CREDENCE TABLE-CREMATION. king, composed of three ostrich feathers, with the motto, Ich Dien, "I serve," was adopted by him in memory of the victory, and still continues to be worn by the Prince of Wales, C. is an ancient place, but its pop. is only about 1,500. Cre'dence Table, a small table beside the altar or communion-table, on which the bread and wine are laid before being consecrated. Archbishop Laud was a great stickler for the C., and pleaded the authority of Bishop Andrews and other bishops for its use. There are Cs. in many Anglican and P. E. churches. The setting up of Cs., or side-altars, is one of those restitutions of old usages which marked the Puseyite or Ritualistic or High Church movement. Cre'di, di, (LORENZO,) an Ital. painter, fellow-worker with Leonardo; b. 1452, d. 1537. Cred'it, in Political Economy, is one of the many terms used in that science, of which it is said that we yet possess no scientific definition. This is the less to be regretted, as the practical meaning of the word is thoroughly known, so as to enable every one to understand what is meant when economists speak of the extent to which C. is safe or proper, unsafe or improper, in this or that class of cases. We have come, perhaps, thus far toward an exact scientific notion of the nature of C., that while it serves the purpose of capital it can only do so while there is capital ready to come and take its place if necessary. Cs. which are not in this position—| though they may happen to serve their turn, as a ship may sail some distance unwrecked without a steersman-do not accomplish the purpose of capital. The real power of C., properly resting on capital, is that it enables that capital to be devoted to more than one purpose. A bank is a great emporium of C.; that is to say, it consists of a certain amount of capital, which can be operated on by a whole community -not all at one time, but by individuals as occasion requires. Cred'it Fon'cier, a peculiar method of borrowing money in France on the security of landed property. It was established by an edict of the 28th of Feb., 1852. Its peculiarity is that the repayment of the loan is by an annuity terminable at a certain date; the date and amount of annuity being so calculated that when the last payment is made the loan and the interest on it will be extinguished. Another method of describing it is as a loan repayable by installments. The transaction is precisely regulated by an edict, which prohibits an advance on more than a half of the value of the property pledged or hypothecated. Three separate companies were established by the French government, with the privilege of making such advances. Cred'it, Let'ter of. This is the term applied to accounts usually in the form of a letter, addressed by one party to another, whereby the former requests the latter to pay a sum therein specified to the bearer of the letter, or some other third party named in it, and authorizes him to reimburse himself for such payment, either by debiting it in account between the parties, or by drawing on the first party for the amount. This arrangement may take place between merchants or others, but in general it occurs between bankers residing in different places, and is designed for enabling a traveler, who has money lodged at places far distant, to obtain the use of it wherever he may be at the time. Cred'it Mobilier of America, The, was chartered for a general loan and corporation business 1859, and reorganized 1864 to secure the shareholders of the Union Pacific R.R. from pecuniary liability in case of failure. The honesty of its management was questioned and investigated by Congress 1872-73. See MOBILIER. Cre'do, (Lat. "I believe,") a part of the service of the mass, beginning with the words, Credo in unum Deum. Creede, a mining town in the S.-W. of Saguache Co., Colo., in the midst of silver mines of surprising richness; it was founded in 1890, and has a pop. of about 1,000; in 1892 it was nearly destroyed by fire, but was speedily rebuilt. Creed'moor, the most complete rifle-range in the U. S., is situated in Queens Co., N. Y.; supported and patronized chiefly by the national guardsmen of New York and Brooklyn. Creeds and Confessions are the names given to the authorized expressions of the doctrine of the Church at large, or of the several main sections into which it is divided. Such statements of doctrine sprang up naturally in the course of the Church's progress. As the simple truths taught by Christ in an unreflective and mostly concrete form became the subjects of thought, of argument, of controversy, they could not fail to receive a more defined intellectual expression, and to be drawn out into more precise dogmatic statements. Men's minds could not be exercised on subjects of such vast importance to them without this result; and the 713 great creeds as they rise in succession before us, and mark the climax of successive controversial epochs in the Church, are nothing else than the varying expressions of the Christian consciousness and reason in their efforts more completely to realize, comprehend, and express the originally simple elements of truth as they are recorded in Scripture. What has been called the