determined upon, etc. DEFAULT, JUDGMENT BY-DEGER. 785 However excellent a marksman the Deflagra'tion is applied to the rapid combustion of deer-stalker may be, and though he may be tolerably conver-ignited charcoal when a nitrate (such as nitrate of potash) sant with the general "lie and bearings" of the ground, he or a chlorate (such as chlorate of potash) is thrown thereon. is almost always accompanied by an experienced guide, upon As chlorates do not occur naturally, it follows that D. with whose cool judgment, keen eye, and thorough knowledge of a natural salt indicates a nitrate; and if the D. be accom every knoll and rock of the "forest" depends greatly his panied by a violet flame it is characteristic of nitrate of pot. chance of obtaining a shot. ash, (ordinary niter or saltpeter;) and if by a strong yellow Default', Judgment by. Where the defendant in a flame it is indicative of nitrate of soda, (cubical niter.) cause has failed to make appearance, or to lodge a sufficient Deflec'tion is, generally, a change of course or line of plea or other pleading in due time, the plaintiff may proceed motion of a moving body. The word D. is also used as to sign J. by D. Where a writ of summons has been specially synonymous with diffraction. Also the depression of the indorsed the plaintiff, on lodging an affidavit of the service, upper surface of a beam below its original level. Also used may immediately sign J. by D., and in eight days from the to describe that variation of a projectile from the absolutely last day for appearance execution may issue against defend-straight line it would pursue were there no disturbing causes, ant. If the writ of summons has not been specially indorsed e. g., wind, etc. the plaintiff must file a declaration, indorsed with a notice to plead in eight days, and at the expiry of that time may, if there be no appearance, sign J. by D. J. by D., for want of a plea, etc., may in like manner be signed on failure of the defendant to deliver a sufficient plea in the prescribed time. J. by D. is not necessarily final. In case of non-appearance it will be set aside on the defendant making affidavit as to the cause of non-appearance, and disclosing a ground of defense on the merits. Defea'sance, Deed of. An instrument which defeats the force or operation of some other deed of estate, and that which in the same deed is called a condition in a separate deed is called a defeasance. Defend'er of the Faith, a title conferred on Henry VIII. by Pope Leo X. as a reward for writing against Martin Luther in 1521. When the king afterward suppressed the religious houses at the Reformation the pope not only recalled the title, but deposed him. The title was afterward confirmed by Parliament, and has ever since been used by the sovereigns of England. The corresponding title in Spain is Most Catholic, and in France was Most Christian King. Deferent, in the ancient Astron., the mean orbit of a planet, which was supposed to carry upon it the epicycle, the center of the epicycle moving along on the circumference of the D. Defi'ance, cap. of Defiance Co., O., on the Maumee River, 50 m. W.-S.-W. of Toledo, and 44 m. E.-N.-E. of Fort Wayne, Ind. It is on the Wabash R.R. and Wabash and Erie Canal, and the Baltimore, Pittsburg and Chicago R. R. passes through it. It has several fine schools, several manufactories, and two weekly newspapers; pop. 7,694. Defi'cient Numbers. A number is said to be deficient whose aliquot parts, or factors, added together, make a sum less than the number itself; thus, 16, whose parts, 1, 2, 4, 8, make together only 15, is a deficient number. Deflux'ion, a discharge from the mucous membrane, espe cially of the air-passages. It is synonymous with catarrh. De Foe, (DANIEL,) b. in London 1661, was the son of James Foe, a leading Dissenter of the day. The prefix De was not added to the family name of Foe by the author until he had reached manhood. In 1682 he began his career as author, publishing a pamphlet which contained strictures upon the clergy of that day. This was followed, in 1683, by another pamphlet, entitled A Treatise against the Turks. In 1685 he took part in the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth, but luckily escaped being punished on its suppression. After this he engaged in trade, but a series of misfortunes finally determined him to forsake it. In 1701 he published his famous satirical poem, The True-born Englishman, which was written in vindication of King William, and in answer to a poem in which he had been attacked, called The Foreigners. This poem proved a wonderful success; 80,000 pirated copies of it were sold on the streets at a trifling price. In 1719 appeared the famous Robinson Crusoe, the most popular of all his works. Its success was immediate. The