CORRY-CORTEZ. by corrugation, which is merely an application to metallic substances of the old contrivance of "goffering or crimping," by means of which the frills of the olden time were made to keep their shape. The sheets of metal are passed between rollers, the surfaces of which are formed into rounded grooves and ridges, the ridges of one roller filling the grooves of the other. The metal in passing between these is compressed into a waving form, or corrugated. Cor'ry, a city of Erie Co., Pa., at the junction of the Philadelphia and Erie and the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio R.Rs., 37 m. S.-E. of Erie, and the terminus of the Oil Creek and Alleghany and the Buffalo, Pittsburg and Corry R. Rs. Its settlement was due to the discovery of petroleum, and the first building was erected 1861. The town was incorporated as a city 1866. It has various churches, a high school, opera-house, library, park, national and savings banks, one daily and two weekly newspapers, a large oil refinery, tanneries, a blast-furnace, and manufactories of stationary engines, furniture, mowers and reapers, barrels, etc.; pop. 5,677. Cor'rytown, a village of N. Y., burned July 9, 1781, by a party of 500 Indians and Tories. Cor'sac, (Canis or Cynalopex Corsac,) an animal of the dog family, (Canidae,) found in the deserts of Tartary and in India. In size it resembles a small fox, but is more slender in body and limbs; it has long and pointed ears, a bushy tail, and is of a reddish or yellowish color; the form of the head resembles that of the fox. It lives in large communities, burrows, prowls during the day, and not during the night like foxes, and is believed to feed chiefly on birds and their eggs, but not to object even to insect food. There are several Asiatic species closely allied to this. Cor'sair, a pirate or sea-robber, but generally limited in its application to the pirates who in former times sailed from Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and the ports of Morocco, and were the terror of merchantmen in the Mediterranean and the neighboring parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Corselet was the body-covering of pikemen. The C. was made chiefly of leather, and was pistol-proof. Cor'set, an article of dress inclosing the chest and waist, worn (chiefly by women) to support or correct the figure. Corselet. Cor'sica, an island in the Mediterranean, separated from the island of Sardinia by the Strait of Bonifacio. It forms the French Dept. of Corse, and has an area of 3,377 sq. m., with a pop. of 288,596. The greater portion of the island is occupied by ranges of rugged mountains, the highest being Monte Rotondo, (anc. Mons Aureus,) 9,068 ft. h., and covered with perpetual snow. There are several rivers in the island, the largest of which are the Tavignano (anc. Rhotanus) and the Golo, (anc. Tavola.) They flow into the sea on the E. coast; the Golo is navigable for boats. Several small rivers, most of which are dry in summer, flow W. into the sea. The soil is generally fertile in the valleys, yielding all kinds of cereals, and much wine is produced. Olive, orange, fig, almond, and other fruittrees flourish, fruit forming a considerable item in the exports. But C. is chiefly celebrated on account of its magnificent forests of oak, pine, chestnut, beech, cork, etc. It was on this island that Napoleon I. was born. Cors'ned, or Mor'sel of Execra'tion, was a piece of cheese or bread, made use of in early times with a view to ascertain whether persons suspected of crime were guilty or innocent. The C., according to Blackstone, "was consecrated with a form of exorcism, desiring of the Almighty that it might cause convulsions and paleness, and find no passage, if the man was really guilty, but might turn to health and nourishment if he was innocent." In this mode of divination, barleybread appears to have had the preference. Cor'so (lit. "course" or "running") is an Ital. word used to express, not only the racing of horses, (without riders,) but also the slow driving in procession of handsome equipages through the principal streets of a town, such as almost always takes place in Italy on festivals. This custom has given a name to many streets in almost all the larger towns of Italy. The best known of these is the C. of Rome, which is the scene of the celebrated diversions of the Carnival. Cors'sen, (WILLIAM P.,) an eminent Ger. antiquarian and philologist, received a prize from Berlin Academy of Science for his works on languages; b. 1820, d. 1875. Cort, (CORNELIS,) a celebrated Dutch engraver, was b. at 693 Hoorn 1536. In 1572 he went to Venice, and was hospitably received there by Titian. Being less of a painter than an engraver, he seems very soon to have been employed by the great Venetian colorist for the reproduction in copperplate of some of his masterpieces; and it appears he did it so well that he afterward engraved for Tintoretto and other Venetian masters. C. next settled in Rome, where he erected an engraving school, and had among his pupils Agostino Caracci, and from this school sprang the most excellent Italian and Venetian engravers. C.'s works had a favorable influence on the graver's art in the Netherlands. He d. 1578. His engravings, considering his short life, are very numerous, amounting to more than 150. Cor'tes is the name given in Spain and Portugal to the assembly of representatives