency of
the pope, to determine all such matters as the appointment
of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, etc., still bears this name,
as do also the private councils, which the pope can call at his
pleasure. The Protestant Church of
Germany was induced to perpetuate
the consistorial courts principally be-
cause the episcopal authority passed
into the hands of territorial princes
not familiar with ecclesiastical affairs.
Con'sole, (Fr.,) in Arch., a pro-

Consoles.

Cs. were often richly orna

Conservatory, in Horticulture, a house for the cultivation of tender exotic plants, which, although requiring projection resembling a bracket, fretection from frost, and a little assistance of artificial heat, do quently in the form of the letter S, not need the heat of the hot-house or stove. The only dis-used to support cornices, or for plactinction between a C. and a greenhouse is, that in the former ing busts, vases, or figures on. the plants grow in borders of earth; in the latter, they are mented in the under part. in pots, and these two characters are often combined. The Con'sole-table, an article of furniture of the Louis structure, management, etc., are much the same for the Quatorze age and style. C. as for the greenhouse; but in the warmer parts of the country the roof and even the sides are with advantage made capable of being removed in summer.

Console-table.

In English constitutional law the term is applied to the husband or wife of the reigning sovereign, viewed not in a private but a public capacity, as participating to a certain limited extent in the prerogatives of sovereignty, as was the case with the husband of Queen Victoria, whose title of "Prince Consort" was conferred by Parliament.

Conspiracy, a combination between two or more persons to perpetrate an unlawful act.

Con'sonance, in Mus., a term applied to combinations of sounds whose vibrations when heard together so satisfy Conservatory, or Conservatoire', a name given to the ear that no other sound is wished schools instituted for the purpose of advancing the study of for or expected to follow. The more music and maintaining its purity. In the earliest times these or less satisfying effect of C. depends schools were partly attached to benevolent institutions and on the greater or less simplicity of the hospitals; others, again, were supported by opulent individ-interval formed by the combined sounds. uals. They were originally intended for foundlings, orphans, Con'sort, lit. one who has thrown and the children of poor parents. Some trace their origin in his lot with another. to St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, in the 4th c., or St. Leo, in the 5th. The scholars, male and female, all received free board, lodging, and clothing, and were taught to sing and play. Extra boarders were also admitted on paying a fee. New York has several such schools, notably the "National Conservatory of Music," as also Boston, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, and Philadelphia, but they are all private enterprises. Con'serves are described to be "recent vegetable matter, as flowers, herbs, roots, fruit, and seed, beaten with powdered sugar to the consistence of a stiff paste, so as to preserve them as nearly as possible in their natural freshness." C. are made by druggists as vehicles for more active medicines, and by confectioners as sweetmeats. Considerant, (Victor Prosper,) a Fr. socialist, b. 1808 at Salins, in the Dept. of Jura. After being educated at the Polytechnic School at Paris, he entered the army, which, however, he soon left to promulgate the doctrines of Fourier. After the death of his master C. became the head of the Societarians, and undertook the management of The Phalanx, a review devoted to the maintenance and spread of their opinions. Having gained the support of a young English-France who appeared at the head of an army was Mathew, man, Mr. Young, who advanced the required sum of money, C. established, in 1832, on a large estate in the Dept. of Eureet-Loire, a Socialist colony; but the experiment failed, and with it The Phalanx fell to the ground. However, a new organ of co-operative doctrine, Démocratie Pacifique, was soon established, and was edited by C., who displayed great zeal, perseverance, and ability in his hopeless battle with the laws of society as now constituted. Among his numerous writings the chief is the Destinée Sociale, dedicated to Louis Philippe. In 1849 C. was accused of high treason, and compelled to escape into Belgium, whence he emigrated to Texas, returned to Brussels, and again went to Texas, where he founded a Societarian community, La Réunion, which flourished for a time, but has since come to nothing. C. returned to France in 1869. D. 1893.

Considera'tion, in Law, the thing given, or done, or the forbearing or suffering something as recompense to another, for doing, giving, forbearing, or suffering.

Consign'ment, in Mercantile Law, is the term applied to goods which are placed in the hands of an agent or factor, for sale, or for some other specified purpose. Where either the consigner or the consignee becomes bankrupt, questions of nicety often arise regarding ownership, and the consequent rights of the parties and their creditors.