Apostles' Creed is the earliest form of Christian creed that exists, unless we give precedence to the baptismal formula at the end of St. Matthew's Gospel, out of which many suppose the Apostles' Creed to have grown. The Nicene, or rather the Niceno-Constantinopolitan, Creed, is the next great expression of doctrinal truth. The next remarkable monument of doctrinal truth in the Church is what is called the Athanasian Creed. The Decrees of Trent are the fixed authoritative symbol of confession of faith in the Church of Rome. Of the Protestant churches, the most notable confessions of faith are the Lutheran, the Continental Calvinistic, or Reformed, the Anglican, or Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, and the Puritan, or Westminster Confession of Faith. Creek In'dians, or Muskogees, a tribe of Indians of Ala. who were subdued by Gen. Jackson 1814; ceded their lands and removed to Indian Ter. 1832. They number 12,295. Creep'er, (Certhia,) a genus of birds, the type of the family Certhiide; having a long, slender, arched, and pointed bill; a long, narrow, sharp-pointed tongue, jagged near the tip; the tail rather long, and the tips of the tail-feathers firm and pointed, extending beyond the webs. The feet are rather slen. der; the hinder toe about as long as the other toes. Of this conformation of feet and tail great use is made in climbing trees, the stiff feathers of the tail being employed for support. Creeps, a miner's term for the depression which takes place on the surface from the removal of beds of coal be neath. Masses of coal-seam, like huge pillars, are left by the miners for the support of the superincumbent strata; the pressure, however, is so great that in course of time the ceil ing gradually sinks, or, as is more frequently the case, because of the ceiling consisting of hard rock, the softer shale pavement rises, until the intervening spaces between the pillars, left by the removal of the coal, are filled up. A consequent depression takes place in the beds above, as also an alteration of the surface-level. Cree'ry, (WILLIAM R.,) an Amer. educator, b. 1824, d. 1875; Prof. of Belles-lettres in City Coll., Baltimore; Pres. of Lutherville Female Seminary; sometime Superintendent of Public Instruction in Baltimore. Cre'ma, a town of northern Italy. It suffered much during the wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. C. is well built, is surrounded by a wall and ditch, has an old castle and cathedral, and manufactures of silk and lace; pop. 8,251. Crema'tion, (Lat. cremationem, "consuming by fire," from cremo, "I burn,") the burning of the dead. C. was a very early and wide-spread usage of antiquity. The early Aryans, as opposed to the non-Aryan aborigines of India, Greeks, Romans, Slavs, Celts, and Germans, burned their dead, so that C. may be regarded as the universal custom of the Indo-European races. (See also 1 Sam. xxxi, 12.) The graves of Europe throughout the "bronze age" contain only jars with ashes. It was Christianity that gradually sup pressed C. In India it is still a usual method of disposing of corpses, and is practiced by numerous uncivilized peoples of Asia and Am. A return to the practice has been strongly insisted on in Europe and Am. by many in recent yrs. This is opposed mainly upon grounds of sentiment, and for religious reasons, connected, though very vaguely, with the belief in the resurrection of the dead. Advocates of C. assert that these are prejudices founded on misapprehension, and that the question is solely a sanitary one, inasmuch as burning merely produces in two or three hours what putrefaction accomplishes through a long period. The damage to the health of those who live near church-yards and cemeteries from the exhalations of noxious gases and the poisoning of water supplies is an indisputable fact, and is in many cases quite inevitable. By burning the body is reduced more swiftly to its constituent elements, without disrespect to the dead or hurt to the living. As for interference with the resurrection, which is the object of Christian faith, reference is made to the burning at the stake of eminent saints and martyrs, e. g., Polycarp, Huss, Latimer, Ridley, and multitudes of others. Recent History.-Since 1876 C. has made notable progress, and the movement has attained its final stage, in which the legality of this method of disposing of the dead is admitted; and, the stimulating effect of opposition or novelty being no longer felt, the extent of its practice (nowhere general) is determined by local conditions and personal preferences. In 1878 the Cremation Society of England purchased an acre of land in a secluded part of the parish of Woking, in Surrey, and there erected a crematory after the system of Prof. Gorini. The receiver is a flat-bottomed chamber, open at each end, one end communicating with the upper part of the furnace, the other with the lower part of the chimney. The furnace, which discharges its heat into the receiver, is sufficiently spacious to produce the necessary heat by means of wood fuel only, and the chimney is of sufficient sectional area to remove the products of combustion from the receiver as well as the furnace, and is high enough to permit the