CORNET-CORN LAW AGITATION, THE. that in literature replaces Greek, and that in science, Greek, Cor'net, a stop or series of pipes in an organ, belong. Cornet-a-Piston. Cor'net, until 1871, was the lowest grade of commissioned officer in the British cavalry, equivalent to ensign in the infantry. Corne'to, a town of central Italy, on the left bank of the Marta. C. rose out of the ruins of the Etruscan city of Tarquinii, and is enriched by some of its monuments. It was erected into a city by Eugenius IV. in 1432; but the picturesque old battlemented walls and towers which surround it are said to belong to an earlier period. During the factionwars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines this city maintained a firm allegiance to the popes; pop. 5,000. The remains of Tarquinii (perhaps the most interesting in existence to the abdomen. It burrows in the earth, and in Europe eats the Cor'nice. In classical Arch., the C. is the uppermost Cornice. Corni'ce, or Corni'ce Road, a throughout the length of the RIVfamous highway between France IERA, (q. v.) The word C. means and Italy skirting the Mediterranean the fact that for miles it is cut in the face of the cliffs. The modern road was a work of forliterally "a shelf," in allusion to by the Sardinian government after the fall of Napoleon. Dickens, in his Pictures from Italy, alludes to his carriagemidable difficulty; it was begun by the French, and finished ride over the C. ions of the Devonian age, sometimes included with the first under the name of Lower Devonian. It contains the earliest Cornif'erous Pe'riod, in Geol., second of the five divisdiscovered remains of fishes. on the Chemung River, and on the New York and Erie, the Cor'ning, city and one of the caps. of Steuben Co., N. Y., Cornell University Buildings. student of Etruscan history, as it is from the tombs here that | Corning, Cowanesque and Antrim, and the Syracuse, Geneva chant. He became clerk in his uncle's hardware store in Corn Fly, the common name of a number of small dip-mitted to partnership; engaged in the banking business, and terous (two-winged) insects, of the large family Muscido, particularly of the genera Chlorops and Oscinis, which do great injury to corn. The maggots, living on the juices of the plant, produce the disease which, from the swelling of the joint, is called gout; and the plant, impoverished, either produces no ear, or an imperfect and partially shriveled one. Corn Ground-beetle, an insect of the order Coleoptera, section Pentamera. It is about six lines in length, of a shining, pitchy-black color, with rusty jaws and legs, very broad and convex, the wings large, the antennæ short and slender. It burrows in the ground, climbs the stalks of wheat and barley by night, and devours the ears. The larva is of a remarkable appearance, whitish, with brown head and thorax, and a brown stripe down the body, powerful jaws, six thoracic legs, and little tufts of hair along the sides of its elongated tapering League, The. A celebrated association for the purpose of CORN MOTH—CORNUCOPIA. 689 speeches were made in every part of the kingdom. More as before mentioned. A lotion of soda or potash is often than £200,000 were raised to defray the expenses of the found very useful. The cuticle composing a soft corn movement. The result was the passage of the Corn Impor- should be clipped off with scissors, and a small piece of cottation Bill by Parliament, June 26, 1846; Mr. Cobden, to ton wool be placed between the toes. In all serious cases whose efforts this result was largely due, was rewarded by application should be made to a respectable chiropodist. a national subscription of nearly £80,000, and the League C. affect horses as well as men. In the foot of the horse was formally dissolved July 2, 1846. "Corn Laws was they occur in the angle between the bars and outer crust, the name popularly given to certain statutory enactments and consist in a bruise of the sensitive secreting sole. Two which had for their object the restriction of the trade in grain. forms of feet are especially subject to them-those with The English Corn Laws date as far back as the yr. 1360, deep narrow slanting heels, in which the sensitive sole in the reign of Edward III. Before this period there seems becomes squeezed between the doubled-up crust and the shoe; to have been a general rule carried into effect by the crown and wide flat feet which, by the senseless cutting away of against the exportation of any grain; and the act of 1360 the bars and outer crust, allow the delicate interior parts to re-enacts the prohibition, but at the same time excepts Calais be pressed with all the force of the animal's weight on the and Gascoigne, with any other places which the king unyielding iron shoe. Serum and blood are poured out, while may appoint by a license, from its operation. In 1393 the the secreting parts, being weak and irritable, produce a soft, arrangement was reversed, and the right to export was made scaly, unhealthy horn. C. constitute unsoundness; cause a general, unless to those places to which it was prohibited by short, careful, tripping gait; are the most frequent sources royal proclamation. An act of 1436 permitted exportation of lameness among roadsters; abound in badly shod horses, when the price of wheat did not exceed 68. 