678

COPERNICAN SYSTEM, THE-COPRA.

glass, etc., C. has no branches of industry worthy of any special notice.

Copernican Sys'tem, The, is that which represents the sun to be at rest in the center, and the earth and planets to move round it in ellipses; in other words, it is that which we now know, on unquestionable evidence, to be the true system of the universe. It got its name from Copernicus, but in point of fact it may be described as being a growth to which he was only one of the many contributors. The merit of having first formed the general notion of the system seems to be due to Pythagoras; Copernicus has the credit of having, after the lapse of centuries, again drawn the attention of philosophers to it, and of having greatly increased the probability of its truth by his calculations and arguments; for the rest, the glory of having matured its idea belongs to Kepler, Galileo, and others, and to Newton, who, through the discovery of the law of gravitation, demonstrated its truth effectually. Many who have been used to reverence the name of Copernicus in connection with this system would be surprised to find, on perusing his work De Revolutionibus Orbium, how much of error, unsound reasoning, and happy conjecture combined to secure for him in all times the association of the system with his name.

Cop'pee, (HENRY, LL.D.,) an officer of the U. S. army; author and editor; served in the Mexican War; professor in Pennsylvania University 1855; Pres. of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., 1866; b. in Savannah, Ga., 1821; d. 1895.

Cop'per is one of the most anciently known metals, and its name is derived from the island of Cyprus, where it was first obtained by the Greeks. In the earlier times, C. does not appear to have been employed by itself, but always in admixture with other metals, principally tin, forming what is now called bronze. There is every reason to believe that, next to the large quantities of tin which they obtained, one of the greatest inducements which the Phenicians had in making searches for metals in Great Britain was the C. which they procured in their workings at Cornwall. Cop'peras, the commercial term for the sulphate of iron. It is inodorous, and of a strong styptic taste. In Med. it is tonic and anthelmintic; dose, one to six grains. Cop'pered, Cop'pering, in Ship-building, are terms used in reference to the sheathing applied to the bottom of timberbuilt ships. The copper so used is in sheets, weighing from 18 to 32 ounces per sq. ft., and usually measuring 48 in. by 14. A layer of felt, paper, or coarse linen is first applied to the planking; and the copper is nailed down upon it. So much Copernicus, (NICOLAS,) an eminent astronomer, was b. at of the bottom as is immersed in the water is thus covered. Thorn, in Poland, 1473. He was instructed in the Latin and The timbers are by this means protected from mollusks, cirGreek languages at home; afterward he was sent to the Uni-ripeds, and weeds; and consequently the ship can sail quicker versity of Cracow, where he studied philosophy and mathe- than if no such sheathing was applied. Some builders copper matics, and took the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He also their ships up to the load water-line, while others go no higher studied law at Bologna University. His natural bent, how-than the light-load line; there being a difference of opinion ever, was toward mathematics, the study of which he pursued whether the intermediate space, sometimes dry and sometimes with passion through all its branches. Having become en- wet, ought to expose a wood or a copper surface. A copperamored of the study of astronomy, he projected a journey to bottomed ship always ranks better with the underwriters than Rome in his enthusiastic admiration of Regiomontanus, who re- one that is not sheathed. The same is the case with a ship sided there and was then the most illustrious of the astrono- said to be copper-fastened, i. e., in which bolts of copper are mers. On his arrival he was kindly received by Regiomontanus, used instead of iron in those parts of the ship immersed in whom he soon rivaled in fame. Here his reputation, and the water. Ships can be insured at a lower premium when thus favor of his distinguished friend, led to his being chosen Prof. provided. of Mathematics, which he taught for several yrs. most successfully. After several yrs. he left Rome and returned to his native country, where, having entered into holy orders, we suppose he obtained, through his uncle, the Bishop of Warmia, a canonry at Frauenburg, in the enjoyment of which he passed the rest of his life. His working-day, it is said, he divided in three parts-one devoted to the duties of his office, another to giving medical advice gratuitously to the poor, and the third to study. Soon after his return to Prussia, he began, in his 35th yr., (1507,) to apply his fund of observations and mathematical knowledge to correcting the system of astronomy which then prevailed. The result was his De Revolutionibus Orbium. He completed it in 1530, in his 57th yr. But though finished at this date, it was 12 yrs. later before he could be persuaded to give his book to the world by his friends, who urged its publication out of regard at once to his fame and the interests of science. Perhaps the strongest motive for his reticence was the fear of the unpopularity which the work threatened to bring him, (for many who had heard the views it advocated doubted if these were in harmony with religion,) while it is pretty certain that his desire to conciliate the Church (which afterward showed in the case of Galileo what it was capable of in such a matter) led him to dedicate his book, when it was published, to Pope Paul III. It is related that the first copy of this labor of his life reached him when he was no longer able to enjoy the triumph. An attack of dysentery, followed by paralysis of the right side, had destroyed his memory and obscured his understanding. In this state he lingered several days, and d. 1543.