draught to keep above the gases pervading the receiver, and prevent any dispersion of heat or smoke through the apertures around the receiver or C. chamber. A grating is placed near the base of the chimney, on which a fire of coke is kindled; thus the products of animal combustion which issue, still highly heated, from the receiver, are subjected to a higher temperature in passing through the burning coke, and such organic matter as may have resisted or escaped the first combustion is destroyed by fectly white and without odor. Bodies have been sent to Gotha from different parts of Germany, from Russia, from England, and even from Am. Elsewhere upon the continent the C. movement is in a yet earlier stage. France has a society under the presidency of M. Koechlin-Schwartz, with some 400 members, among them several very eminent men. C. has been legalized in at least some cantons of Switzerland, which possess several vigorous societies, notably that of Zurich. Though in Austria the government has treated the representations of the advocates of incineration with official neglect, the sanitary authorities of Buda-Pesth have declared in favor of legalizing C. In Denmark, Copenhagen possesses a large and powerful society, which expects, by undertaking to cremate bodies at a cost of $2, or less, to popularize the practice, inhumation being excessively expensive. Interest in C. in Am. dates from 1874. The movement was energetically taken up and carried on by Dr. F. Julius LeMoyne, of Washington, Pa., who constructed at his own expense the first furnace for C. built in the U. S. The first incineration conducted at this furnace took place Dec. 6, 1876, when the body of Joseph Henry Louis Charles, Baron de Palm, the second, and mixes harmlessly with the atmosphere. This description applies equally to other crematories, the essential principles being similar in all. Experiments have shown that C. is possible by this system without offense to any sense. On the 8th and 9th of Oct., 1882, the bodies of the wife of Capt. Hanham and of his mother, Lady Hanham, wife of the late Sir James Hanham, Bart., of Dean's Court, Dorset, were cremated at Woking. Upon the continent of Europe C. has advanced much more rapidly. The Hygienic Congress, which met at Geneva in 1882, approved the practice, especially in the case of serious epidemics. Italy leads in the movement. There are in that kingdom 22 organized C. societies, with about 5,000 subscribing members, and five "propagating commissions." No opposition has been offered to the practice by the Catholic or Protestant clergy, and it is likely to grow in popularity on account of its economy and greater decency as compared with inhumation in the Italian cities. Germany ranks next to Italy. Up to the present several hundred bodies have been burned at Gotha, where a crematory was erected in Dec., 1878, at a total cost of $22,000. According to the report of Consul Wharton, the charge for C. is $37.50. The bodies are placed in zinc boxes and rolled upon trucks into the "oven," where air heated to 1,400° Fahr. is employed. Nine hours of preliminary preparation are necessary, and two hours elapse ere the ashes are collected, the average weight of the residuum being 4 lbs. in the case of a woman, and 6 in that of a man. The ashes are delivered from the furnace (an economical modification of the system of Dr. Siemens, of London) per was burned in accordance with the express provisions of his will. The direct cost of the process was $7.04, 40 bushels of coke being employed as fuel. The United States Cremation Company, (Limited,) incorporated 1882, has erected a crematory at Mount Olivet, Fresh Pond, Long Island, just beyond the corporate limits of Brooklyn; a St. Louis society has one in the suburbs of that city, and there are nine others in the U. S. There is also the New York Cremation Society, which has for its object the encouragement of C., and the association of persons favoring the same, who pay an annual fee, in consideration of which the society provides for and pays the expense of their incineration. The earliest C. in the U. S. was that of Henry Laurens, of Charleston, S. C., Dec. 8, 1792, who directed his executor to dispose of his body in that manner, and for which purpose was constructed a funeral pyre. Mr. Laurens was the presi dent of the Continental Congress during 1777 and 1778, and was a trusted friend of Washington. He was also one of the peace commissioners with Franklin and Jay, and with them went to Paris on this mission in 1782. From this first C. until the building of the LeMoyne Crematory at Washington, Pa., there are records of the burning of eight persons. Cremation, by an Eye-witness, describes the process as follows: "As the door of the retort is opened the inrushing air cools it from white to red heat, and the whole interior is filled with a beautiful rosy light that is fascinating to the eye. The body, decently clad as for burial, is laid in a crib, which is covered with a clean white sheet soaked in alum. The crib is then put into the retort. The sheet retains CREMONA-CRESTED. its original position and conceals the form until nothing but the bones are left-and these gently crumble into dust, as