8d. per quarter. especially those with the kind of feet alluded to; and usually Hitherto, there seems to have been no prohibition against im- occur in the inside heels of the forefeet, those being more esportation; but in 1463 an act was passed prohibiting it so long pecially subjected to weight, and hence to pressure. The disas the price at home was below the 68. 8d. at which there was colored spot indicating the recent C. must be carefully cut into free exportation. The next change was in the reign of with a fine drawing-knife; any serum or blood is thus allowed Henry VIII., when an act of 1534 prohibited all exportation free vent. If the bruise has been extensive a poultice will have except by license specially granted under the Great Seal. the twofold effect of allaying irritation and relieving the senThis act was not found to work well; and 20 yrs. later the sitive parts by softening the hard, unyielding horn. When the previous arrangement was adopted of allowing exportation injury has been of some standing, and soft faulty horn is sewhen the price had reached a certain point. The subsequent creted, a drop of diluted nitric acid may be applied. On no legislation for some time merely changed the price at which account must the bars or outer crust be removed; they are exportation might begin, generally enlarging it. After yrs. of required for bearing weight, which may be further kept legislative attempts at adjustment, the Corn Laws were re-off the injured part by the use of a bar-shoe. pealed, as above stated, in 1846. Corn or Grain Moth, (Tinea Granella,) a small species of moth of the same genus with the Clothes Moth. This moth is satiny, and of a cream-white color; the superior wings marbled with gray, brown, and black, and when at rest sloping like the roof of a house, their fringe turned up behind like a tail. It abounds in spring and summer, and lays its eggs either among stored grain, or in sheaves in the field. The eggs are so small as to be invisible to the naked eye. The larva, or Corn Worm-which, for its voraciousness, is known as the wolf-eats into the grain, and attaches grains together by a web. It attacks indifferently any kind of grain; sometimes also books, articles of pasteboard, woolen stuffs, and even wood. Cor'no, Monte, or Gran Sas'so d'Ital'ia, a mountain in southern Italy, the culminating peak of the Apennines. It has an elevation of 9,591 ft., and its summit is covered with snow at all seasons. Corn'planter, chief of the Six Nations, (see IROQUOIS,) a half-breed Seneca Indian who fought the English at Braddock's Defeat; a man of great intelligence and dignity; b. 1732, d. 1836. In horses subject to C., keep the feet soft by dressing with tar and oil or any suitable emollient; pare out the C. every fortnight; use a shoe with a wide web on the inside quarter, and nailed only on the outside; and if the sole is thin and weak, employ leather pads. Corn Sal'ad, or Lamb's Let'tuce, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Valerianacea. The species are annual plants of humble growth, with repeatedly forked stems and very small flowers, growing in cultivated grounds, etc. Some of them are frequently used as spring salads, and sometimes as a substitute for spinach, particularly the common C. S., the most abundant species in Britain, the Mache of the French, Rapunzcher of the Germans. It is a favorite salad in France and Germany, although it is mucilaginous, and wants pungency. The lower leaves are somewhat spoonshaped, the upper leaves oblong. The plant is extremely easy of cultivation, and can be obtained in the very first days of spring, when vegetables are scarce. The Vineyard Salad of Germany and Italian C. S. are sometimes preferred for their larger leaves or finer flavor. Corn'stone, a peculiar-often mottled-limestone of the Old Red Sandstone formation of Herefordshire and Shropshire, Eng., and South Wales. Corn Saw'-fly, (Cephus pygmæus,) a species of Saw-fly which sometimes does a good deal