708 CRAMPTON'S GAP-CRANMER. Westminster Abbey, and was applied for the cure of epilepsy and cramp. Hence appears to have arisen the belief that rings blessed by English sovereigns were efficacious in such cases; and the custom of blessing for distribution large numbers of C. R. on Good Friday continued to exist down to the time of Queen Mary. Cramp'ton's Gap was, during the Amer. civil war, the scene of a stubborn four hours' fight between Gens. McClellan and Howell Cobb, Sept. 14, 1862. Cran'ach, (LUCAS,) a celebrated Ger. painter, b. in the bishopric of Bramberg 1472. C. seems to have acted as factotum at the court of the elector and his two successors, preparing for and directing the ceremonies and festivities, and knew besides how to follow other lucrative trades. In 1520 he bought an apothecary's business at Wittenberg, where he was also a book-seller and paper-maker, became councilor and chamberlain, and was twice chosen burgomaster of the town. He was the intimate friend of Luther, whose picture he several times painted. In 1550 he went to Augsburg to share the imprisonment of the elector, and returned with him to Saxony in 1552. C. d. at Weimar 1553. Cranberry, (Oxycoccus,) a genus of small evergreen shrubs of the natural order Vaccinece. The species are few, natives of the colder regions of the northern hemisphere. The fruit is acid, and is in great request for culinary purposes. It is a native of N. Am., frequent in Canada, and as far S. as Va., growing in bogs, and particularly in elevated situations and where the soil is sandy. The berries are collected by means of a rake. Large quantities are exported to Europe. Cran'borne, (ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOIGNE CECIL,) Marquis of Salisbury, a British Conservative statesman, b. 1830. In 1853 he was elected member of Parliament for Stamford, and became Sec. for India in the Derby administration 1866. In 1868 he inherited his present title, and passed to the House of Lords. In 1885, on the resignation of the Gladstone ministry, he formed a new cabinet, and again in 1886, becoming prime minister and first lord of the treasury. He remained in office until 1892, when Parliament expired by statutory limitation, and at the ensuing general election the Conservatives were beaten by a small majority. Again appointed prime minister in 1895. Cranbrook, a small town in the S. of Kent, Eng., 30 m. S.-W. of Canterbury. It has a large hop business. It was the center of the clothing manufacture, introduced by the Flemings in the time of Edward III.; pop. 4,331. Cranch, (CHRISTOPHER PEARSE,) son of the following, and an Amer. painter, was b. 1813; studied in France and Italy 1846-63; returned to New York and became A.N.A. in 1864. He was also a graceful writer in prose and verse, and published several works illustrated by himself. D. 1892. which it otherwise much resembles, except in color; its plumage, in its adult state, is pure white, the tips of the wings black. Crane, a machine employed for the purpose of lifting weights. The most common kind consists of an upright revolving shaft, with a projecting arm or jib, having a fixed pulley at the extremity, over which is passed one end of the rope or chain to receive the weight, the other end being attached to a cylinder with wheel and pinion, by means of which the weight is raised to the required height. By the revolving motion of the upright portion, the load can be deposited on any spot within the sweep of the jib. There are, many varieties of C., adapted to various situations, but the one shown exhibits the general construction of all. Crane-fly, a genus of dipterous insects of the family Tipulida, to the whole of which the name C. is often extended, nearly allied to the Gnat family, which they resemble in their long, slender antennæ, but from which they differ in having a comparatively short proboscis. The true Čs. are also of comparatively large size. They have lanceolate spreading wings, and very long legs. One species is the well-known Daddy (or Harry, or Peter) Long Legs. Crane. Cranganore', a maritime town of the district of Malabar, on the W. coast of Hindustan; here have existed from the 4th and 5th c. congregations of Jews and Christians. Crank, in Machinery, is an arm or a bend on an axle or shaft, which may be driven by a connectingrod or by the hand, its use being to convert an 1 alternating straight motion into a continuous revolution. THA Cranks. 