Consis'tory, properly, a place of assembly, but in the later Latinity the word came to signify the particular place where the privy council or cabinet of the Roman emperor met, and, after the time of Diocletian and Constantine, the council itself. The assessors of this council were partly the ordinary members, such as the imperial chancellor and seneschal, partly extraordinary; and their duty was to deliberate on all the important affairs of legislation, administration, and justice. The form of the imperial C. passed over into the

Con'stable. Whether called originally comes stabuli, the count of the stable or master of the horse, is uncertain, but the C., both in France and England, was a military personage of the very highest rank. The C. of France rose gradually in importance from the comparatively modest position of an officer of the household, till at last he became, ex officio, the commander-in-chief of the army in the absence of the monarch, the highest judge in military offenses and in all questions of chivalry and honor, and the supreme regulator and arbitrator in all matters connected with tilts, tournaments, and in all martial displays. The office of C. is traced back by Anselme to Alberic, who held it in 1060; but the first C. in the second Seigneur de Montmorency. The office was suppressed by Louis XIII. in 1626. Shortly after the Conquest, a Lord High C. of England appears with powers and privileges closely corresponding to those of the Ĉ. of France. The office was abolished by Henry VIII. on the attainder of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham; and a Lord High C. is now appointed only on the occurrence of great state ceremonies, e. g., a coronation. The High C. of Scotland was an officer very similar to the C. of France and England. After the rebellion the offices of the inferior Cs. were abolished, but that of the High C. himself was expressly exempted, and still exists in the family of Errol. C. of a Castle, in Britain, was the keeper or governor of a castle belonging to the king or to a great baron. These offices were frequently hereditary; thus there were Cs. or hereditary keepers of the Tower, and of the castles of Dover, Windsor, etc. C. of the Hundred, and C. of the Vill, were the predecessors, the former of the high and the latter of the petty Cs. of later times, whose duty is to see to the conservation of the peace. The petty C. has his functions within the limits of the township or parish. Special Cs. are persons sworn in by the justices for a limited time or a particular place, to preserve the peace, or to execute warrants on special occasions—a tumult, riot, or felony-when the ordinary officers are judged insufficient. In the U. S. the office of high C. has been largely discarded for more than half a century, somewhat similar duties in cities being assigned to a chief of police; though in a few States there is a C. of the commonwealth. Petty Cs., or Cs., are largely retained, with the duty of making arrests and conserving the public peace.

Con'stable, (JOHN,) a landscape painter, b. in East Borgholt, Suffolk, Eng., 1776, d. suddenly 1837; son of a miller.

CONSTANCE-CONSTANTIA.

He studied at the Royal Academy; began with portraits and history, but finally fixed upon landscape as his vocation. C. produced but little, and all his subjects were English. The National Gallery has his best pictures, "The Cornfield," "The Valley Farm," and "The Hay-wain." In 1824 some of his pictures were exhibited at the Paris Salon along with works by Stanfield and Bonington, and excited great interest among the artists. Eugène Delacroix was so moved by the C.'s that he re-painted his "Massacre in Scio" after seeing them. To these pictures of C. a more powerful influence upon modern French landscape art has been ascribed than the facts will warrant. The French themselves have been almost too generous in acknowledging their indebtedness to C. The romantic movement which had been felt in so many fields had not left that of landscape art unvisited. Paul Huet, Théodore Rousseau, and Diaz were all working before C.'s pictures came to France. But they were working in obscurity, and were upheld only by one another, and by the encouragement of a few amateurs. the greatest of these men, (b. 1763, d. 1843,) was entirely inGeorges Michel, one of

dict XIII., were deposed, and Martin V. was elected. Huss and Jerome of Prague were condemned and burned. Switzerland, and forms a meeting-point of the five territoriesCon'stance, Lake, lies on the N. side of the Alps of Baden, Würtemberg, Bavaria, the Tyrol, and Switzerland. It has an elevation variously estimated at from 1,250 ft. to 1,385 ft. above the sea. E. to W.; its greatest 1. is about 44 m., utmost w. 9 m., and depth 964 ft. It is divided into the upper and lower It is traversed by the Rhine from lakes, the latter of which extends from Constance to Stein. Anciently the lake was more extensive toward the S. than now. Rheineck, now some miles distant from the shore. The shores In the 4th c. it is said to have extended as far as are formed by hilly lands, with low tracts at the mouths of the Rhine and smaller rivers.