of harm in cornfields, parCorns (Lat. cornu,“ a horn") are small hard growths, result- ticularly to wheat and rye; the female, by means of her oviposing from an increase in the thickness of the cuticle or epidermis-itor, laying her eggs in the stems either below the first joint, or which is generally caused by the irritation of some excessive just under the ear; the larva consuming the inside of the stalk, pressure or friction on the part. They occur most commonly sometimes perforating the joints, and at last cutting it through on the toes as a result of tight shoes. Three varieties of C. are near the ground, and undergoing its transformation into the described, viz.: (1) Laminated C. or Callosities, in which the pupa state in the stump which remains. The C. S. is almost hardened cuticle is arranged in layers, frequently of a dark-in. l., of a very slender form, shining black, with some yelbrown color, from the effusion of blood in the deeper layers. low markings; the larva is flat, tapering, wrinkled, and yellow. (2) Fibrous C., (clavi,) which are not only fibrous in their The fly may be seen on flowers of umbelliferous plants. early stages, but, as time goes on, sink into the skin, sometimes producing great pain. Frequently a bursa, or small bag, is formed beneath, to protect the tender subjacent tissues, and if this bursa should inflame, matter speedily forms, and the pain and constitutional irritation become severe; at other times the pressure may cause absorption of the ends of bones and serious alterations in the condition of a joint. The duty of the chiropodist is to dislodge the imbedded peg of hard cuticle from its socket. Should he cut it across, the fibrous arrangement will present the appearance of "roots," a popular delusion of great value to itinerant corn-doctors. (3) Soft C. occur between the toes and cause much annoyance; they are generally small, and being constantly bathed in perspiration the cuticle does not harden, as in the other varieties. They sometimes give rise to painful ulcerations. The treatment of C. consists in the removal of all undue pressure or friction, either by removing the shoe altogether, or protecting the corn by surrounding it with a border of some soft material, as amadou or soft leather; or the hardened cuticle may be softened by the application of some alkaline lotion, and then scraped or filed away; or it may be extracted Corn Thrips, (Thrips cerealium,) a minute insect, not quite a line long, often abundant on flowers, and which does much mischief to grain crops, particularly late-sown wheat, insinuating itself between the chaff and the immature grain, which it causes to shrivel; also at an earlier period causing the abortion of the ear by puncturing the stalks above the joints and sucking the juice. The C. T. is of a shining, pitchy-black, the body long, the male wingless, the female having four narrow wings, which are fringed with long hairs; the larva is yellow, as is also the pupa, which is active. Cornucopia. Cornucopia, or Horn of Plenty-regarding the origin of which several fables are told by the ancient poets-is generally placed in the hands of emblematical figures of Plenty, Liberality, etc., who are represented as pouring from it an abundance of 690 CORNWALL-CORONATION. fruits, corn, etc. It is frequently used both in architecture when the C. is said to be regular, or they differ in form, and heraldry. On the arms of banks and other public insti- often very widely, when it is called irregular. They not untutions it is often represented pouring forth coins. Corn'wall, a maritime county, forming the S.-W. extremity of England, and the southmost county in the British Isles. It is a peninsular right-angled strip of land, with the apex in the S.-W., and is bounded on the E. by Devonshire, with the Tamar between; on the N. and W. by the Atlantic, and on the S. by the English Channel. The surface is irregular, with rapid ascents and descents. A ridge of rugged, bleak, moory hills, rising to the h. of from 800 to 1,300 ft., run S.