of the nation. As one district of Spain after another was recovered by the Christian princes from the Moors, there arose in each a corporation composed of the different "states" or orders of the population, limiting the power of the princes. From the union of several of these territories were formed the two leading kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, having each its C., representing the clergy, the nobility, and the cities. In Aragon the C. appointed a judge, el justicia, who decided disputes between the king and his subjects, and confined the royal power within constitutional limits. In Castile the rights of the burghers were less extensive than in Aragon, but in both states the king was dependent on the C. After the union of Castile and Aragon under Ferdinand and Isabella, the crown succeeded in making itself less dependent on the C., whose power and privileges were gradually encroached upon, until at last they were seldom assembled except to do homage or to sanction an arrangement as to the succession to the throne. Cor'tez, (HERNAN,) the conqueror of Mexico, b. 1485 at Medellin, a village of Estremadura, Spain. He was educated for the law, but afterward adopted the profession of arms; and in 1511 distinguished himself under Diego Velasquez in the expedition against Cuba. In 1518 the conquest of Mexico was intrusted to him by Velasquez, who was then Gov. of Cuba; but the latter had no sooner granted him the commission than he wished to revoke it, fearful that his dashing lieutenant would deprive him of all the glory of the enterprise. C., however, defiantly maintained his command. A small force of 600 or 700 men, with only 10 field-pieces and two or three pieces of cannon, were all the means at C.'s disposal to effect the conquest of the Empire of Mexico in 1519. Sailing up the river Tabasco, C. captured the town of that name, the prowess of the Spaniards occasioning great terror to the Tabascans, who made liberal presents to the white men, and volunteered all the information about Mexico in their power. Arriving off the coast of San Juan de Ulloa, C. was here visited by some Mexican chiefs, with whom he entered into negotiation regarding a visit to Montezuma, who then ruled with nearly absolute sway over Mexico. Montezuma sent C. rich presents, but objected to his visiting the capital. Having founded the town of Vera Cruz, and burnt his ships, so that his troops could not return, and must therefore conquer or perish, C., with a force reduced to 400 Spaniards on foot and 15 horse, but with a considerable number of Indian followers, lent him by dissatisfied chiefs dependent on Montezuma, marched upon the capital. Overcoming the Tlascalans, a brave people, on the way, who afterward became his firm allies, and taking fearful vengeance on the city of Cholula, where, by Montezuma's orders, a treacherous attempt was made to massacre his troops, C., on the 8th of Nov., 1519, reached the city of Mexico with his little band, and was received with great pomp by the emperor in person. The Spaniards were regarded as those descendants of the sun who, according to a current prophecy, were to come from the East and subvert the Aztec Empire-a tradition that was worth a good many soldiers to C. An attack on C.'s colony at Vera Cruz by one of Montezuma's generals, however, proved the mortality of the Spaniards, and would have been the ruin of them but for the decisiveness of C., who immediately seized the emperor, carrying him to the Spanish quarter, forced him to surrender the offending general and three other chiefs, whom he caused to be burnt in front of the palace, and erelong compelled him formally to cede his empire to Spain. One has nothing but astonishment for this man, whose daring acts in the capital city of the empire, containing, it is calculated, 300,000 inhabitants, had nothing but 400 Spaniards, and a few thousand Indians whom he had recently conquered, to support them. Meanwhile Velasquez, enraged at C.'s success, sent an army of 694 CORTLAND-CORYPHENE. 1,000 men, well provided with artillery, to compel him to Weser, near Höxter, the oldest and most famous in early surrender. C. unexpectedly met and overpowered this force, Saxony, founded in the beginning of the 9th c. and secured its allegiance. But in his absence the Mexicans Corvette', a flush-decked vessel, ship-rigged, but without had risen in the capital, and C. was finally driven out with a quarter-deck, and having only one tier of guns. much loss. During the disturbance Montezuma, who was Cor'vidæ, a family of birds of the order Passeres, substill kept a prisoner, appeared on a terrace with a view of order Oscines, tribe Conirostres, having a strong bill, compacifying his people; but he was wounded by a stone, an in-pressed toward the point, and covered at the base with stiff, dignity against his kingly person which he took so much to bristly feathers, which advance so far as to conceal the nosheart that he died in a few days. C. now returned to trils. The plumage is dense, soft, and lustrous, very generTlascala, to recruit his fatigued and wounded men; and re- ally dark, but sometimes of gay colors, more particularly in ceiving re-enforcements, he speedily subjugated all Anahuac the tropical species. The birds of this family are widely difto the E. of the Mexican valley, and soon marched again fused over the world. They are generally birds of strong