1, single crank; 2, double crank; 3, bell-crank. Cran'mer, (THO MAS,) one of the chief reformers of the English Church, and the first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury, b. in the county of Nottingham 1489. In his 14th yr. he went to Jesus Coll., Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow in 1510. He devoted himself diligently to the study of the learned languages, and also to the study of Scripture. In 1523 he took his degree of D.D., and was appointed lecturer on theology. In 1528, during the prevalence of the sweating sickness in Cambridge, he retired with two pupils to Waltham Abbey; and Henry VIII., in company with Gardiner and Fox, afterward Bishops of Winchester and Hereford, happening to be in the neighborhood, the event proved a turning-point in the life of C. The king was then seriously concerned about his divorce from Catharine of Aragon, and in conversation on the subject with Gardiner and Fox, C. suggested that the question should be "tried according to the word of God." Fox having mentioned this suggestion to the king, Henry was greatly pleased, and Cranch, (WILLIAM, LL.D.,) an eminent jurist, b. 1769, d. 1855. He was graduated at Harvard 1787; admitted to the bar 1790; was appointed an Associate Judge of the U. S. Circuit Court for the District of Columbia 1801, and was appointed Chief-Justice of that court 1805. He held this office till his death, and had only two decisions overruled by the Supreme Court. His reports of cases decided in the Circuit" swore by the mother of God, that man hath the right sow Court 1801-41 were published in six volumes 8vo; and those of the U. S. Supreme Court 1810-15 in nine volumes, with supplementary issues in 1835, et seq. Crane, (REV. JONATHAN TOWNLEY, D.D.,) an Amer. author and M. E. divine, b. 1819, d. 1880. Crane, (WALTER,) an Eng. painter, b. 1845; chiefly known as a decorator and illustrator of children's books. Crane, (WILLIAM C., D.D.,) an Amer. Bap. minister and writer; Pres. of Baylor University in Tex. 1863; b. 1816. Crane, a genus of birds of the order Grallatores, the type of the family Gruide. This family differs from herons, bitterns, storks, etc., in having the hind toe placed higher on the leg than the front ones. It consists also of birds less addicted to marshy places, and which feed not only on animal, but, to a considerable extent, on vegetable, food. They are all large birds, longlegged, long-necked, and of powerful wing, although their wings are rounded and not elongated; some of them performing great migrations, flying at a prodigious height in the air. The Whooping C. (G. Americana) is considerably larger than the common C., Whooping Crane. by the ear." From this time Henry never lost sight of C. He was asked to reduce his suggestion to writing, and to have it submitted to the European universities. After this he was appointed Archdeacon of Taunton, and one of the royal chaplains. He was sent to Rome on a special embassy about the divorce, but met with no success. Subsequently, he was dispatched to the Emperor Charles V. on the same errand. Under his auspices Henry's divorce was eventually carried through, and C. married the king to Anne Boleyn on the 28th of May, 1533. In Anne's subsequent disgrace, and again, in the affair of Anne of Cleves, the archbishop took a part not very creditable to him. He was instrumental in promoting the translation and circulation of the Scriptures. On Henry VIII.'s death C. was appointed one of the regents of the kingdom, and, along with Latimer and others, largely contributed to the advance of the Protestant cause during the reign of Edward. He assisted in the compilation of the Service-book and the Articles of Religion. The latter are said to have been chiefly composed by him. He was also the author of four of the Homilies. On the accession of Mary he was committed to the Tower, along with Latimer and Ridley. In March, 1554, they were removed to Oxford, and confined there in the common prison, called the Bocardo. Latimer and Ridley bore their cruel fate with magnanimous