Cop'perhead, a serpent of the rattlesnake family, but without rattles, 3 ft. 1.; color, light copper.

Cop'perheads, a name given about the yr. 1863 to such members of the Democratic party in the U. S. as were in favor of peace with the South on any terms. The party thus denominated was supposed to embody the venomous and stealthy attributes of the reptile of the same name.

Cop'per In'digo is an ore of copper found in spheroidal masses, of an indigo-blue color, in Thuringia and Vesuvius, and is very nearly pure sulphuret of copper. Its composition in 100 parts is: Copper, 643; sulphur, 32; iron, 1; and lead, 1.

Cop'permine Riv'er, so named, in common with the mountains to the W. of it, from the metallic products of the vicinity, enters a bay of the Arctic Ocean. Its overland discovery by Lieut. Hearne, then of the Hudson's Bay Company's service, in 1771, excited considerable interest, as incontestably proving that the supposed Strait of Anian, whatever might be the truth as to its westward terminus, had its eastward outlet, if any, only in the Icy Sea. The C. R. rises near a feeder of Great Bear Lake, which itself is tributary to the Mackenzie, the former of the diverging water-courses taking a vastly shorter route to the coast than the latter. Hence the C. R. is throughout little better than a series of falls and torrents, being thus, even without regard to its isolated position, but little available in itself for navigation.

Cop'per-poisoning. Pure copper is innocuous, but alloys of copper, or salts of copper, are poisonous. The poisonous alloys are those with zinc and tin, known as brass and bronze reCopiapo', a name of various application in the N. of spectively, and compounds of copper with lead or arsenic. The Chili, marking at once a volcano, a river, a district, a village, most important salts are the sulphate, blue vitriol, or blueand a city. (1) The volcano is a peak of the Andes; (2) The stone; the acetates (basic and neutral) constituting artificial river has a westerly course of 120 m. from the Andes to the verdigris, and the carbonate or natural verdigris. Acute C. Pacific; (3) The district, sometimes reckoned a part of the When sufficient quantity is taken at once, the symptoms prov. of Coquimbo, is rich in silver and copper; but, ex- are those of an irritant poison: coppery taste, colic, vomiting cepting on the immediate banks of streams, almost valueless and purging, followed by collapse and death. Treatment.-Give for agricultural purposes; (4) The village, known as Port C., an emetic or use the stomach-pump. Albumen in some form, standing at the mouth of the river, contains about 1,200 inhab- as milk or white of egg, or fine iron filings, will precipitate itants; (5) The city, built on the river, about 30 m. from the the copper. Chronic C.-Produced by long-continued introsea, has a pop. of 9,816. It is connected by railway with duction of small doses, and known as "copper colic." The Caldera, a harbor of the republic, about 20 m. to the N. of symptoms are those of gastro-intestinal irritation, with nausea the mouth of the river. and diarrhoea. Generally found in copper workers, or from imperfectly tinned copper cooking utensils. Treatment.-Remove the cause, or the individual from the cause.