on the city of Mexico, which he succeeded in capturing 1521. and rapid flight; some of them are solitary, some gregarious Famine had assisted the Spanish arms, so that of the vast in their habits; some reside in woods, some in moors and population only about 40,000 remained when the Spaniards wastes, some on sea-coasts, etc. They are very omnivorous. entered the city, which lay in ruins, "like some huge church- They are also remarkable for their intelligence, their prying yard with the corpses disinterred and the tombstones scat- curiosity, and their disposition to pilfer and secrete glittering tered about." Mexico was now completely subjugated, for articles. Besides the crow, raven, rook, and jackdaw, which though some attempts at revolt were afterward made they belong to the genus Corvus, the magpie, jay, chough, and were soon crushed by C., who had been nominated governor nut-cracker are included among the C. and captain-general of the country by Charles V. In 1528 C. returned to Spain, to meet some calumnies against him, and was received with great distinction. On his return to Mexico in 1530, however, he was divested of his civil rank. At his own expense he fitted out several expeditions, one of which discovered Calif. In 1540 he again returned to Spain, but was coldly received at court, from which he soon retired, and d. at Seville 1547. Cort land, a village and the cap. of Cortland Co., N. Y., on the Tioughnioga River, and the Syracuse, Binghamton and New York, the Midland and the Utica, Ithaca and Elmira R. Rs., 36 m. S. of Syracuse. It has a State normal school, churches, a lecture association and reading-room, national banks, weekly newspapers, electric lights, and a number of manufactories; pop. 8,590. Corvi'nus, (MATTHIAS I.,) King of Hungary, fought against Emperor Ferdinand III., the King of Poland, and the Turkish sultan; an able ruler and a superior general; b. 1443, d. 1490. Cor'vo, the most N. of the Azores, is the smallest among the inhabited islands of the group. It measures only 6 by 3 m. It is of volcanic origin, and has, in an exhausted crater, a small lake, 1,277 ft. above the sea. With a fertile soil and delicious climate, C. contains barely 1,000 inhabitants, and these generally poor. Cor'vus, (Lat. "the Crow,") one of the original 48 constellations described by Ptolemy, represented on the maps as perched upon and plucking at the hinder part of the body of Hydra. It lies between Virgo, Hydra, and Crater. Its star, which Bayer lettered a, and which he made equal Corto'na, a town of central Italy, is of fabulous antiq- to ẞ, y, and d, is now a full magnitude fainter than either uity, older, it is said, than Troy; and the Cyclopean walls, of them, while Dr. Gould at Cordoba has shown that ẞ, Y, erected by the Pelasgians, are second in antiquity to few, and e all vary through a considerable fraction of a magniplaces in Italy. It was one of the most powerful of the tude. See VARIABLE STARS. 12 cities forming the Etruscan League. By the Romans, who settled a colony here about the time of Sulla, it was called Corythus. After many vicissitudes during the Middle Ages, the town became subject to Florence in the 15th c. Besides the wall, there are several objects of Etruscan antiquity at C. The modern town contains above 3,900 inhabitants. Corto'na, (PIEtro BerrettinidA,) an Ital. painter and architect, b. 1596, d. 1669. He studied painting at Rome, and was employed by Pope Urban VIII. to decorate a chapel in the Church of St. Bibiena, and paint the frescoes in the Barberini Palace; subsequently executed some remarkable frescoes in the Pitti Palace, Florence, and then, settling in Rome, painted with success; restored the Church of Santa Maria della Pace, and was architect of several noted buildings. Coruña, (Eng. Corunna,) prov. of Spain, in the N.-W. part of Galicia; area 3,079 sq. m. It has an irregular coastline, numerous mountains, fertile valleys, valuable forests, mines of iron, copper, coal, and silver, ship-yards, manufactories of earthenware, hardware, hats, shoes, leather, and rope, and is watered by the Ulla, Tambre, Lezaro, Mandeo, and Mero Rivers. The chief cities are Coruña, the cap., Santiago de Compostella, and Ferrol; pop. 613,881. Coruña, a fortified sea-port of Spain, on a small headland in the Atlantic, formed by the three bays of Betanzos, Coruña, and El Ferrol, about midway between Capes Finisterre and Ortegal; lat. 43° 22′ N., long. 8° 22′ W. C. is a thriving place. Pop. 37,251. Corun'dum, a mineral consisting essentially of mere alumina, yet of great specific gravity-about four times that of water and of remarkable hardness, being inferior in this respect only to the diamond. Mineralogists regard the sapphire as a variety of C., and along with it the gems popularly known as Oriental ruby, Oriental topaz, Oriental emerald, and Oriental amethyst; but the name C. is more usually limited to the coarser varieties, to which it is applied by the natives of India. These, instead of exhibiting the brilliancy of gems, are in general of a dull and muddy appearance, and the crystals which are usually six-sided prisms and sixsided pyramids are externally dull and rough. The color is various, often green, blue, or red, inclining to gray. The variety called Adamantine Spar is of a hair-brown color and adamantine luster. Cor'vei, (Corbeia nova,) a Benedictine abbey on the Cor'vus, (M. VALERIUS,) a Roman