courage, but the spirit and principles of C. temporarily gave way under the severity of his sufferings. He was induced, in the vain hope of saving his life, to sign no fewer than six he died protesting his repentance for his unworthy weakness | platforms were fixed in their places by the whole body of in changing his faith, and showing an unexpected fortitude in the midst of the flames. Cran'nogs, the name given in Ireland and in Scotland to the fortified islands in lakes which were in common use as dwelling-places and places of refuge among the Celtic inhabitants. The etymology of the word is uncertain, but it is believed to refer to the timber which was employed either in the fortification of the island, or in the construction the citizens; but since that time the custom which has prevailed about fixing them is this: They are brought from a hill called Orbelus, and every man drives in three for each wife that he marries. Now, the men have all many wives apiece, and this is the way in which they live. Each has his own hut, wherein he dwells, upon one of the platforms, and each has also a trap-door giving access to the lake beneath; and their wont is to tie their baby-children by the of the houses which were placed upon it. The earliest notice of such lake-dwellings which has been observed is in the pages of Herodotus. Writing of the Persian invasion of Thrace and Macedonia under Darius, he relates how the satrap Megabazus, warring against the Pæonians, led certain tribes of them captive into Asia, but failed to conquer those who inhabited Lake Prasias. "He sought, indeed," says the historian, "to subdue the dwellers upon the lake, but could foot with a string, to save them from rolling into the water. They feed their horses and their other beasts upon fish, which abound in the lake to such a degree that a man has only to open his trap-door, and to let down a basket by a rope into the water, and then wait a very short time, when he draws it up quite full of them." The island-dwellings of Lake Prasias met with comparatively little attention until archæologists found the remains of similar habitations in different parts of Europe. The first discovery was made in Ireland in 1839, in the county of Meath. The small lake of Lagore having been drained, a mound, which had been an island, was observed to be thickly strewed with bones. As these were about to be carted away for manure, it was found to be an artificial structure. Its circumference, measuring 520 ft., was formed by upright piles of oak about 7 ft. 1., mortised into oak planks laid flat upon the marl and sand upon the bottom of the lake. The upright piles were tied together by cross-beams, and the space which they inclosed was divided into compartments by oak beams, some of which had grooves, so as to allow panels to be driven down between them. The compartments thus formed were filled with bones and black peaty earth. Portions of a second tier of upright piles were observed rising from the first tier. The bones were ascertained to be those of several varieties of oxen, of swine, deer, goats, sheep, dogs, foxes, horses, and asses. Along with them were found a vast number of weapons, ornaments, and utensils, fashioned of stone, bone, wood, bronze, and iron; such as swords, knives, spears, javelins, daggers, whetstones, querns, (or hand-mills,) beads, pins, brooches, combs, having stones, clay, or gravel above them. Fragments of oak-framing, with mortises and cheeks cut in them, have been found within the piles. In almost every instance a few flat stones, apparently serving as a hearth, have been observed near the middle of the inclosure; in several C. two or three hearths have been met with. In some cases a causeway leads from the island to the main-land; but in general the crannog was to be reached only by boat, and scarcely any crannog has been discovered without the remains of a primitive canoe, hollowed out of the trunk of an oak beside it. In at least one crannog a pier or jetty projected from the island; it was a double row of piles and stretchers, running parallel to each other at a distance of about 8 ft., and supporting a platform of logs. On almost every crannog one or two QUERNS (q. v.) have been found, with bones of oxen, deer, goats, and