Cop'ley, (JOHN SINGLETON,) the father of the late Lord Lyndhurst, and an historical painter of some note, was b. in Boston, Mass., 1737. In 1774 he visited Italy, and soon after settled in London. In 1783 he was elected a member of the Royal Academy; d. in 1815.

Co'pra, the dried kernel of the cocoa-nut, from which cocoa-nut oil has been expressed. It is much used in India as an ingredient of curries.

COPROLITES-COPYRIGHT.

679

Copying-press.

Cop'rolites, (Gr. kopros, "dung," and lithos, "a stone,") and an extra amount of acetic acid, may also be added, and the fossilized excrements of animals found in the Secondary an old collodion containing free iodine employed. and Tertiary strata of the earth's crust. Their true nature Cop'ying-machines. The various contrivances for prowas first inferred from their occurrence in the bodies of sev- curing duplicates of writings without the eral species of Ichthyosaurus, in the region where was situ- labor of transcription may be reduced ated the intestinal tube. It has since been shown that they to two classes. In the one the writing is are the voidings chiefly of saurians and of sauroid fishes. first made, and then copied ; in the other, They often contain portions of scales, bone, teeth, and shells, the copy and the original are produced at the indigestible parts of the food on which the animals lived. the same time. The essence of the first Occasionally they may be found exhibiting the spiral twisting method is this: In writing the original an and other marks produced by the conformation of the intes- ink is used that is made for the purpose, tinal tube, similar to what is noticed in the excrement of some or common ink thickened by the addition living fishes. These peculiar markings obtained for them the of a little sugar. When the writing is dry name, when their true nature was unknown, of "larch-cones" a damped sheet of thin, unsized paper is laid upon it, and and "bezoar-stones." C. are found to contain a large quan- over this a piece of oiled paper. The whole is then subjected to tity of phosphate of lime, and as this forms a valuable manure pressure, and the damped paper is found to have taken off an the deposits containing them have been of late yrs. largely impression of the writing. It is, of course, the reverse of the quarried by the manufacturers of artificial manures. original, but the nature of the paper allows it to be read right on the reverse. The machines for communicating the pressure are of various kinds. Some pass the sheets between rollers, like the copper-plate; others act on the familiar principle of the common printing-press. A simple plan is to wrap the sheets round a wooden roller of about an inch in diameter, lay this upon a table, and roll it under a flat board, pressing all the while. Another very common method of copying is by means of prepared blackened paper laid between two sheets of thin writing-paper. The writing is traced firmly on the upper sheet, with a steel or agate point, or common black-lead pencil, and the lines are found trans

Cops, Cop'ing, (A.-S. cop, Ger. kopf, "the head.") The merlons or rising parts of battlements are sometimes called Cs., but the term coping is usually applied to the covering course of a wall, which is made either sloping or round, so as to throw off water. Where the coping is of hewn stone it is frequently ornamented with a circular molding running along the top, and sometimes the angle at the top is simply taken off to prevent it from being chipped.

cent. By having several of these blackened leaves, a number of copies may be produced at once. The blackened paper is prepared by saturating it with a mixture of lard and lampblack, and cleaning it so far that it will not soil paper unless pressed against it.