general, dictator, and consul, who defeated the Samnites; b. 370 B.C., d. 270 B.C. Cor'win, (THOMAS,) a lawyer and orator, b. in Bourbon Co., Ky., July 29, 1794; removed to O. in early youth; was elected a member of Congress in 1830; in 1840 Gov. of O.; elected to the Senate of the U. S. in 1845, and appointed Sec. of the Treasury by President Fillmore in July, 1850. He was sent as minister to Mexico 1861, returned home in 1864, and d. Dec. 18, 1865. Coryban'tes, priests of Cybele or Rhea, whose festivals they celebrated with dances and cries. Corymb', in Bot., a form of indefinite and centripetal inflorescence, in which the flowers are arranged as in a raceme, but the lower flower-stalks are elongated so as to bring the flowers almost to a level of those of the upper. The C. is a very common form of inflorescence. Corym'bus, the particular mode of dressing the hair among the Greeks, with which the statues of Venus have rendered us familiar. The hair was often covered with a sort of open ornamental work. 66 Corymb. Coryphæ'us, (Gr. koruphe, a summit,") the leader of the chorus in ancient Greece. The name is now used to signify those of the highest distinction in any art or science. In the Italian opera the choir-leader is called the corifèo; in French, coryphée. Cor'yphene, (Coryphæna,) a genus of fishes of the family Scomberida, to which the name Dolphin, properly belonging to a genus of Cetacea, has by some mistake been popularly transferred. The Cs. are remarkable for the beauty and metallic brilliancy of their colors, which delight the spectator as they are seen gliding with extreme rapidity near the surface of the water, gleaming in the light of the sun; and the changes of which, as they lie dying on the shore or on the deck of a vessel, have acquired a peculiar poetic celebrity. They have an elongated compressed body, covered with small scales, the head rising in a sharp crest, the mouth large. They are natives of the seas of warm climates, and some species are found in the Mediterranean, among which is C. hippuris, the largest known, attaining a 1. of 5 ft. This and some of the other species are often seen playing around ships; and great interest is occasionally awakened by their pursuit of shoals of flying-fish. In this chase a C. may be seen to dart completely out of the water, CORYPHODON-COSTER. 695 making a leap of 10 yds. or more. Capt. Basil Hall likens or Tartars, but are descendants of the ancient Russians of the velocity to that of a cannon-ball. The C. is often caught Novogorod and Kiew, to whom the necessity of maintaining by sailors with a glittering bit of metal instead of a bait. a constant resistance to foes has given a peculiarly warlike Corypho'don, an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, character. There are two principal branches of the Cossack whose fossil remains are found in the lowest Eocene. family-the Malo-Russian C., or C. of Little Russia, and the Cory'za, a synonym for acute nasal catarrh, or "cold in Don C. The former are the more wild and rude. To this the head." The affection usually subsides without any branch belong the Saporogi C., who dwell beside the watertreatment. If treated at the start, it may be checked by falls or Parogi of the Dnieper, and are the most unscrupulous brushing the inside of the nose with a four per cent. solu- robbers of all. The Don C. inhabit the great steppes to the tion of cocaine, or using a two per cent. solution with an N. of the Sea of Azof and of Caucasia. Their country forms atomizer. the Russian Govt. of Siberia. The whole number of the C. is reckoned at about 1,900,000. Cossim bazaar (“Cossim's Market ") stands on the Bha girathi, which is the first or most westerly offset of the Ganges, and unites with the Jellinghee to form the Hooghly; pop. 4,000. Cos'ta, (SIR MICHAEL,) a very popular musician and composer, b. at Naples 1810. As he early showed a decided talent for music, he was sent to the Conservatoire in his Cos, anc. Meropis, an island of the Grecian Archipelago belonging to Asiatic Turkey. Its modern name is Stanko, or Stanchio. C. has a 1. of 13 m., with a w. of 5, and a pop. of from 20,000 to 30,000, the half of whom are Greeks, the other half being Turks and Jews, who congregate in the towns. On the eastern side of the island a range of hills extends along the coast, from Cape Fonka on the N. to Point Korkilo on the S.; but with this exception C. consists mostly of delightful and fertile plains, which are well culti-native city, where he greatly distinguished himself. In 1828 vated. S. of these plains, on which stands the principal town, of the same name as the island, rises a high mountain range, which, from its jagged summit, is called Mount Prion -the "sawing" mount, or sierra. There are many mineral springs on the island. The exports consist principally of raisins, lemons, salt, and grain. They amount annually to about $250,000. The chief imports are oil, soap, butter, butcher-meat, and English manufactures. The climate in general is pretty healthy. Cosa lá, Mexican town, State of Sinaloa, near El Fuerte, situated in the heart of a mining district; pop. 7,000. Coscin'omancy, a species of divination practiced from the earliest times by means of a sieve and a pair of shears or forceps. It appears to have been chiefly employed for the discovery of thieves. The sieve was supported or suspended by means of the shears, in some way