-W. through the center of C. From the ridge the country slopes, and the streams flow on each side. The hill valleys are longer and wider on the S. than on the N. side of this ridge, and some of them are picturesque with corn, wood, orchards, rivulets, and meadows. The coasts are bold and rocky, and indented with many headlands and bays; area 863,665 acres, pop. 322,589. Corn'wall, port of entry, near Montreal, Canada, on the St. Lawrence River; pop. 6,805. Corn'wall, post-twp. of Orange Co., N. Y., on the Hudson River, a summer residence for many New Yorkers; pop. 3,833. frequently assume remarkable and even grotesque forms. The bilabiate C. has a singular, flaring appearance. Corollary, a proposition, the truth of which appears so clearly from the proof of another proposition as not to require separate demonstration. Coroman'del Coast, often vaguely taken as the whole of the W. shore of the Bay of Bengal, extends, in its proper acceptation, from Point Calimere. With various estuaries and inlets, it is yet commercially of very little value, not presenting a single safe place of refuge for large vessels. from the land, that ships of any size are obliged to lie several miles off; while the intermediate space, or at least that belt of it that is nearest the beach, presents a surf in which no ordinary boat can live-the only safe craft being the native catamaran. Cornwallis, (CAROLINE FRANCES,) b. 1786, was the younger daughter of the Rev. William C., rector of Witter-So shallow, moreover, is the water for a considerable distance sham and Elam in Kent, Eng. Her childhood was precocious, but she lived to a good old age. The writing of histories, poems, commentaries, and essays, though not pursued to the exclusion of the ordinary interests of her age, appears to have occupied much of her time, and to have been her chief delight for several yrs.; d. 1858. Cornwallis, Mar'quis, (CHARLES,) an Eng. general and statesman, son of the first Earl Cornwallis, was b. 1738. He served as aid-de-camp to the Marquis of Granby in the Seven Years' War; in 1776 was made a colonel, and four yrs. later Gov. of the Tower of London. Though personally opposed to the war in Am., he accompanied his regiment hither, and with an inferior force gained victories over Gen. Gates at Camden, in Aug., 1780, and over Gen. Greene at Guilford, March, 1781. In the same yr., however, he was forced to surrender with all his troops, at Yorktown, Va. This disaster proved the ruin of the British cause in Am., and was the occasion of much dissatisfaction, resulting in a change of ministers in England. C., however, who was in high favor with the king, escaped censure. In 1786 C. was appointed Gov.-Gen. of India and commander-in-chief, and in this double capacity distinguished himself by his victories over Tippoo Sahib, and by his unwearying efforts to promote the welfare of the natives. He returned from India in 1793, when he was raised to the rank of marquis. Appointed Lord-Lieut. of Ireland in 1798, during the time of the Rebellion, he succeeded in putting it down, and in establishing order in a manner that gained him the good-will of the Irish people. As plenipotentiary to France he negotiated the peace of Amiens. Re-appointed Gov.-Gen. of India in 1804, he d. at Ghazipore, in Benares, Oct., 1805, on his way to assume the command of the army in the Upper Provinces. Corn Wee'vil, (Calandra granaria,) a coleopterous insect of the family Curculionide, which, although a small creature, not quite two lines long, is often extremely destructive to grain stored in granaries. The perfect insect is of a dark chestnut or reddish pitchy color, with short oval wing-cases, but without wings, the thorax much marked with depressed dots, the head elongated into a proboscis, the antennæ bent at right angles. Coro', a former prov. of Venezuela, S. Am., now included in the State of Falcon. Coro', cap. of the State of Falcon, Venezuela, situated on Maracaibo Gulf; pop. 9,452. Coroe bus. (1) An Elean, known to history as a victor in the Olympian games, 776 B.C. (2) A hero of the Trojan War. (3) An architect who flourished in the time of Pericles. Corolla, in Bot., the inner floral envelope of the greater number of phanerogamous plants; the second of those whorls of modified leaves which form the flower. It is in the C. that fine colors and the greatest delicacy and beauty of the flower are in general chiefly displayed. The modified leaves of which it is composed are called petals, and are very various in form and number. They are also in very many plants united into a tube at the base, when the C. is said to be monopetalous; and this union often extends through their whole length, leaving their number to be discerned merely in the teeth in which the C. (bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, tubular, etc.) terminates. The petals of a flower are either similar, Coro'na, (Lat. "a crown,") in Arch., the drip or lower member of the projecting part of a classical cornice. The term C. is also applied to the apse or semicircular termination of the choir, especially by ecclesiastical writers. Hence we hear of "Becket's crown," at Canterbury. C. is also applied, in ecclesiastical nomenclature, to a chandelier, in the form of a crown or circl t, suspended