Copse, or Cop'pice, a natural wood or plantation, of which the trees are cut over from time to time, without being allowed to attain the size of timber trees, sending up new shoots from their roots or stools. Some kinds of trees, as the firs, are in-ferred in black from the blackened sheet to the paper adjacapable of being treated in this manner, refusing to send up new shoots; but many, as the oak, birch, chestnut, ash, elm, maple, alder, hazel, and willow, very readily do so, at least if they have not been allowed to attain too considerable a size before being cut over. C. woods are sometimes planted chiefly to vary and beautify the landscape, but more generally with a Copyright, an author's exclusive right of property in view to profit, either owing to great local demand for their any work which he writes, and which, under certain limitaproduce or to peculiarities of soil and situation. It often hap- tions, is transferable to his heirs and assigns. Such is the pens that, owing to scantiness of soil, or to unfavorable sub-chief or general n eaning of the term. In a recent decision soil, oaks and other trees, after growing vigorously for a number of the U. S. Supreme Court some interesting distinctions are of yrs., are arrested, and remain almost stationary in their made. "The difference between the two things, lettersgrowth. In such circumstances it is advantageous to cut them patent and C., may be illustrated. Take the case of medover early, and to treat the plantation as a C., the former vigor icines. Certain mixtures are found to be of great value in being again manifested in the young shoots, and the land yield- the healing art. If the discoverer writes and publishes a book ing in this way a greater return to its owner. on the subject (as regular physicians generally do) he gains Cop'tis, a genus of plants of the natural order Ranuncu- no exclusive right to the manufacture and sale of the medacea. C. trifoliata is a native of the N. of Europe, Siberia,icine; he gives that to the public. If he desires to acquire Greenland, Iceland, and N. Am. It grows in swamps. From such exclusive right, he must obtain a patent for the mixture its long, thread-like, golden-yellow rhizomes, it derives the as a new art, manufacture, or composition of matter. He name of Golden Thread. Its leaves have three wedge-shaped may C. his book if he pleases; but that only secures to him leaflets, and its leafless stems bear each a solitary, rather the exclusive right of printing and publishing his book. So pretty, white flower. The root is much used in parts of the of all other inventions or discoveries. The C. of a book on U. S., in aphthous and other ulcerations of the mouth, as a perspective, no matter how many drawings and illustrations local application. It is a pure bitter, and can be used wher-it may contain, gives no exclusive right to the modes of drawever such is indicated. ing described, though they may never have been known or Copts, the Christian descendants of the ancient Egyptians. used before. By publishing the book, without getting a Various derivations have been given of the name, which, how-patent for the art, the latter is given to the public. The fact ever, is most probably from the same root as Egypt. The C. are in number about 150,000, only about a fourteenth of the population of the country. There are about 10,000 in Cairo.

Cop'ula (Lat. "band ") is a term employed in Logic to designate the word which unites the two notions of a sentence, viz., the subject and predicate, into one judgment or thought.

Cop'y, in the Fine Arts, is a reproduction of a work, whether painting, statue, or engraving, not by the original artist. A C. made by the master himself is called a repetition, in French a doublette.

Cop'yhold, a species of estate or right of property in land in England and Ireland. It is expressed technically as "tenure by copy of court-roll, at the will of the lord, according to the custom of the manor."

Cop'ying, a term applied in Photography to the reproduction of paintings, engravings, MSS., maps,, etc. The kinds of camera and lens most suitable for the purpose will be found described under their respective heads; the quality and condition of chemicals necessary are based upon the facts that long exposure is almost invariably required, and that, in the majority of cases, it is desired to copy black marks upon a white ground, as in a sheet of music, for example. Where it is obvious that nothing that can be called a middle tint is required, but simply pure black and white, recourse should be had to organic matter in the bath; a little acetate of soda,

that the art is described in the book by illustrations of lines and figures which are reproduced in practice in the application of the art makes no difference. Those illustrations are the mere language employed by the author to convey his ideas more clearly. Had he used words of description instead of diagrams (which merely stand in the place of words) there could not be the slightest doubt that others, applying the art to practical use, might lawfully draw the lines and diagrams which were in the author's mind, and which he thus described by words in his book. The C. of a work on mathe matical science cannot give to the author an exclusive right to the methods of operation which he propounds, or to the diagrams which he employs to explain them, so as to prevent an engineer from using them whenever occasion requires. The very object of publishing a book on science or the useful arts is to communicate to the world the useful knowledge which it contains. But this object would be frustrated if the knowledge could be used without incurring the guilt of piracy of the book. And where the art it teaches cannot be used without employing the methods and diagrams used to illustrate the book, or such as are similar to them, such methods and diagrams are to be considered as necessary incidents to the art, and given therewith to the public; not given for the purpose of publication in other works explanatory of the art, but for the purpose of practical application. Of course, these observations are not intended to apply to ornamental designs or pictorial illustrations addressed to the taste. Of

680

COQUELIN-CORA.