not easily understood; a certain mystical form of words was then used, and the names of the suspected persons being mentioned in succession, at the name of the thief the sieve moved or turned round. Cosen'za, a town of Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name; pop. about 16,686. Anciently, C., called Consentia, was a city of the Brutii. It was captured by the Carthaginian general Himilco, and was forced to surrender (204 B.C.) to the Romans, who afterward colonized it. Alaric the Goth d. here 410 A.D., and is buried in the bed of the Busento. his fame, though he was then but 18, having reached England, he was invited to take part in the Birmingham Musical Festival, an invitation he complied with, and he resolved to remain there. In 1830 he was appointed conductor of the music in the Italian Opera, London, an office which, in 1847, he resigned for a similar one in the Royal Italian Opera, Covent Garden. His great work, the oratorio of "Eli," produced at the Birmingham Festival of 1855, raised him to a high rank as a composer. "Naaman," first sung in Birmingham in 1864, was a great success. He was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1869, and in the same yr. received the Royal Order of Frederick from the King of Würtemberg. He d. in 1884. Cos'ta, da, (ISAAC,) an eminent poet and religious writer, b. at Amsterdam 1798. His parents were Portuguese Jews, who had settled in Holland. The first aspiration of his poetical genius having been shown by his Hebrew teacher to Bilderdijk, the latter expressed himself favorably regarding it, and a warm and lasting friendship sprang up between him and C. In his 20th yr. C. acquired the degree of Doctor at Law; and shortly after, having embraced Christianity, was baptized. This subjected him to considerable persecution, which, however, subsided as his genius gradually gained recognition; d. 1860. Cos'ta Ri'ca, a republic in the S.-E. of Cent. Am., occupies the entire breadth from sea to sea between Nicaragua on one side and Colombia on the other; area 20,000 Coshoc'ton, a village of O., cap. of the county of the sq. m. The country is generally mountainous-more so on same name, on the Muskingum River; pop. 3,725. It has the N.-E. than on the S.-W.—with many volcanoes, the temcanal and R.R. connection with Pittsburg, Cincinnati, St. perature becoming mild and salubrious in proportion to the Louis, and Columbus, and is the seat of a thriving trade. elevation. It yields gold and silver, tobacco, sarsaparilla, Cos'mas, surnamed INDICOPLEUSTES, a merchant of Alex-indigo, sugar, cocoa, and dye-woods. The principal staples, andria, who lived in the middle of the 6th c., and after hav-however, of foreign trade are coffee, hides, and cedar. These ing traveled much returned to Egypt and wrote a Christian are exported chiefly from Punta Arenas, on the Gulf of Topography, in 12 volumes, in the Greek language. Nicoya, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean. The other places of any note are San José, the cap., and the cities of Cantago, Alajuela, Eredia, Estrella, and Esparsa. The government is republican, the president being elected every four yrs.; estimated pop. 262,700. See map of CENTRAL AMERICA. Costello, (LOUISA STUART,) a voluminous Eng. authoress, in 1815. Hers was a pleasant and picturesque style; d. 1870. Cosmet'ics, (Gr. kosmeo, “Iadorn,”) chemical preparations employed for improving the appearance of the skin and hair. Several of the C. in use are comparatively harmless, such as perfumed starch and chalk; while others, such as pearl white, (the subnitrate of bismuth,) are more or less poisonous, and dangerous to use. At all times the employ-b. ment of C. is not to be commended, as the minute particles tend to fill up and clog the pores of the skin, and prevent the free passage of gases and vapors, which is so essential to the preservation of any animal organ in a thorough state of health. Cosmog'ony, the (so-called) science of the formation of the universe. It is thus distinguished from cosmography, which is the science of the parts of the universe as we behold it, (a science embodied in the work of Humboldt, entitled Cosmos,) and from cosmology, which reasons on the actual and permanent state of the world as it is. Geogony, which confines itself to the formation of the earth, and speculative geology are but subdivisions of C. Cosmoram ́a, (Gr. kosmos, “the world," and orao, "to see,") an exhibition of views from different parts of the world. Cosne, a town of France, in the Dept. of Nièvre; pop. 5,024. Cos'sacks, (Russ. Kasacks,) a race in appearance, manners, and language very much resembling the Russians. The name Kasack is of Turkish or Tartar origin, signifying in the Turkish language a robber, in the Tartar a light armed warrior. The C. are not, however, akin to the Turks Cos'ter, (LAURENS JANSZOON,) according to the Dutch, the inventor of printing, b. at Haarlem about the yr. 1370. The time of the invention ascribed to him must have fallen between the yrs. 1420 and 1426. C., at first for his own amusement and the instruction of his grandchildren, cut letters out of the bark of the beech tree, which he inverted, and employed to print short sentences. Afterward, he discovered a glutinous kind of ink, which did not spread in using, and succeeded in printing with it entire pages with cuts and characters. He also replaced his wooden types by types cast