from the roof of a church, or from the vaulting of the nave or chapels, to hold tapers which are lighted on solemn occasions. Coro'na, or Crown, in Bot., an appendage of the corolla in some flowers; sometimes assuming the appearance of an interior corolla, very different from the true corolla, and either divided into parts resembling petals, or consisting only of one piece, and surrounding the organs of fructification like a monopetalous corolla; sometimes assuming very peculiar forms. It is often difficult to determine whether the C. is properly to be regarded as belonging to the row of petals or to that of stamens. The C. was included by Linnæus under the very comprehensive term nectary. A familiar example may be seen in Narcissus; forms very different may be seen in Stapelia, and other genera of the natural order Asclepiadaceae. Corona of a Flower. Coro'na Austri'na, (Lat. "the Southern Crown,") a small constellation S. of Sagittarius containing no star brighter than the fourth magnitude, but of very ancient origin, being one of the original 48 in the ALMAGEST, (q. v.) It lies between Telescopium, Ara, Scorpius, and Sagittarius. Coro'na Borea'lis, (Lat. "the Northern Crown,") a small constellation lying between Hercules, Serpens, (Caput,) and Boötes. It was called by the Arabs "the Broken Dish," as indicated by the name of its brightest star, ALPHECCA, (q. v.) Corona'le, Min'eral Wa'ters of, found near Lucca, Italy. Temperature 95° Fahr. They contain free carbonic acid, sulphates of lime and magnesia, chlorides of sodium and magnesium, etc., and some iron. Corona, Solar. See SUN'S CORONA. Corona'tion. The use of crowns in antiquity, as a mark either of honor or rejoicing, will be explained under CROWN. It was, no doubt, as an adaptation of this general custom to a special use that the practice of placing a crown on the head of a monarch at the commencement of his reign was introduced. The practice is very ancient, as we may learn from the fact that Solomon and Ahaziah were crowned; and there is probably scarcely any country in which it has not been followed in one form or another. Generally it has been accompanied by what was regarded as the still more solemn rite of anointing with oil, a ceremony which, from the times of the ancient Hebrews to our own, has been peculiarly sig nificant of consecration or devotion to the service of God. CORONATION GULF-CORRECTION OF THE PRESS. Corona'tion Gulf, an inlet of the Arctic Ocean, forms the S.-E. part of the landlocked and isle-studded bay that receives the Coppermine. Corona'tion Oath. The form in which the limitations imposed on the monarch were defined by the nation and accepted by him was probably from the first something equivalent to a C. O. However, the C. O., like all the other guarantees for popular liberty, admitted of being tampered with; and there is in existence a copy of the oath sworn by Henry VIII. interlined and altered with his own hand. To obviate the possibility of such proceedings for the future the C. O., altered only in consequence of the subsequent unions between England and Scotland, and Great Britain and Ireland, was, in England, fixed by parliamentary statute in 1689. Coronel'la, a genus of non-venomous serpents of the family Colubrida, of a small size, having a somewhat compressed and generally pentagonal body, and rather long, conical tail. They inhabit the warm and temperate parts of the world. One species, C. lavis, is found in the center and S. of Europe. Cor'oner, (Lat. corona, “a crown,") an officer of the crown in Great Britain, or of a county in the U. S., whose duty it is to verify death and its causes, with the assistance of a jury, in all questionable cases. The feeling is becoming general that this officer should be a medical man. Corot, (JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE,) a Fr. landscape painter, b. at Paris 1796, d. 1875. Cor'poral (more properly CAPORAL, from the Ital. capo di escadra) is the lowest grade of non-commissioned officers. When the regiment is formed as a corps he has no function different from the private soldier. In barracks or camp, however, he exercises certain disciplinary control over the privates. On men-of-war there is a ship's C., a petty officer to aid in teaching the seamen the use of small arms, to guard against smuggling of spirits on board, to extinguish the fires and lights, and to keep order below at night. Cor'poral, (Lat. corpus, "a body," because of the belief that the bread and wine are the body and blood of our Saviour,) a name given to the cloth with which the minister covers what is left of the consecrated elements in the Lord's Supper until