under the mystic touch of an invisible agent. The process might be called the spiritualization, or the etherealization, of the body. There is nothing repulsive nor painful about it. There is nothing which need shock the most refined tastes, nor offend the most delicate sensibilities." C. would effectually prevent the horrors of resuscitation after burial. The disinterred bodies that have been found contorted and in attitudes of distress show too truly that burial alive is by no means an impossible occurrence, and scarcely a year goes by that the newspapers do not narrate how some unfortunate has been prepared for burial and has then given signs of life. Three fearful cases were brought to light in this country within a single month. While C. as hopelessly as burial bars the possibility of any return to active life, it nevertheless prevents the personal agony of even a temporary return to consciousness, too appalling in its terror to be dwelt on. C., say its advocates, is simply a solution of the question as to the best method of resolving the human body into its constituent elements without injury to the living, with decorum, and in obedience to the laws of nature. It is a scientific, pure process, that takes 50 minutes to accomplish that which nature does in many months. It has been called a heathen practice, but in fact only a small percentage of the heathen burn the body. More of them bury. Again, the utterly irrelevant question of resurrection is brought forward, to which it is replied, first, that any power that can call again to life the particles of a body that have been washed by the ocean currents to the four quarters of the sea, or that have been devoured by wild beasts or earth-worms or moles, or inextricably mixed up by the shovel or plow-share with those of an army of comrades, can surely also call together particles dispersed in any way whatever; and secondly, of all possible methods, C. peculiarly makes resurrection the most easy, for it leaves in a condensed form, indestructible and inalterable, every atom of the human frame which can withstand decomposition. Cremo'na, an important town of northern Italy, situated on the N. bank of the Po, which is crossed at this point by a bridge. A canal uniting the Oglio and the Po passes through the city, and the latter river is navigable for large boats from this point to the sea; pop. 33,000. C. is the cap. of a province of the same name, which has an extent of 695 sq. m.; pop. 305,557. Crenelle, sometimes used for a battlement, but more frequently for the embrasures in a battlement. The adjective Crenelated is in frequent use to describe the state of being indented or battlemented. Crenelated Molding. Cren'ic Ac'id is one of the constituents of vegetable mold, and is produced wherever leaves and other plant matter are decaying, especially in peat-bogs and marshes. Cre'ole is a word used in speaking of the inhabitants of S. Am. and the West Indies. In its widest sense it designates any individuals born in the country, but of a race not native to it. It is usually applied, however, to persons born in the colony or country, and of pure European blood, as distinguished from immigrant Europeans, and also from the offspring of mixed blood. In the British West Indies the term C. Negro is applied to those of the race born there as distinguished from those imported from Africa. This use of the term has produced the impression, entirely erroneous, that the term C. implies a greater or less admixture of Negro blood. Crescen'do, in Mus., means a gradual increasing of sound, or changing from piano to forte and fortissimo. The swell of an organ, when well-constructed, produces a perfect C. 715 very appropriate one in our day. It was, however, the emblem of the Greek before it became that of the Turkish rule; and at the present day is frequently to be seen on churches in Moscow and elsewhere in Russia, generally surmounted with the cross, marking the Byzantine origin of the Russian Church. Cres'cent, in Her., is used both as a bearing or charge, and as a difference or mark of cadency. In the latter case it designates the second son and those that descend from him. Crescent. Cres'cent, Turk'ish Or'der of the. In 1799, after the battle of Aboukir, the Sultan Selim III. testified his gratitude to Nelson by sending him a crescent richly adorned with diamonds. It was not intended as an order, but Nelson wore it on his coat, and on several occasions called himself a "knight of the crescent." Selim was flattered by the value which the English admiral, already decorated with so many orders, seemed to attach to his gift, and it was this circumstance which determined him, in 1801, to found the Order of the Crescent. Mohammedans being forbidden in the Koran to carry such marks of distinction, the order is only conferred on Christians who have done serv ice to the state. The second person on whom it was conferred was Gen. Sebastiani, for his defense of Constantinople against the English fleet in 1807. There was an old Order of the Crescent instituted at Angiers by René, Duke of Anjou, brother and heir of Louis III., King of Naples, in 1464. Like many other orders founded by the smaller sovereigns, this one did