out of metal, at first using lead for this purpose, but afterward pewter, which he found harder and more suitable. As custom increased, C. had to take apprentices, and one of them, a German, Johann, making use of the confusion occasioned by C.'s death in 1439, is said to have purloined the greater part of his master's types and matrices, and to have fled to Mainz, where he brought the hidden art to light. This Johann was probably Johann Gänsfleisch, a member of the Gutenberg family. C.'s memory is still held in due honor by the town of his birth; the site of his house is pointed out with pride, and monuments to his memory have been erected. COSTMARY-COTRONE. Bend. The C. is the fourth part of the bend, Cost'mary, or Ale'-cost, (Balsamata vulgaris,) a per- 618,652. ennial plant of the natural order Composite, suborder Noires, and the Menez Mountains, cross the dept. from E. to Corymbiferæ, a native of the S. of Europe, which has long W. The chief rivers, which are short but navigable, are The Armoric Hills, called also the Montagnes been cultivated in gardens in Britain for the agreeable the Rance, Gouet, Trieux, Guer, and Arguenon. fragrance of the leaves. The root-leaves are ovate, of a grayish color, on long footstalks; the stem is 2-3 ft. h.; the Duchy of Anhalt; pop. 18,215. Cö'then, or Kö’then, an ancient town of Germany, in the stem-leaves have no footstalk; the heads of flowers are in loose corymbs, deep yellow. The leaves were formerly put into ale and negus, and are still used by the French in salads. Costs, the technical name in Law for the expenses in-between them. curred in legal proceedings. As a general rule the C. of the successful party are paid by the loser, but the rule is subject to important exceptions. (1) A party suing or defending in forma pauperis (to entitle him to which privilege he must swear that he is too poor to pay the expenses of a trial) does not pay C., though he is entitled to receive them if successful. (2) A party who is successful in the main, and therefore entitled to the "general C.," may be unsuccessful upon some minor point, and therefore bound to pay the C. which belong properly to it. (3) A party who has tendered the amount recovered, and who pays the sum into court, and pleads the tender, is not bound to pay C. (4) The payment of money into court in the course of an action relieves the party paying from C. of subsequent proceedings if no greater amount be ultimately recovered. Coticed. illustrate the course of a tidal wave, devised by Dr. Whewell. Co-tid'al Lines, those which, on a map, At all the points of a co-tidal line it is high water at the same instant. These lines are very complex and crooked on different parts of the earth, for the reason that a tidal wave does not keep up with the velocity of rotation of the earth, but its speed depends principally upon the depth of the ocean where it happens to be traveling at the time. A wave starting on the W. coast of the Americas across the Pacific requires Cos'tume, another form of the word custom, and in its Atlantic via Australia and the Cape of Good Hope, so that fully three days to get round into some parts of the North wider sense signifying the external appearance which the life there are at the same time six or seven high-tide waves folof a people presents at a particular epoch of its history. In lowing each other round the earth about 12 hours apart, but its narrower and more useless sense C. signifies the cus- at distances which vary with the character of the ocean tomary modes of clothing and adorning the person in any where they are at the time. This is a very different conparticular age or country. In this sense it includes the pre-dition of things from the ideal picture of the tides which is vailing fashion in jewelry, weapons, and other personal equip- so familiar in all works on popular astronomy. ments. In both senses C. plays an important part in art. motion of the tides could happen only on a globe covered all The poet, more especially the narrative or epic poet, is comThis ideal pelled to resort to it as a means of carrying his reader back tidal wave could keep up with the rotation of the earth. over with water of sufficient depth, so that the velocity of the into the age which he describes. view in narrating the exploits of his heroes. Among modern Homer has it constantly in romance writers, Sir Walter Scott has introduced the fashion of perhaps an excessive attention to mere external C. But it is in the arts, as presented to the eye, that C. becomes indispensable, and the loose and general treatment of it which is permitted to the novelist or poet is forbidden to the painter, the sculptor, and the player. How sorely the sculptor has been tried by the wigs and breeches of former generations, and by the trousers, straps, hats, and other monstrosities of our own, no one requires to be told. Cos'tus, or Cos'tus Arab'icus, an aromatic much esteemed by the ancients, and concerning which great doubt long existed, but which seems now to be ascertained to be the dried root of Aucklandia C., a plant of the natural order Composita, sub-order Cynarocephale. It is a native of the moist, open slopes surrounding the valley of Cashmere. The roots are there burned as incense, having a strong, aromatic, pungent odor. Cos'way, (RICHARD,) a noted Eng. painter in his day, b. at Tiverton, Devonshire, in 1740, d. 1821. origin, performed by