the service is concluded. It is also called the Pall, and its use is of the highest antiquity. Corporation. This, in England, is either aggregate or sole. A C. aggregate is a society of persons authorized by law to act as one person and to perpetuate its existence by the admission of new members. Without such legal authority the acts of the society would be regarded only as the acts of the individuals, and the property of the society would descend to the heirs of the individual members. A C. sole consists of one person and his successors, who are by law invested with the same capacities as a C. aggregate. The Sovereign is a C. sole, and so is a bishop and the vicar of a parish, for these in the eye of the law never die, and each successive holder of the office takes the property belonging to it, neither by conveyance nor by ordinary succession, but is vested in it by his mere holding of the office. In this country the law governing Cs. is substantially the same as noted above. A C. could formerly be established only by charter from the crown or act of Parliament, unless, indeed, it existed by immemorial prescription; but of late yrs. the exigencies of commerce have led to the passing of various enactments, by compliance with which any society of persons may acquire for themselves the character of a C. Corps d'Ar'mée, in the military system of the greater continental European states, is an organization of the forces in the time of peace. The whole military strength is divided into several corps, each complete in itself as an army, with every thing needed for service, staff and artillery park included. The Amer. army is too small to be divided into corps. In the French system a military force exceeding 100,000 men is regarded as being too large for one army, and is therefore divided into two or more corps. The military force of Russia is divided into 10 or 12 distinct corps, which, in times of peace, are quartered in widely distant provinces of the empire. Austria and Germany, in like manner, maintain many corps in their several states and governments. Corps Législatif, the lower house of the French legislature, Second Empire, established 1857, abolished 1870; the deputies were elected for six yrs. Cor'pus Chris'ti, the cap. of Nueces Co., Tex., on a bay of the same name, 8 m. below the mouth of the Nueces River, and 200 m. W. of Galveston; pop. 4,378. It has a beautiful harbor, and its possibilities as a commercial emporium are unsurpassed in the State. Cor'pus Chris'ti, or Ben'et College, Cambridge, Eng., 691 was founded by two guilds or fraternities of towns-peoplethe guild of C. C., who said their prayers at St. Benedict Church, and the guild of the Blessed Virgin, who prayed at St. Mary's. These were united in 1352, and a small college erected by them. Archbishop Parker added largely to the endowments of this college, and bequeathed to it his valuable MSS., among which are the only authentic MS. copies of the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England. Corpus Chris'ti, Oxford. This college was founded in 1506 by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, under a license from King Henry VIII. The statutes were issued in 1517. The foundations consisted of 20 fellows and 20 scholars, of whom the fellows were to be elected from the scholars, while the scholars were to be elected from certain specified counties. Two peculiarities marked this foundation. First, the usual rules of life and discipline were enforced with peculiar severity; and, second, the object of the college was expressly connected with the studies of the age. Classical literature was for the first time distinctly mentioned. The subjects of the lectures were enjoined to be, not the old routine of divinity and the two philosophies, but divinity, humanity, and Greek. Incessant industry in these pursuits was inculcated by the founder, and the fellows were even forbidden to accept the proctorship, lest the avocations of that office should interfere with their proper duties. The object and the stringency of these regulations called forth the celebrated encomium of Erasmus, that what Colossus was to Rhodes, what the Mausoleum was to Caria, that C. C. Coll. would be to the kingdom of Great Britain. This prediction has hardly been fulfilled. The rules of the founder have been gradually set aside by acts of Parliament, by custom, and by injunctions of the visitor. Of the three university lectureships contemplated by the founder, one was never founded at all, and the other two were merged in college fellowships and tutorships. Cor'pus Chris'ti Festival, the most splendid festival of the R. C. Church. It