year

1841, at Boulogne-sur-Mer. In childhood he was possessed with an irresistible desire for the stage. His characters were Coquelin, (BENOIST CONSTANT,) Fr. comedian, b. Jan. 23, as numerous as they were varied. He visited the U. S. in 1889. the Reformed Church in Paris, and one of the most celebrated pulpit orators of France, b. in Paris 1795; became minCoquerel, (ATHANASE LAURENT CHARLES,) a minister of ister of the French Church in Amsterdam, where he remained 12 yrs. In 1830 Cuvier induced him to return to Paris, where, till his death, he held the office of a preacher of the Gospel. In 1848 he was elected a delegate to the National Assembly by the Dept. of the Seine, but he did not appear to much advantage either in this Assembly or in the Legislative Assembly, of which he was also a member. He wrote many works on religious subjects, history, and literature, all of which are marked by an earnest and liberal spirit. By the more rigidly orthodox of his co-religionists C. was regarded as a heretic; d. 1868.

these it may be said that their form is their essence, and copies must be sent prepaid, or under the free labels furtheir object the production of pleasure in their contempla- nished by the Librarian, to perfect the C., with the address, tion. This is their final end. They are as much the product "LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, Washington, D. C." Without the of genius and the result of composition as are the lines of the deposit of copies above required the C. is void, and a penalty poet or the historian's periods. On the other hand, the teach- of $25 is incurred. No C. is valid unless notice is given by ing of science and the rules and methods of useful art have inserting in every copy published, "Entered according to act their final end in application and use; and this application of Congress, in the and use are what the public derive from the publication of a brarian of Congress, at Washington," or, at the option of the book which teaches them. Recurring to the case before us, person entering the C., the words, "Copyright, 18—, by by (Selden against Baker,) we observe that Charles Selden, by The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person who has in the office of the Lihis book, explained and described a peculiar system of book-not obtained C. who shall insert the notice, "Entered accord keeping, and illustrated his method by means of ruled lines ing to act of Congress," or "Copyright," or words of the same and blank columns, with proper headings, on a page or on import, in or upon any book or other article. Each C. secures successive pages. Now, while no one has a right to print the exclusive right of publishing the book or article copyor publish his book, or any material part thereof, as a book righted for the term of 28 yrs. Six months before the end of intended to convey instruction in the art, any person may that time the author or designer, or his widow or children, may practice and use the art itself which he has described and secure a renewal for the further term of 14 yrs., making 42 illustrated therein." The duration of Cs. in various coun- yrs. in all. Any C. is assignable in law by any instrument tries is as follows: In Greece the period during which an of writing, but such assignment must be recorded in the office author can hold a C. is restricted to 15 yrs. grant C. during the life of the author or his heirs during The fee for this record and certificate is $1. A copy of the The Swiss of the Librarian of Congress within 60 days from its date. 30 yrs., from the date of publication of his work. Accord-record (or duplicate) of any C. entry will be furnished, under ing to English law, authors enjoy a C. for 42 yrs. from the seal, at the rate of 50 cents. date of publication of the work, or during the life of the Trade-marks, nor upon Labels intended to be used with any author, and 7 yrs. from the date of his death, whichever article of manufacture. Cs. cannot be granted upon may be the longer. In Brazil the author enjoys a C. for life, labels is desired, application must be made to the Patent and it is extended for 10 yrs. after his death. In Venezuela Office, where they are registered at a fee of $6 for labels and If protection for such prints or the C. endures for the life of the author, and 14 yrs. after $25 for trade-marks. his death. In Holland and Belgium the C. lasts during the life of the author, and during 20 yrs. after his death. In Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Portugal C. endures during the life of the author, and during 30 yrs. after his death. The duration of C. in Italy is regulated in a peculiar manner. It endures for the life of the author, and 40 yrs. after his death, or for 80 yrs. after the publication of the work; the term of yrs. being divided into two periods of 40 yrs. each. If the author dies within the first period of 40 yrs., the remainder of the term is enjoyed by his heirs or assigns. The second period of 40 yrs. begins at the death of the author, if he has died after the first period of 40 yrs. has elapsed; or if he has died before then, at the end of the first period of 40 yrs. During the second period any one is at liberty to republish the work on payment to the owner of the C. of a royalty of 5 per cent. on the price, which must be marked on the book. France, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark accord a C. during the life of the author, and during 50 yrs. after his death. and during 50 yrs. after, but also for 10 additional yrs. if Russia not only gives C. for life an edition of the work is published within 5 yrs. from the end of the first C. term. during the life of the author, and for 80 yrs. thereafter. The law of Spain accords a C. Only in Mexico is C. perpetual. subject, see infra. International Copyright.-In the U. S. For the U. S. law on this there has been a more or less persistent movement to secure an equitable plan of international C., particularly with Great Britain, for more than half a century. The subject has engaged the attention of noted authors, publishers, and printers, and received the consideration of law-makers in both countries; several times it seemed very near the point of settlement. It was kept before the public by the agitation of the American Copyright Association, the American Committee of the International Copyright Association, the American Copyright League, and the various Typographical Unions, and bills providing a variety of plans were introduced in Congress 1837, 1858, 1868, 1871, 1872, and 1884. In 1885 a Senate bill was introduced by its author, Senator Hawley, and in 1886 Senator Chase introduced another. See the APPENDIX. Copyright Law of the U. S.-Every applicant for a C. must state distinctly the name and residence of the claimant, and whether right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No affidavit or formal application is required. A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or a photograph or description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which C. is desired, must be sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed, “LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, Washington, D. C." This must be done before publication of the book or other article. A fee of 50 cents, for recording the title of each book or other article, must be inclosed with the title as above, and 50 cents in addition (or one dollar in all) for each certificate of C. under seal of the Librarian of Congress, which will be transmitted by early mail. Within 10 days after publication of each book or other article two complete