eight or more persons. It was common Ampelida, or Chatterers, having a rather feeble and deeply Rosacea, sub-order Pomacea, having polygamous flowers; a Cotoneast'er, a genus of plants of the natural order Cot, on shipboard, is an officer's hammock. top-shaped calyx, with five short teeth; five small, erect of canvas, in the form of a kind of chest, 6 ft. 1., 24 ft. w., of which adhere to the inside of the calyx, but do not cohere It is made petals; erect, short stamens, and a top-shaped fruit, the nuts and 1 ft. deep. This receptacle is kept out at full length by in the center. means of a square wooden frame. placed within the C., and the arrangement is more comfort-leaves, more or less woolly beneath; small flowers in lateral The bed or mattress is small trees; some of them evergreen; with simple undivided The species are pretty numerous, shrubs or able than that of a sailor's hammock; but both are alike cymes; and small fruit not agreeable to the palate, but the slung from the rafters or beams of the cabin. ter, make them very ornamental. bright color of which, and its remaining on the tree in winspecies, a native of hills in Europe and Siberia, and said to be found wild in a single locality in Wales. C. vulgaris is a deciduous Cote-d'Or, a dept. in the E. of France, formed of part of the old prov. of Burgundy; has an area of 3,383 sq. m., pop. 376,866. The surface is in general rather elevated, and is traversed by a chain of hills forming the connecting link between the Cevennes and the Vosges. A portion of that range, called the C., ("golden slope,") receives its name (which it gives to the dept.) on account of the excellence of the wines produced on its declivities. Co'terie, originally a term for commercial associations; now given to any exclusive circle-political, literary, or social. Cotes, (ROGER,) b. near Leicester, Eng., 1682, d. 1716. He was the author of the preface explaining the Newtonian philosophy, and answering objections to gravitation, which was prefixed to the second edition (1713) of Newton's Principia. Various mathematical papers of his own, tending greatly to the development of logarithms, were published after his death. the Andes, is situated in the eastern Cordillera of that range. built on a point of land projecting into the sea. Cotro'ne, a town of Italy, in the prov. of Catanzaro, surrounded by the Esaro, (anc. Esarus,) which here has its embouchure. C. is very strongly fortified. Its streets It is almost are dark and narrow, and its port of no importance; pop. above 9,649. C., however, possesses interest from its anCôtes-du-Nord, ("northern coasts,") a dept. in the colony of Achæans, as far back as 710 B.C., its ancient tiquity and its historic associations. It owes its origin to a N.-W. of France, forming a part of Bretagne, and name being Croton, or Crotona. bounded N. by the English Channel, in which are several wealthy, and powerful. Its walls measured 12 m. in cirsmall islands belonging to C.; area 2,659 sq. m., pop.cumference, and the territory over which it extended its It soon became prosperous, COTSWOLD HILLS-COTTON AND COTTON MANUFACTURERS. sway was considerable. Its inhabitants were celebrated for athletic exercises, and they carried off most of the prizes at the Olympic games. Milo was its most renowned athlete. Pythagoras settled here about the middle of the 6th c. B.C.; but the influence which, by means of a league of his forma tion, he exercised became obnoxious to the citizens, and he was expelled. About B.C. 510 C. sent forth an army of above 100,000 men to fight the Sybarites, who were utterly defeated and their city destroyed. The war with Pyrrhus completely ruined the importance of C., and in the 2d c. B.C. it had sunk so low that a colony of Romans had to be sent to recruit its well-nigh exhausted population. Cots'wold Hills, a range of oolitic and lias hills, running through the middle of Gloucestershire, Eng., from Chipping Camden in the N.-E., by Cheltenham and Stroud, to near Bath in the S.-W. They are parallel to the Avon and Severn, and separate the Lower Severn from the sources of the Thames. They are 54 m. 1., and in some parts 8 w., and cover 312 sq. m., with an average h. of 500 to 600 ft. The highest points are Cleave Hill, 1,134 ft., and Broadway Hill, 1,086 ft. Cot'ta, the name of a very old German publishing-house, established at Tübingen in 1649, and still one of the most flourishing in Germany. The family came from Italy about the beginning of the 15th c. See infra. Cot'ta, (AURELIUS,) senator, pretor, and consul of Rome; assisted Cicero against Catiline. Espoused the side of Cæsar 49 B.C. Cot'ta, Freiherr von, (JOHANN FRIEDRICH,) one of the most eminent publishers that Germany ever produced, was b. at Stuttgart 1764. He was educated at the University of Tübingen, and for some time practiced as an advocate. In 1787 he undertook to conduct the family book-trade at Tübingen, and in 1795 established the Horen, a literary journal, under the editorship of Schiller. In the same yr. he commenced two larger periodicals, the Politischen Annalen and the Jahrbücher der Baukunde. In 1798 he established the Allgemeine Zeitung-still published at Augsburg-the Almanach für Damen, and other works of a similar kind. C. now began to publish the works of Goethe, Herder, Fichte, Schelling, Jean Paul, Tieck, Voss, Therese Huber, Matthisson, the Humboldts, Johann von Müller, and