was instituted in 1264 in honor of the Consecrated Host, and with a view to its adoration, by Pope Urban IV., who appointed for its celebration the Thursday after the festival of the Trinity, and promised to all the penitent who took part in it indulgence for a period of from 40 to 100 days. The festival is chiefly distinguished by magnificent processions. In France it is known as the Fete Dieu. Corpus'cular Ac'tion, the influence of minute particles of matter on each other, supposed by some to be the source of chemical action. Cor'pus Delic'ti, a criminal law term used in Scotland to signify the body or substance of the charge. Before a conviction can take place, the fact libeled must be provede. g., before a man can be convicted for murder, it must be clearly made out that there was a murder; and it is this fact that is called the C. D. Cor'pus Doc'trinæ, theological collections of special authority in German churches. Cor'ral, a word of S. Amer. origin, and denoting there, and in our own Western States, an inclosure for cattle. Correc'tion, House of, a prison for the reformation of petty offenders. Correc'tion of the Press, or Proof-reading, is one of the most important of the many operations that every piece of printed matter must undergo before it is put into the hands of the reading public, and in every considerable printing establishment it forms a special department executed by one or more functionaries, technically called "Readers." The immediate object of a corrector of the press, or "reader," is to observe and mark every error and oversight of the compositor, with a view to make the printed sheet a perfect copy of the author's MS. This is on the supposition that the MS. itself is quite correct, which is seldom the case; and therefore the duty of a good reader extends to seeing that there are no inconsistencies in orthography, punctuation, abbreviations, etc., and in many cases to the verification of quotations, dates, and proper names. The duty of securing consistency in spelling and punctuation is especially important in the case of works on which several writers are employed, such as newspapers and cyclopedias. The corrector has also to direct his attention to the numbering of the pages; to the arrangement of chapters, paragraphs, and notes; to running titles, etc. It is part of his business to observe the mechanical defects of the work-defective types, turned letters, inequali ties of spacing between words, sentences, and lines, crooked lines, and to secure symmetry in verses, tables, mathematical operations, and such like. In almost all cases two proofs are taken, and in difficult works, such as those in foreign languages, tables, etc., even more. Lastly follows the revision, 692 CORRECTIONS-CORRUGATED IRON. in which little more is done than seeing that the compos- Then, whenever the clock is used for any purpose, its correcitor has made all the corrections marked on the last proof. tion for that time must be computed and applied. * al A Caps THOUGH Severel differing opinions exist as to the individual by whom the art of printing was の first discovered; yet all authorities concur in admitting Peter Schoeffer to be the person who invented cast metal types, having learned the art of of cutting the letters from the Gut/enbergs he is also supposed to have been the first whoengraved on copper plates. The /-/ following testimony is preseved in the family, 7/ by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of Ascheffenburg: >'Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, perceiving V his master Fausts design, and being himself tr. (desirous ardently to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting (incidendi) the characters shit. in a matrix, that the letters might easily be '/singly cast instead of bieng cut. He pri- cil vately cut matrices for the whole alphabet: Faust was so pleased with the contrivance, <* J. Caps. /that he promised Peter to give him his only wf. as/ + which he soon after performed. X But there were promise Ital. no T + (and when he showed his master the letters cast from these matrices, Press Corrections, or Proof-reading. It is usual for the writer or author to reserve the correction | of the second proof for himself. the place of his birth, a small town near Modena, now called Reggio; b. 1493. He was the first among the moderns who displayed that grace and general beauty and softness of effect, the combined excellences of design and color with taste and expression, for which he is still unrivaled. His chiaro-oscuro is perfect. Almost before he had seen the great masters, he became a master in a style all his own; and was the founder, or rather his imitators for him, of what is called by some the Lombard, by others the Parma, school of painting; d. 1534. Correg'idor, is the name given in Spain to the principal magistrate of a town. He is appointed by the king. The C. is also a Portuguese functionary, but, unlike his Spanish brother, does not possess the double power of governing and administering justice, but only the lat ter. Corrèze, a dept. of France, formed out of the old prov. of Limousin, and taking its name from an affluent of the Vezèrethe Corrèze-which traverses the dept. from N.