now forms an article of export from S. Am., being used to a
considerable extent in England in the manufacture of buttons
Coquil'la Nut, the fruit of a palm, Attalea funifera. It
brella handles, handles of bell-pulls, etc.
and in turnery, as for making knobs for walking-sticks, um-
dark and light brown.
susceptible of a good polish, and beautifully mottled with
It is very hard,

(1) The river, rising in the Andes, enters the Pacific, and
forms one of the best harbors in the republic. (2) The dept.
Coquimbo, the name of a river, dept., and city of Chili.
occupies the entire width of the country between Aconcagua
on the S. and Atacama on the N. With the exception of the
immediate banks of streams it is parched and barren, being
valuable chiefly for its mines of silver and copper; pop.
194,493. (3) The city, frequently called LA SERENA, stands
at the entrance of the river, and contains a pop. of 17,230.

nut, rising with a naked stem to the h. of 40 or 50 ft., and
bearing a crown of wide-spreading pinnated leaves. By cut
Coqui'to, a Chilian palm, of the same tribe with the cocoa-
ting off the crown the sap is obtained in great quantity, con-
tinuing to flow for months; and when boiled down to the
consistence of molasses becomes a very sweet syrup, and
forms, under the name of Palm-honey, (miel de palma,) an
article of great importance in the domestic economy of the
Chilians.

S.-E. of Rome; most picturesquely situated on a command
ing elevation in the midst of olive plantations, and crowned
Co'ra, Co'ré, or Co'ri, a town of southern Italy, 30 m
by the ruins of ancient temples.
through deep ravines on the E. and W. side of the hill add
romance to the situation. The town, divided into an upper
Two torrents dashing
and lower part by an olive-grove, is surrounded by walls,
chiefly of 15th c. date, and is on the whole well built, clean,
and healthy, with a pop. of 6,000. C. preserves the name and
occupies the site of one of the oldest cities in Italy. The an
cient remains-the old walls, a Doric Temple of Hercules, a
Corinthian temple consecrated to Castor and Pollux, and a
tine bridge-are among the most interesting in Italy.

CORACLE-CORALLINE.

CORAL RAG-CORDATE.