the Emperor Constantine; killed by Magnentius 350 A.D. Constans, (FLAVIUS,) Julius I., b. 320 A.D.; third son of Con'stant, the name given, in mathematical analysis, to lem in opposition to a variable. Thus, in the question about a quantity which remains the same for all cases of the prob

The Arch of Constantine, Rome.

dependent of C. But he was hardly known to his own time, and has been only discovered, so to speak, in our own day. What C.'s pictures did was to make a conspicuous rallyingpoint for the new school; to focus in the public eye the scattered rays of the light that already existed. The English pictures, with their reliance upon simple nature, their freedom from classical tradition, dealt a fresh blow at the conventional art of the time, and put heart and life into the French workers in the same field. Lately several good examples of C.'s art have been added to the Louvre, and here at home Mr. Marquand has presented two fine pictures by him to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Con'stance, or Kost'nitz, a city of Baden, on the S. shore of the Lake of Constance. C. is one of the most ancient towns in Germany, but it is very much decayed, its pop., once 40,000, being now given as 16,235. Its cathedral was erected in the 11th c. C. is notable in history for the ecclesiastical council held in 1414-18. The object of the Council of C. was to put an end to the disorders in the popedom and in the election of popes, and also to prevent the spread of the doctrines of Huss. There assembled, with the Emperor Sigismund and Pope John XXIII., 26 princes, 140 counts, more than 20 cardinals, 7 patriarchs, 20 archbishops, 91 bishops, 600 prelates and doctors, and about 4,000 priests. The three rival popes, John XXIII., Gregory XII., and Bene

the fall of bodies in given times, the force of gravity is a
constant quality. In the integral calculus the name of Cs.
is given to those quantities which, after integration, are an-
nexed to the integral.

Oriental subjects, b. at Paris 1845.
Constant, (BENJAMIN,) a Fr. painter of portraits and

most distinguished political writers and orators of France, b.
Constant de Rebeque, (HENRI BENJAMIN,) one of the
1767. In 1796 he published in Paris a pamphlet on the
government which brought him into note, and three yrs. later
he was placed on the " Tribunat " by Napoleon, who, however,
First Consul's encroachments on liberty; d. 1830.
two yrs. after, dismissed and banished him for resisting the

lying on the E. and N.-E. slopes of Table Mountain range,
Constan'tia, a district of Cape Colony in South Africa,
and distant from Cape Town about 12 m. C. consists of only
two estates, Great C. and Little C., which have long been famed
for the quality of the wines produced upon them. Many
attempts have been made in other parts of Cape Colony, as
also in France and the S. of Europe, to produce a wine
similar in quality and flavor to the C., but all have failed;
and it is now known that not only to the quality of the seed
grape, but also to the character of the soil, as well as to the
peculiarly genial exposure of the district, is the characteristic
excellence of the C. (proper) wines traceable.

CONSTANTINA-CONSTANTINOPLE.

Constanti'na, a town of Spain, in the prov. of Andalusia; worst, and was fain to conclude a peace by the cession of pop. 7,000.

Con'stantine, (NICOLAEWITCH,) Grand Duke of Russia, b. | importance of the Christians, both as a moral and political 1827, the second son of the late Emperor Nicholas, and the brother of Alexander II.

662

CONSTANTIUS I.-CONSTELLATION.