swine, horns of cattle, deer, sheep, and goats, boars' tusks, and sharpening-stones; fragments of pottery and articles of stone, bone, horn, wood, glass, copper, bronze, brass, and iron are of somewhat rarer occurrence. Many of the C. had been submerged by the gradual rise of the lakes in which they stood, so that their existence became known only as the great drainage-works of late yrs. reduced the waters to their old level. While archæologists were still exploring the C. of Ireland structures of a similar kind were discovered in the heart of the European continent. The winter of 1853-54 was one of the driest that had been seen in Switzerland, and the lakes sank to a lower level than was ever known before. The inhabitants of the village of Meilen, on the Lake of Zurich, took advantage of this unusual subsidence to reclaim a piece of land from the lake. As the work went on a learned antiquary, Dr. Ferdinand Keller, discovered the remains of rows of deeply driven piles, and, embedded in the mud around them, found heaps of primitive weapons, tools, and utensils made of stone and bone. Closer examination satisfied him that the piles had supported a platform; that on this platform huts had been raised, and that after being thus occupied, probably for centuries, the structure had been destroyed by fire. The discovery in the Lake of Zurich of these Celtic pile buildings, as Dr. Keller called them-habitations lacustres, (lake-dwellings,) as other Swiss archæologists have termed them-was followed almost immediately by the discovery of erections of the same kind in other lakes of Switzerland. They were known in Scotland by the same name which they received in Ireland. The existence of lake-dwellings has been discovered in Savoy, in upper Italy, in Hanover, in Prussia, and in Denmark. Cran'ston, (EARL, D.D.,) a well-known Meth. minister; elected one of the Book Agents at Cincinnati 1884, 1888, and 1892. Cran'tor, a philosopher, b. at Soli, in Cilicia, about 300 B.C., mentioned by Horace as an eminent moralist; was a pupil of Xenocrates in Athens. Cran'worth, Baron, (ROBERT M. ROLFE,) judge, member of Parliament, and Lord Chancellor of England; b. 1790, d. 1868. gum, which in drying causes the threads partially to untwist, and thus gives a wrinkled and rough appearance to the fabric. It is usually dyed black, and used for mourning apparel. Crape Stone, a recent invention, much used for mourning jewelry in place of the more expensive jet. The better grades are made from onyx, which is abraded with acids and tooled to produce an abraded or a roughly corrugated surface. After being thus surface-treated the stone is colored a dull lusterless black. A great deal of the so-called "Amer. onyx" is worked up into C. S. A cheaper grade is made of a siliceous compound melted and run into molds, then colored. A Lake Dwelling, (Africa.) horse-trappings, shears, chains, axes, pots, and bowls. On reference to the ancient annals, in which Ireland is so rich, it was seen that, in A.D. 848, a hostile Irish chief "plun- Crape, a thin fabric made of raw silk which has been dered the island of Loch Gabhor, [as Lagore was then writ- tightly twisted, without removing the viscous matter with ten,] and afterward burned it, so that it was level with the which it is covered when spun by the worm. It is simply ground;" and that again, in 933, "the island of Loch Gab-woven as a thin gauze, then dressed with a thick solution of hor was pulled down" by the piratical Norsemen. Mr. Wilde's discovery at Lagore was followed by other discoveries of the same kind elsewhere in Ireland, so that in 1857 the existence of about 50 C. had been ascertained, and every succeeding yr. has been an increase. They show several varieties of construction. The island at Lagore is a type of the purely artificial crannog. But most frequently the crannog was partly natural. An islet just level with the water was raised artificially a foot or two above it. An islet too small to be a convenient habitation, or too easy of landing to be a place of defense, had its area artificially enlarged, or its banks artificially strengthened, generally by piles or stockades, occasionally by heaps of stones. The space thus inclosed is generally a circle of from 60 to 80 ft. in