not survive the founder. Crescenʼzi, de, (PIETRO,) an Ital. senator and writer, b. at Bologna 1230, d. 1307. Cre'sol, a compound derived from coal-tar by distillation, (fractional.) It combines with alkalies, refracts light strongly, boils at 397°, and is used as a disinfectant. Cress, a name given to many plants, of which the foliage has a pungent, mustard-like taste, and is used as a salad. The common C., or garden C., (L. Sativum,) is an annual, a native of the East, frequently cultivated in our gardens, and used in a young state as a salad, being easily procured in a few weeks from the time of sowing, and, by the aid of a little artificial heat, even in winter. There is an esteemed variety with curled leaves. Like most of the other plants of similar pungent taste, particularly those of the order Crucifera, the garden C. is powerfully antiscorbutic. Cres'set, (Fr. croisette, diminutive of croix, "cross,") a name given to a beacon or torch. The name owes its origin to the fact that formerly beacons were surmounted by Crest. Crest. Though popularly regarded as the most important feature in heraldic emblems, the C., in the eyes of heralds, is an external adjunct to the shield, without which the bearing is complete, and which may consequently be altered without materially affecting its significance. Occupying Cres'cent, (Lat. crescens, "increasing,") a figure of the the highest place on the helmet, it is shape of the new or old moon. It doubtless takes its name from the new moon, which is increasing or growing wider all the time up to full moon. The inferior planets Mercury and Venus go through the same phases as the moon, being of a C. shape when in the parts of their orbits where they are nearer to us than the sun is. A representation of the C. with the horns turned upward is often used as an emblem of progress and success. It is generally spoken of as "the arms" of the Turkish Empire, but is more properly the emblem of the empire and people-not a C Crescent. the member of the bearing by which Creste, in Arch., an ornamental finishing, either carved in stone or of tiles, running along the top of a wall or the ridge of a roof. Crest'ed, in Her., when a cock or other bird has its comb of a different tincture from its body it is said to be C. of such a tincture, naming the tincture. Crest line, village of Crawford Co., O.; pop. 2,911; intersected by several R.Rs., and with thriving manufactures. Cres'ton, a city of Union Co., Ia., on the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy R.R., 52 m. E. of Red Oak, 115 W. of Ottumwa, 190 W. of Burlington. It has several banks, churches, a graded school, newspapers, wagon factories, and large R.R. machine-shops and car-works; pop. 7,200. Cres'wick, (THOMAS, R.A.,) one of the most popular of recent Eng. landscape painters; b. at Sheffield 1811, d. 1869. Cres'well, (JOHN A. J.,) an Am. legislator, b. in Md. 1828; U. S. senator 1865; Postmaster-Gen. U. S. 1869; d. 1891. Cre'ta, chalk, native and precipitated carbonate of lime. Used as an absorbent locally; used internally as an antacid; dose 10 to 60 grains. A very familiar form in which it is given is "chalk mixture," which consists of prepared chalk, (four parts,) powdered gum arabic, (two parts,) glycerine, (four parts,) cinnamon water and water, (of each 32 parts;) dose one to four table-spoonfuls. Cretaceous Group, or Chalk Forma'tion, the upper strata of the secondary series, immediately below the tertiary beds, and resting on the oolite. This group is separated from the eocene tertiary beds by a change in rocks and fossils. Crete, a large and celebrated island of the Mediterranean. See CANDIA. Crete, a town of Saline Co., Neb., on the Big Blue River, and on the Burlington and Missouri R.R.; pop. 2,310. Cré'tin, (JOSEPH, D.D.,) b. in France 1800; came to the U. S. 1838; R. C. priest at Dubuque, Ia., 1839; appointed Bishop of St. Paul 1851; d. 1857. Cre'tinism, (Fr. crétin, an idiot of the Alps, and this again probably from Chrétien, “a Christian,") one who, from his state of fatuity, could not sin, and was viewed with some degree of religious respect. The name of C. is now applied in a more general sense to idiocy or defective mental development. C. is very often found in connection with goiter, in the Alpine valleys of Switzerland and Italy, and in India and China. In Europe it is rarely met with at a higher elevation than 3,000 ft., and haunts chiefly the valleys surrounded by high and steep walls of rock, which exclude the light and limit the free circulation of air. Creuse, a river and a dept. of the center of France. The dept. has a pop. of 284,660. The streams, with the exception of the C., are insignificant. Creuzer, (GEORG FRIEDRICH,) a Ger. philosopher, was b. at Marburg 1771. In 1802 he was appointed a professor at Marburg, and in 1804 obtained the chair of philology and history at Heidelberg, which he occupied for 44 yrs. ; d. 1858. Creuzot, Le, a town of France, Dept. of Saone-et-Loire, 12 m. S.-S.