principal residence of the sultans. It is situated on the Euro- Most of them date from a time earlier than any authentic pean side of the Channel of Constantinople, or Thracian Bos-records can trace, and many of the names have been borporus, near to its opening into the Sea of Marmora. A nar- rowed from myths and fables. Though quite devoid of any row arm of the sea, called the Golden Horn, extends about 5 m. thing like systematic arrangement this traditional grouping into the land, and forms a safe and most commodious harbor, is found a sufficiently convenient classification, and still rewith water of sufficient depth to float the largest men-of-war. mains the basis of nomenclature for the stars among astronC. proper, to which Europeans give the name of Stamboul, omers. History, etc.-Before the invention of almanacs, the to distinguish it from the N. and E. suburbs of C., lies en- risings and settings of the Cs. were looked to by husbandmen, tirely on the S. side of the Golden Horn, and is protected by shepherds, and sea-faring men as the landmarks of the seaa wall built during the time of the Byzantine Empire, and sons, and of the weather which each season was expected partially restored by the Turks. On the Asiatic side of the to bring; and it is not surprising if the storms or calm Bosporus lie Scutari and Kadiköi, (the ancient Chalcedon,) weather that usually accompanied such seasons were con. and to the N.-W. of the city lies the town of Eyub. The nected in the popular imagination with the influence of the city itself is built on hilly ground, and from this circumstance, stars themselves, or of other beings with whom superstition or and its numerous gardens, cypresses, mosques, palaces, min- fable identified them. The earliest description that we have arets, and towers, it presents, especially as seen from the side of the Cs. is the poem by Aratus, called The Phenomena of of the Golden Horn, a very splendid appearance. The Aratus, about 280 B.C., but it is not of much scientific scenery of the Thracian Bosporus is of almost unrivaled accuracy or value. The Greek sphere used by Hipparchus, beauty; and the panorama, of which C. forms the principal B.C. 125, appears to be the earliest known accurate reprepart, is such as is nowhere else to be seen in the world. But sentation of the positions and magnitudes of the stars, and a nearer approach reveals the characteristics of an Eastern upon this they were grouped into 48 Cs. We know of this town-narrow, crooked, filthy streets, and miserable houses work through the description of it in Ptolemy's Megale

of wood and clay. The formation of street railways has, how- | Syntaxis, A.D. 170. This was translated by the Saracens
ever, improved whole districts. C. contains many fine build-
ings, among which may be mentioned the Seraglio, occupying
the position of ancient Byzantium, and measuring about 3
m. in circumference; the former Church of St. Sophia, now
a mosque, is a most magnificent structure, in the form of a
Greek cross, 269 ft. 1. by 243 w., and has a flattened dome,
greatly admired for its lightness, 180 ft. above the ground.
The other important mosques are those of Solyman, Achmed,
Sultan Mohammed II., and Eyub. The two obelisks of the
ancient Hippodrome, called by the Turks the Atmeidan; the
Castle of the Seven Towers, now in a state of dilapidation;
the aqueducts erected by the Emperor Valens; the cistern of
Philoxenus, with 204 columns of marble; and the numerous
fountains, are among the other most notable objects in C.;
pop. 873,565, including the suburbs.

Constan'tius I., (FLAVIUS VALERIUS,) Emperor of Rome, father of Constantine the Great; b. 250 A.D., d. 306.

Constan'tius II., (FLAVIUS JULIUS,) warred against the Persians, and showed favor toward the Arians; b. 317 A.D., d. 361.

Constella'tion, (Lat. con, "together," and stella, "star,") a group or configuration of stars, within certain boundaries, to which a definite name has been assigned, the name being generally expressed in its Latin form for the sake of international convenience and of exactness. This grouping is almost entirely artificial, though some of the configurations bear some resemblance to the object indicated by the name.

into Arabic A.D. 813-832, and called by them the Almagest,
(q. v.,) and it is principally through translations of this
work that we know of these 48 original asterisms. Vari-
ous astronomers have since then added a host of others, but
most of these have fallen into disuse, and we shall note
only the 88 which are accepted to-day, taking Argelander's
Uranometria Nova as the authority for those N. of the
equator, and Gould's Uranometria Argentina for those S.
Ptolemy's original 48 were all visible from the latitudes of
southern Europe or of Alexandria. The next that were
added were 12 from the observations of Petrus Theodori, a
Dutch navigator attached to the first expedition from Holland
to the East Indies, and who died there in 1596. These were
all near the South Pole, and it is uncertain whether he intro-
duced any of them as new, or whether they had already been
added by earlier Portuguese or Spanish navigators. Bayer,
placed these 12-Apus, Chamaleon, Dorado, Grus, Hydrus,
Indus, Musca, Pavo, Phanix, Triangulum Australe, Tucana,
and Volans-upon one map at the end of his Uranometria, in
which he had attached to the stars of Ptolemy's 48 Cs.
the Greek letters which we use to-day; and on the 40th
map of his Uranometria, in the hind feet of Centaurus, we
find delineated for the first time the Crux, or Southern
Cross, long known in song and story, and mentioned by navi-
gators in the early part of the 16th c. This great work of
Bayer's was published in 1603, and on the 37th map, just
below Canis Major, we find what is often overlooked, a

1