diameter; but in some cases the inclosed space is larger and of an oval shape. The piles are usually of oak, mostly young trees, from 4 to 9 in. broad, still bearing marks of the hatchet; usually a single row had been considered enough, but there are instances of two, and even of three rows. It seems that originally the piles had risen several feet above the water, and it has been supposed that they were interlaced with branches placed horizontally, so as to form a screen or breastwork. The area within the stockade is sometimes wholly or partially covered with a layer of round logs, from 4 to 6 ft. 1., Cra'po, (HENRY H.,) b. in Dartmouth, Mass., was policejustice and tax-collector of New Bedford; removed to Mich. in 1857, engaged in the manufacture of lumber, and also in farming; was Mayor of Flint, State senator, and governor near the close of the civil war; d. July 23, 1869. Cra'ry, (BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, D.D.,) a M. E. minister, b. in Ind. 1821; admitted to the bar in Ind. 1844; Pres. of Hamline University, Minn., 1857; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Minn., 1861; chaplain in the army 1862-63; editor of the Central Christian Advocate, St. Louis, 1864-72; of the California Christian Advocate, 1880-95; d. 1895. Cras'crom, an ancient and rude instrument of agriculture in the Scottish Highlands, consisting, as its name in Gaelic CRASHAW-CRAWFORD. imports, of a crooked stick shod with iron, with a small projecting bar to rest the foot upon. Cra'shaw, (RICHARD,) an Eng. poet, b. in London about 1605. Entering the Church, he became an earnest and eloquent preacher; but in 1644 was ejected from his fellowship for refusing to take the Covenant. He went to France, adopted the R. C. faith, and obtained a secretaryship to one of the cardinals at Rome, and was made a canon of the church of Loretto, where he d. about 1650. Crassula'ceæ, a natural order of exogenous plants, some of them shrubby and some herbaceous, all remarkable for their succulency. About 300 species are known, among which are house-leeks, stone-crops, rose-root, etc. Cras'sus, the surname of several old Roman families, among which that of the Licinii was most remarkable. Cras'sus, (LUCIUS LICINIUS,) b. 140 B.C., was the greatest orator of his age, and was as distinguished for his wit as for his rectitude in the capacity of proconsul; d. 91 B.C. Cras'sus, (MARCUS LICINIUS,) the triumvir, b. before 115 B.C. Cæsar valued the friendship of C., the most wealthy of Roman citizens. During his consulate C. gave a feast to the people, which was spread on 10,000 tables, and distributed a provision of corn for three months. Plutarch estimates the wealth of C. at more than 7,000 talents, and Pliny states that the lands of C. were worth 8,000 talents. About 60 B.C. Cæsar, Pompey, and C. entered into a private arrangement for their common benefit. This pact is known as 711 ment of Fourth Avenue. From the organization of the Croton Water Board, 1849, till 1868, he was its engineer, and planned and supervised the construction of the great works of that period. He was a founder, director many yrs., and president 1869-71 of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Cra'ven, (THOMAS TINGLEY, U.S.N.,) an Amer. officer; rear-admiral during civil war; commanded the Potomac Flotilla; fought at Vicksburg and New Orleans with great success; b. in N. H. 1808, d. 1887. Craw'ford, (FRANCIS MARION,) an Amer. author, b. in Italy 1854, is a son of THOMAS C., the sculptor. He has lived chiefly abroad; his published novels include Mr. Isaacs, Doctor Claudius, A Roman Singer, Zoroaster, To Leeward, Saracinesca, and An American Politician. Craw'ford, (GEORGE WASHINGTON,) an Amer. statesman, b. 1798; Gov. of Ga. 1843-47; Sec. of War 1849-50. Crawford, (ISABELLA VALANCY,) a Canadian authoress, b. about 1829, d. 1887. She was one of the best known of Canadian writers, and furnished many stories for Amer. publications; she published a book of poems which were highly commended by critics. Craw'ford, (MARTIN J.,) an Amer. lawyer, b. 1820; he was one of three commissioners appointed by the Southern States to arrange with the North for a peaceable separation of the States. After the war he resumed the law; d. 