-E. of Autun. C. has of late increased rapidly in size and importance; pop. 17,703. Crevasse', a fissure in a glacier, or a breach in a dike or river embankment. Crib'-biting is a bad habit met with especially in the lighter breeds of horses and those spending a considerable amount of leisure in the stable. The act consists in the animal seizing with his teeth the manger, rack, or any other such object, and taking in at the same time a deep inspiration, technically called wind-sucking. C. springs often from idle play, and may be first indulged in during grooming, especially if the operation is conducted in the stall, and the animal be needlessly teased or tickled; it is occasionally learned, apparently, by imitation from a neighbor; in the first instance it is frequently a symptom of some form of indigestion. Its indulgence may be suspected where the outer margins of the front teeth are worn and rugged, and will soon be proved by turning the animal loose where he can find suitable objects to lay hold of. It usually interferes with thriving and condition, and leads to attacks of indigestion. It can be prevented only by the use of a muzzle or throat-strap; but in those newly acquired cases resulting from gastric derangement, means must further be taken to remove the acidity or other such disorder. 66 Crichton, (JAMES,) surnamed "the Admirable," was a native of Scotland, b. about 1560. He was educated at St. Andrew's University. Before he reached his 20th yr. he had, it seems, run through the whole circle of the sciences," mastered 10 different languages, and perfected himself in every knightly accomplishment. Thus panoplied in a suit of intellectual armor, C. rode out into the world of letters, and challenged all and sundry to a learned encounter. If we can believe his biographers, the stripling left every adversary who entered the lists against him hors de combat. At Paris, Rome, Venice, Padua, Mantua, he achieved the most extraordinary victories in disputation on all branches of human knowledge, and excited universal amazement and applause. The beauty of his person and the elegance of his manners also made him a great favorite with the fair; while, as if to leave no excellence unattained, he vanquished, in a duel, the most famous gladiator in Europe. The Duke of Mantua, in whose city this perilous feat was performed, appointed him preceptor to his son, Vincentio di Gonzago, a dissolute and profligate youth. One night, during the carnival, C. was attacked in the streets of Mantua by half-a-dozen people in masks. He pushed them so hard that their leader pulled off his mask, and disclosed the features of the prince. With an excess of loyalty, which proved his death, C. threw himself upon his knees, and begged Vincentio's pardon, at the same time presenting him with his sword. The heartless wretch plunged it into the body of his tutor. Thus perished, in the 22d yr. of his age, "the Admirable C." Crick'et, a well-known game, played in Great Britain and Am., Australia and India, the players being arranged in two contesting parties, is of very ancient date. The author of The Cricket Field-one of the best manuals on the subject Creve'cœur, ("heart-breaker,") the name of a Dutch-believes it to be identical with "Club-ball," a game played port in the prov. of North Brabant, on the left bank of the Meuse, where this river receives the Dieze, about 4 m. N.-N.-W. of Bois-le-Duc. It figures somewhat prominently in the wars of the Dutch and Spaniards. Crew, of a ship, is a collective name for all the persons employed therein, but usually limited to designate petty officers and seamen only. In most men-of-war the entire C. are divided into five groups: (1) Commissioned and warrant officers; (2) chief petty officers; (3) first-class working petty officers; (4) second-class working petty officers; (5) able seamen, ordinary seamen, landsmen, and boys. In the very largest war steamers now afloat there are upward of 152 different ranks, grades, or offices among the C., excluding officers and marines. Crewe, a town in the S. of Cheshire, Eng., forming a central station of five important railways, to which it owes its present importance; pop. 17,810, chiefly employed in the railway stations, and in the manufacturing of railway carriages and locomotives. About the yr. 1840 there were only two or three houses where C. now stands. The London and North-western Railway Company erected a handsome church and a large mechanics' institute containing an assembly room. Cribbage, a game with cards, played by two, three, or four persons, the whole pack being used. When three are engaged, each plays for himself; when four, they take sides. The scores accrue in consequence of certain combinations in play," "hand," and "crib," for an account of which see any treatise on the game. The number of cards dealt is usually five or six, the mode of playing the game varying slightly with the number of cards used. The points are scored on a board with holes for pegs. 66 in the 14th c.; it went originally by the name of "handyn and handoute." When first known as "C.," it was played with two wickets only 12 in. h., but by way of compensation full 2 ft. apart, while between them was a hole as big as a basin, scooped in the ground, which answered somewhat the same purpose as the "home-plate" in base-ball, for if the wicket-keeper succeeded in putting the ball in it while the batter was making a run, or otherwise out of