Coralline
Root.

very apparent. The Common C. (C. officinalis) at first ap-
pears as a thin, round, shelly, purplish patch on a smooth
rock, the shell of a mollusk, or the frond of a
sea-weed, gradually enlarges, and usually sends
up a frond of jointed branching filaments, in a
bushy tuft, an object of great beauty in the
rock-pools. Although, as its name imports,
this C. was once officinal, it has no medicinal
virtues. Some of the Cs. expand into leafy
lobes, usually fan-shaped. Cs. are most abun-
dant in tropical seas, and there display their
greatest beauty. The name C. is often popu-
larly given to zoophytes of the class Anthozoa,
and genera Sertularia, Thuiarea, Antennu.
laria, Plumularia, Laomedea, Campanularia,
etc., having branching polypidoms and hydraform polyps.
Cor'al Rag, a group of the Oxford or Middle Oolite, con-
sisting of continuous beds of petrified corals of very variable
thickness, interstratified with beds of oolitic limestone.
These strata occur in the northern districts of Berkshire and
Wilts, Eng., and again, with the same characteristics, in
Yorkshire, while in the immediate district the whole group
seems to disappear. It attains to a maximum thickness of
190 ft. The corals retain the position in which they grew at
the bottom of the sea; they sometimes form masses 15 ft.
thick. The characteristic genera are Isastræa, Thamnastræa,
and Thecosmilia. With them are associated the remains of
mollusca and echinodermata.

Coral Sea, so called from the substance of its numerous
reefs, is that section of the Pacific which stretches between
Australia on the W. and the New Hebrides on the E.
Cor'al Work'ers. Although many Eastern peoples have
been distinguished for their work in coral, Italy appears to
take the lead in this manufacture, whether in excellence of
workmanship or beauty of design.
alone employs 5,000 or 6,000 persons in fishing for coral
The prov. of Genoa
or in its preparation for market, etc.
comprised of women, especially in relation to the working of
This number is largely
beads-a branch of the trade said to be the most lucrative.
Exports of coral are made from Genoa to various parts of the
world, bringing a revenue of about $400,000 per annum.
Each Genoese manufacturer employs from 12 to 20 women,
who prepare the coral for the hands of the workers, and from
30 to 40 men and women are employed in their own dwellings
cutting the material into facets. Besides these there is about
the same number of engravers of cameos and coral. The
fisheries are at various points of the Mediterranean, and off
the Cape Verd Islands, where the Spanish fishermen collect
about $100,000 worth annually. The largest operations are
carried on in the vicinity of Sardinia, employing a consider-
able number of vessels and hands.
must be in large pieces, of a delicate pinkish, flesh-like hue,
To be valuable coral
and uniform in tint. The principal varieties are red, pale
red, vermilion, deep crimson, black, and white. The deli-
cate flesh-colored is sold at high prices.
sometimes classified by dealers into five grades-froth of
Red coral is
blood, flower of blood, and blood of first, second, and third
qualities. Rough tips, polished tips, fragments of branches
suitable for earrings, and tips for shaping into ornaments,
are recognized by dealers and workers. In Italy much of the
grinding, drilling, and polishing is carried on by women, and
the working of beads is principally accomplished by those of
the Val du Bisagne. About 100 families in the commune of
Assio are employed in cutting beads, and 60 in piercing and
rounding in other parts of the valley, every village working
at beads of a certain size. Many of the finest are sent to
China, where they are used for the mandarin's red button of
rank; others less valuable are esteemed by some of the na-
tives of India because of the belief that gods dwell in what
may be termed the little worm-eaten cavities which penetrate
the surface. The manufacture of coral and the trade gen-
erally are of no small importance, and have many interesting
features connected with their history.

Co'ram, (THOMAS,) a famous Eng. philanthropist, b. 1668,
d. 1751. He followed the sea in early life, first as a com-
mon sailor, afterward as captain of a merchantman; re-
moved to Taunton, Mass., and was there employed several
yrs. prior to 1703 in boat-building and farming; returned to
England and applied himself to a number of charitable
works, the most prominent of which was the establishment
of a hospital for foundlings in London.
erected at his own expense, was opened Oct. 17, 1740. He
This institution,
was subsequently engaged in aiding English settlements in
Nova Scotia and the State of Ga. He spent all his fortune

in benevolence, and was sustained in his old age by a popular subscription annuity.