1883. Craw'ford, (REV. MORRIS D'C., D.D.,) a prominent M. E. minister of the New York Conference, twice presiding elder Conferences from 1856-76, excepting 1864, and a member of the Cape May Commission on Fraternity 1876; Cor. Sec. of the New York City Church Extension and Missionary Society 1887-1891. Elected Pres. of the Society 1892. the first triumvirate. In 57 B.C., as consul with Pompey, he | of the New York District. He was a member of the General gained Syria, and made preparations for war against the Parthians; was beguiled into a conference with the Parthian general, Surenas, and was slain at the appointed place of meeting. Cratæ'gus, a genus of plants of the natural order Rosacea. They are all large shrubs or small trees, more or less spiny, whence the name Thorn has been generally applied to them. Cra'ter, (Gr. "a cup,") the central cup-shaped cavity in the summit of a volcano through which the lava, stones, scoria, etc., are for the most part ejected. See VOLCANO. Craw'ford, (NATHANIEL MACON,) an Amer. Bap. minister and pulpit orator; Pres. of Mercer Univ., Ga.; b. 1811, d. 1871. Crawford, (S. WYLIE, U.S.A.,) an Amer. general, b. 1829; he was one of the garrison of Fort Sumter at the commencement of the civil war; served in the Shenandoah campaign and in the Army of the Potomac. Craw'ford, (THOMAS,) an Amer. sculptor, pupil of Thor Cra'ter, (Lat. "the bowl," or "goblet,") a constellation S. of the equator and N. of Hydra, one of Ptolemy's original 48. Its brightest star is only a little above the fourth mag-waldsen; his statue of "America" occupies the summit of nitude. The constellation lies between Leo, Virgo, Corvus, Hydra, and Sextans. Crater'iform, in botanical phraseology, having the form of a cup or goblet. Crat'erus, one of Alexander's generals in Asia who succeeded him and was associated with Antipater in the government of Macedonia; killed 321 B.C. Cra'tes of Thebes, Athenian philosopher, a disciple of Diogenes, 320 B.C. Cratin'us, a Greek comic poet, b. about 519 B.C. Crateriform Flower. Cratip'pus, a peripatetic philosopher, was a native of Mitylene and a contemporary of Cicero. Cra'ven, (ALFRED WINGATE,) b. 1810, d. 1879; was graduated at Columbia Coll. 1829, studied civil engineering, and was largely employed in R.R. construction and management; his most important work was in New York in connection with its sewerage, its supply of Croton water, and the improve the capitol at Washington; b. in New York 1814, d. 1857. Crawford, (WILLIAM HARRIS,) an Amer. statesman, b. in Va. 1772. In 1783 he settled in Columbia Co., Ga., began teaching school, was admitted to the bar 1798, and entered on practice in Lexington. He assisted in compiling the first digest of State laws, was elected to the State Senate 1802, and to the U. S. Senate to fill a vacancy 1807, (fighting two duels during the canvass,) was re-elected for a full term 1811, was chosen Pres. of the Senate pro tem. 1812, and, refusing the secretaryship of war, was appointed minister to France 1813. Two yrs. later he was appointed Sec. of War, and the next yr. became Sec. of the Treasury, and held the latter office till March, 1825. He was urged as a candidate for the Presidency several times, received the nomination 1824, and in the election had 41 electoral votes. No choice for President having been reached, the election was decided in the House of Representatives; but meanwhile C. had been stricken with paralysis, which precluded his effectual candidacy. He d. in 1834. 712 CRAWFORDSVILLE-CRECY. Crawfordsville, a city, cap. of Montgomery Co., Ind., on Sugar Creek and the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago, and the Logansport, Crawfordsville and South-western R.RS., 28 m. S. of Lafayette, 43 m. W.-N.