-E. to S.-W.; area 2,265 sq. m., pop. 328,119. Cor'rib, Lough, a lake, the third in size in Ireland, in the N. of Galway. Near it are many monumental heaps and socalled Druid circles. It contains many islets, and to the W. are mountains 3,000 ft. h. Cor'ridor, (Ital. correre, Span. correr, "to run,") a gallery or passage running or leading to several rooms, each of which has a door opening into it. Spacious Cs. are necessary in public buildings, such as hospitals, prisons, etc. Corrientes is a name of various ap plication in Spanish Am. Besides indicating several capes in Cuba, Mexico, and New Granada, it is more conspicuously connected with one of the States of the Argentine Confederation and with the cap. of the same name. (1) C., the city, pop. 14,000. (2) C., the prov., area 48,357 sq. m., pop. 288,596. Corrievre'kin, Corrybrech'tan, or Gulf of Brech'an, a whirlpool or dangerous passage a mile broad, off the W. coast of Scotland. Cor'rigan, (MICHAEL AUGUSTINE, D.D.,) R. C. Bishop of Newark 1873; promoted coadjutor in Diocese of New York 1880; Archbishop of New York 1885; b. 1839. Correc'tions, in Astron., Geodesy, Physics, or in any of the exact sciences in which precise measurements are made, are certain quantities applied to the results of such measurements to free them from particular sources of error. Thus the time of the observed transit of a star is corrected for the error of the clock by which the time is recorded, and for the errors of the adjustment of the instrument in azimuth, level, and collimation. A distinction should be made between the two terms Error and Correction. They are properly the same numerical quantity, but with opposite signs. The correction is the quantity to apply to correct for the error. Thus, if a clock is fast its correction is negative, and vice versa. This is the sense in which such quantities are usually applied and published in results of observations, etc. But the Green-local action of the poison on the stomach. Give albumen, as wich Observatory publishes some of these quantities in its annual volumes as errors instead of C., and the same confusion is also common in many of the standard works on navigation. Correc ́tions, Clock, are the quantities to be applied at any time to the readings of clock-faces in order to obtain the true time they are intended to indicate. They are usually determined in an astronomical observatory. In such an institution the standard clocks are not disturbed in their running after once being adjusted to nearly the proper rate, but are left to themselves, and their corrections are determined as frequently as may be necessary from observations of the stars with a transit-instrument mounted in the meridian. Corro'sive Subʼlimate, the popular name of Bichloride of Mercury. Poisoning by C. S.-The symptoms are those of a corrosive and irritant poison. The effects are immediate. They consist of an intense burning sensation in the mouth and throat, followed by excruciating pains in the stomach and abdomen; vomiting, purging, and griping, often bloody stools. Sometimes suppression of urine. Face is anxious; skin pale, cold, and clammy; pulse small, weak, and rapid; salivation and fetid breath. Death follows from collapse in a few hours, or may be delayed for one or more days. Treatment.— Avoid using the stomach-pump on account of the powerful the white of eggs, or flour made into a thin paste with water. Albumen combines directly with C. S. to form an insoluble compound. If the vomiting be not free, a simple emetic, as ipecac, may be given. The rest of the treatment consists in easing the pain by opiates and the general treatment of irritant poisons. Demulcent drinks, or milk and lime-water, equal parts, may be given to allay thirst, while they act as antidotes at the same time. Corrugated I'ron. Common sheet-iron, and what is improperly called "galvanized iron," (i. e., sheet-iron coated with zinc by immersion in a bath of the fused metal,) have of late been made available for many useful purposes, by virtue of the great additional strength imparted to the sheete |