Cor'anach, Cor'anich, Cro'nach, etc., a funeral dirge, formerly in use among the Irish and Scottish Celts. The word is probably derived from the Gaelic cornh-rànaich, “a crying together."

Cor An'glois, a wind instrument of the reed species, the body of which is bent in the form of part of a circle. It is a large oboe, and played on by oboe-players. Its compass is from F, fourth line in the bass, to B.-flat above the treble staff. Music for this instrument is written a fifth above the real tones.

Coray', (DIAMANT,) a modern Greek patriot, eminent as a philologist and Hellenist; b. 1748, d. 1833.

Cor baux, (FANNY,) an Eng. painter and author, b. 1812, d. 1883.

In

etymological meaning, signified an ornament in the form of Cor'bel. In Arch., this term, adhering originally to its a basket, like those sometimes set on the heads of caryatides. Gothic architecture, to which it is now almost peculiar, it is applied to any kind of ornamental projection used for supporting pillars or other superincumbent weights. Here also its form probably was at first that of a basket projecting from the wall, in which the end of the pillar Latterly, the more ordinary form was placed, and on which it rested. looking outward or downward. In was that of a head, with the face this form it is found in all the styles. A recumbent animal, again, is sometimes placed under the pillar, and there are a ried out so as to rest on Cs., and to project beyond the face great variety of other forms. When any construction is carof a wall, it is said to be corbeled out.

Corbels.

a raven.
Cor bie, a term used in the science of heraldry to indicate

corby, though obsolete in English, except as an heraldic term,
has retained its place in the Scottish dialect, and in architect-
Cor bie-steps, or Crow'-steps. The word corbie or
ure C. signify the succession of steps with which the gables
of old houses are every-where ornamented in Scotland. The
fashion, like most of the other peculiarities of Scottish archi-
tecture, was no doubt borrowed, as was the term, from France.

war against the Parthians. Put to death by order of Nero Cor'bulo, a general commanding the Roman army in a 67 A.D.

capsule, and containing a number of species, both shrubby aceae, having five sepals, five petals, numerous stamens, and a Cor'chorus, a genus of plants of the natural order Tiliand herbaceous, natives of the warm parts of the globe. C. olitorius is widely diffused in tropical countries, and is supannual, with a smooth, more or less branching stem, varying posed to be a native of Asia, Africa, and Am. It is an in h. from 2 to 14 ft. or upward, according to soil and climate. It has smooth, stalked, alternate, oval, or ovato-lanceolate leaves, and small yellow flowers, solitary or in pairs on footstalks. Mallow, from being much cultivated by Jews in Syria and It is much used as a pot-herb, and other parts of the East. It is valuable for the fiber of its called Jew's inner bark, which is the jute of commerce, and used for making gunny-bags, etc.

Col. of the 69th Regt., N. G. S. N. Y., in the Amer. civil war; Cor'coran, (MICHAEL,) was b. in Ireland 1827; served as taken prisoner at Bull Run; d. 1863.

D. C., b. in Georgetown, Md., 1798. He amassed a princely Cor'coran, (WILLIAM WILSON,) a banker of Washington, competence, and became renowned for his munificent donations to charities and public institutions. In 1847 he donated Oak Hill Cemetery to his native city, and 1857 established in the same city the Louise Home for Indigent Women; d. the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington. In 1870 he founded Feb. 24, 1888.

Corcoran Art Gallery. See supra.

the reader is referred.
Cor'cyra, ancient name of the island of Corfu, to which

so called because it was originally measured by a cord or line.
Cord, an Amer. measure containing 128 cubic ft. of wood,
ship, as distinguished from the standing rigging. The name
Cord'age, a seaman's name for the running rigging of a
is also given to the store of rope kept in reserve.
Cor'date, in Bot., formed like a heart. See LEAVES.