Spittler. In 1810 he went to live at Stuttgart. The nobility of his family, which dated far back, was confirmed in his person under the title of Freiherr C. von Cottendorf. In 1824 he introduced the first steam-press into Bavaria, and shortly after founded at Munich the Literary and Artistic Institute; d. 1832. Cot'tage, a small dwelling-house, detached from other buildings, and usually of one story in height. Originally applied to a humble order of dwellings in the country, the term C. now embraces a wide variety of structures, from the cottage ornée of the French to the simple but not unattractive cabin in the English rural districts, and the mountain châlet of Switzerland. Cot'tage Hills College, a young ladies' educational institution at York, Pa., founded 1850 by Rev. J. H. Hey; chartered 1868 with full collegiate powers. Cott'bus, or Kott'bus, a town of Prussia, in the prov. of Brandenburg, is an ancient place, surrounded by walls; it has an old castle, a royal palace, a gymnasium, and manufactures of beer, woolens, linen, leather, and tobacco; pop. about 34,910. Cot'ter, a wedge-shaped piece of wood or iron used as a sort of key for fastening the parts of a structure. The cut shows a section of a strap-head. The strap D is held upon ends of connecting rod B by gibs I. The C., or K, holds in gibs, and tightens brasses C upon crank-pin A. O is the oil-box or cup. Cotter. Cottin, (SOPHIE,) b. at Tonneins, France, in 1773. Her maiden name was Ristaud. She was married when only 17 to M. C., a Parisian banker, who left her a widow at the age of 20. From an early period she had exhibited a love of literature, and she now betook herself to the composition of verses, and even ventured on a lengthy history. But it was in fiction she was destined to win unfading laurels. In 1798 appeared Claire d'Albe; in 1800, Malvina; in 1802, Amélie Mansfield; in 1804, Mathilde; and in 1806, Elisabeth, ou les Exilés de Sibérie, a work which has been translated into most European languages, and has always been extraordinarily popular with the young; d. 1807. Cot'ting, (JOHN RUGGLES, M.D., LL.D.,) an Amer. 697 savant, b. in Mass. 1787, d. 1867; acquired a high reputation in chemical and geological publications; was professor at Amherst, and at Pittsfield Medical School. Cottised. See COTICE. Cot'ton, (JOHN,) the Eng. Puritan pastor of the first church in Boston, organized 1630, and called "the patriarch of New England;" b. 1585, d. 1652. Cot'ton, (SIR ROBERT BRUCE,) a distinguished Eng. antiquary, founder of the Cottonian Library, now in the British Museum; b. at Denton, Huntingdonshire, 1570. The dissolution of the monasteries during the reign of Henry VIII. dispersed many valuable collections of MSS. into private hands, and C. hunted up and purchased these wherever practicable. King James, by whom he was made a knight, employed him to vindicate the conduct of his mother, Mary Queen of Scots, and also to examine whether the Roman Catholics, on account of whom some alarm was then felt in the nation, should be imprisoned or put to death. C. took the most humane view of the matter. His intimacy with the Earl of Somerset led him to be suspected of complicity in the death of Sir Thomas Overbury, and in consequence he was imprisoned for about five months. In 1629 a tract entitled A Project how a Prince may make Himself an Absolute Tyrant was obtained from his library, the tendency of which was considered dangerous to the liberty of the state. His library was accordingly declared unfit for public inspection, and he himself was denied all use of it; d. 1631. The Cottonian Library was transferred to the British Museum in 1757. In addition to the MSS., the Cottonian collection consists of many valuable coins and antiquities. The Cottonian Library, which now forms so important a part of the British Museum, was, after the death of Sir Robert C.'s son and grandson, who augmented it considerably, invested in trustees for the use of the public. In 1730 the library was removed to Ashburnham House, Westminster, where the royal collection was; and in the following yr. a fire occurred in the house, in which about 114 out of the 958 MS. volumes of which the library consisted were reported as "lost, burned, or entirely spoiled, and 98 damaged so as to be defective." Fortunately, however, under the care and intelligence of skillful keepers, a great number of these injured volumes have been restored, so that the library now consists of nearly 900 volumes. Cot'ton and Cot'ton Manufact'ures. Cotton, (Fr. coton, Ger. baumwolle, Ital. bambagia, Port. algodao, Span. algodon,) a vegetable hair or filament constituting the wing of the seed of the different species of Gossypium, a plant belonging to the order of Malvaceae, growing both in the temperate and tropical climates, indigenous in Asia, Africa, and S. Am. Both fiber and seed are produced in pods not unlike the outer shell of the walnut. When the seed approaches maturity the fiber in which it is enveloped, which had previously been in a cylindrical form filled with watery sap, becomes dry. The sap is then deposited upon the walls of the outer cell, which then collapses longitudinally and takes on a spiral form slightly blunt at the point where it is attached to the seed, and pointed at the end. In the green-seed variety, the one chiefly cultivated, it is of a white or yellowish hue, soft, flexible, and a non-conductor of heat. |