his ground, the unlucky batter was "out." After a while a third stump 2 ft. in 1. was laid across the other two as a target for the bowler, and in 1780 the width between the wickets was reduced to 6 in. Next yr. the third stump was stuck in the ground beside the others, instead of on top of them, and their h. increased to 22 in. Finally, about 1817, the wickets were made 27 in. h. and 8 in. w., and two small sticks, called "bails," were laid on top of them, and since then no further changes have been made. The bat has gone through some changes too. Previous to 1745 there was no rule as to size, and cautious players went on increasing the width and height of their bats until a certain Mr. White brought matters to a crisis by appearing in a match with a gigantic bat, which completely covered the wicket. Thereupon the rule was made, which still continues in force, that this "mighty scepter of delight," as Felix enthusiastically calls it, should be not more than 38 in. l., nor 44 in. w. Of the length 25 in. are taken up by the blade, and 13 by the handle. There are several kinds of bat, the best being those which have cane and whale-bone handles set in a willow blade, which should, so far as possible, be free from knots or flaws, and have a straight even grain. The present style of ball, with the exception of some very slight modifications, seems to have been in use since C. CRICKET. assumed any thing like its present form. It must not be more than 9 in. in circumference, nor weigh more than 5, nor less than 5, ounces. It is sewn with a treble seam, and has a much thicker cover than a base-ball. C. may be played either single-wicket or double-wicket, but it is now so rarely played in the former manner that we can safely confine our attention to the latter. For a double-wicket match game 11 players on a side are necessary, and after the captains have tossed to settle who shall go to the bat first the loser places his field and the winner sends in two of his surest, safest batters to defend the wickets and to make runs. The disposition of the field depends upon the style of bowling, whether it be fast, medium pace, or slow, and the following diagrams will give a retty clear idea of how the fielders are 717 is the largest number of runs that can be made from a single hit, that being what is allowed when the ball is driven clear out of the grounds. The business of the bowler is to try in every possible way to knock down the wickets in front of which the batsman stands, or else to tempt him into hitting the ball up into the air so that it may be caught on the fly by one of the fielders. Besides being bowled or caught out, a batter may be "run out," i. e., have his wickets knocked down by the ball while he is busy making a run, or he may be "stumped out," which is to have the same thing happen when he incautiously steps out of his ground to hit at an unusually tempting ball. The ball comes to the batter on the first bounce, and the bowler's skill is shown in varying the pitch, speed, and direction of the ball so that the batter may be placed, and what dangers the batsman has to guard against. A distance of 22 yds. separates the wickets, and by this scale the relative positions of the players may be easily estimated. The field having been duly placed, the batsmen having taken their stand with legs carefully protected by pads, and hands by ingenious rubber gloves, the umpire calls "play," and the bowler sends down his first ball. After five balls have been delivered from one wicket the umpire calls "over," and the whole field changes about until the position of the men bears the same relation to the other wicket that it did to the one first bowled against. These "overs" continue to be bowled from alternate ends by different bowlers until the whole 11 players have tried their hand at the bat and been disposed of. Runs are made by the batsman driving the ball far enough away to give him time to change places with the other batter before the ball returns. Each change constitutes a run, and in matches in England it has sometimes happened that one batsman has made over 400 runs in this way. Six Bat. come bewildered and fail to defend his wickets. The best kind of bowling is what is known as a "bowling with a break," the peculiarity of which consists in that the ball after striking the ground does not continue straight on, but swerves sharply to the right or left like a "cut" tennis ball, a kind of bowling, therefore, which bears much the same re lation to the ordinary that "curve pitching" does to the oldfashioned style. It is not easy to acquire, and few have the art in perfection. The great point in batting is to play with a straight bat, i. e., so far as possible to swing the bat at right angles to the ground, the advantage thereby gained being that the wickets are more completely covered, and there is less liability of giving a catch. Next in importance is to play forward, i. e., to meet the ball as far forward as you safely can, and not wait for it to come right upon you. Thirdly, it should be the batter's aim to play low; in other words, to hit as many "grounders" or "daisy-cutters " as possible, for they are harder to field, and give no chance for |