-W. of Indianapolis. It is the seat of Wabash (Presb.) Coll., founded 1832, which has 26 professors, and a library of over 33,000 volumes. It has various churches, a national bank, weekly newspapers, and several carriage and other manufactories; pop. 6,089. Crayer, de, (CASPER,) Flemish painter, b. 1582, d. 1669; for the churches of Ghent he executed 21 altar-pieces. Cray'fish, or Crawfish, a crustacean of the order De Sea Crawfish. capoda. It is esteemed for the table, and is readily attracted by a bait of decaying flesh or animal garbage, which being inclosed in a net or in a bundle of twigs, numbers of C. may be captured at a time. Cray'on. Though used in French, and occasionally in English, to designate pencils generally, including those made of lead, the word C. is more frequently applied, in this country, to those cylinders of charcoal, or of Port-crayon. pipe-clay or chalk, colored with various pigments, which are used for drawing. Cohesiveness is given to the paste of which the cylinders are formed by means of gum, wax, soap, etc. C. drawings are often remarkable for the delicacy and softness with which objects are represented, but they are deficient in power. The holder of the chalk or C. is called a Port-C. Cream, the butyraceous and richer portion of milk, which, being lighter, rises and settles on the surface. Cream of Tartar exists naturally in grape-juice, but being insoluble in alcohol it is gradually deposited in the form of argol, as the sugar of the juice becomes converted into alcohol by fermentation. In the preparation of C. of T. the argol is dissolved in hot water, to which charcoal or fine clay is added, to take up the coloring matter; by boiling and filtering, a clear colorless solution is obtained, from which, on cooling, the C. of T. separates as crystals. Some of the crystals form at the bottom, others form a crust on the top, like cream, whence the name C. of T. Imperial liquid is prepared by dissolving about a dram of C. of T. in a pint of boiling water, and adding a little lemon-peel and sugar to flavor it, when an agreeable refrigerant drink is obtained, which is highly serviceable in allaying thirst in feverish cases. Cream of Tar'tar Tree (Adansonia Gregorii) has a trunk sometimes 70 to 85 ft. in girth, and only 20 to 30 ft. h. It has very soft, juicy wood, from which the thirsty traveler can easily squeeze out a refreshing drink. The fruit is about 6 in. 1., oval in shape, and contains an agreeable acid pulp, tasting like cream of tartar. It grows in the northern part of Australia. Cre'asote, or Kre'asote, is an artificial organic substance, generally obtained tar, from which it is separated by a tedious process. The principal supplies are obtained from Stockholm, Archangel, and this country. In the pure condition C. is a colorless oily liquid, with high refractive powers; but the commercial specimens are generally colored yellow or light brown. It boils at 388° Fahr.; does not readily inflame, but when set fire to burns with a smoky flame. It has a hot burning taste, and is very poisonous to plants and animals. It has a great power of coagulating albumen; and hence may be employed with advantage in toothache; a drop placed on the exposed nerve coagulates the albuminous tissue, and destroys its vitality and sense of pain. The most important property possessed by C., however, is its antiseptic or preserving power over vegetable and animal organs and structures. Crea'sy, (SIR EDWARD S.,) an Eng. historian, b. 1812, d. 1878; he was Chief-Justice of Ceylon 1860. Cre'atine, or Kre'atine, (Gr. kreas, "flesh,") was discovered in 1835 by Chevreul, but little was known about it till Liebig published his Researches on the Chemistry of Food in 1847. C. forms transparent, glistening crystals, belonging to the clinorhombic system, and usually occurring in groups, the character of which is exactly similar to that of sugar of lead. Although usually grouped among the basic bodies, it is neutral in its reaction. It dissolves in 74.4 parts of cold water, and in boiling water in such quantity that the solution on cooling solidifies into a mass of delicate needles. Creat'inine, alkaloid existing in animal flesh and in urine; one of the products of the destruction of tissue. Crébillon, de, (PROSPER JOLYOT,) a Fr. dramatist, b. at Dijon 1674, d. 1762. Crécy, or Cressy, a small town of France, in the Dept. of Somme. C. is chiefly celebrated on account of the brilliant victory obtained here, 1346, by Edward III. of England. In Cream of Tartar Tree, Australia. from the products of the destructive distillation of wood. It this battle the Black Prince, who greatly distinguished himis procured incidentally as one of the constituents of wood- self, gained his spurs, and the crest of the slain Bohemian |