publisher, who had accepted the book after all the others had refused it, is said to have cleared £1,000 by its publication. De F., in rapid succession, produced his other notable works of fiction, Moll Flanders, (1721,) Journal of the Plague, (1722,) Colonel Jack, (1721,) Adventures of Roxana, (1724,) and the Memoirs of a Cavalier. He d. in 1731. Deforce'ment, in English Law, is an ouster of the free hold. It is the holding of any lands or tenements to which another person has right. In this sense it includes as well an abatement, intrusion, disseizin, or discontinuance, as any other species of wrong whatsoever, whereby he that hath right to the freehold is kept out of possession. But in its strict sense it is only such a detainer of the freehold from him that hath the right of property, but never had any possession under that right, as falls within none of those injuries. Defila'ding is that part of the art of Fortification which Deform'ities. Varieties of bodily form which mar the consists in determining the directions and heights of the external appearance may be congenital or acquired, according lines of rampart, so that the interior may not be commanded as they occur before or after birth. The former class were by the fire of any works which the enemy may raise. D. is considered by the ancients to carry some important meandivided into horizontal and vertical. The object of the first ing in their mysterious shapes, and to show the anger of the is to prevent the lines being commanded in the direction of gods; hence they termed them monsters, from monstrare, their length, or enfiladed, the prolongations of the lines," to show;" and even in later times they were probably therefore, must avoid all points where hostile works could be erected. Vertical D. determines the height of rampart necessary to protect the interior from direct fire. Defile', in Military Language, is the name given to any passage which is of such a nature that it must be traversed by troops only in column with a narrow front. Wherever free lateral movement is obstructed is a D.; and a D. is a "pass' when it cannot be avoided without making a long circuit. Defini'tion is the explanation or statement of the meaning of a word, viz., either the meaning it usually bears, or that which the speaker or writer, for the particular purposes of his discourse, intends to annex to it. To give merely another synonymous name-to say, for instance, that "Man is a human being"-is not commonly considered a D. at all. Names requiring D. mostly imply, or connote, a set of attributes. To define such a name, then, is to enumerate all the attributes connoted by it. Hence, D. is a kind of analysis. If we were to define "Man " as "a rational animal," the D. would be imperfect; for no one would call such beings as Swift's Houyhnhms men, which shows that, in the common acceptation of the word "man," it connotes, among other things, a certain form. D., then, is of the nature of essential propositions; it conveys no information about the object to any one who is aware of the connotation of its name; it is only a statement of all the attributes, the absence of any one of which would make the object cease to be called by that name. believed to be the result of the most hideous unnatural combinations. Modern scientific writers have, however, made them a subject of special study, under the name Teratology, (teras, "monster," and logos, science,") and their researches have shown that D. generally depend on some arrest of development of the fetus, or some accidental position it has got into, or some inflammatory disease which has caused unnatural adhesion of parts. It has been found that in 3,000 births in Paris there occurs about one monster. They generally follow some definite law. D. are more com. mon among domestic than wild animals, among mammalia than birds, and perhaps less common among fishes and the invertebrata. They are, however, in many cases, hereditary, as may be seen in the instances of additional fingers and toes, and of hare-lips. It seems uncertain whether the male or female parent chiefly influences the occurrence of deformity in the offspring. Defreg'ger, (FRANZ,) a genre painter of deserved popu larity, b. at Stronach, Germany, 1835. The subjects of almost all his pictures are drawn from the Tyrolese peasantlife, his few religious pictures having been in the main unsuccessful. Deg ́er, (ERNEST,) b. at Bockenheim 1809, one of the Naz arites, a body of artists bound together by a sort of religious vow, and dedicating their art to religious ends. Overbeck was their leader. D. painted for Count Fürstemberg the frescoes of the Church of St. Apollinaris. D. 1885. 786 DEGERANDO, BARON-DELAFIELD. Degeran'do, Baron, (JOSEPH MARIE,) author and philanthropist, b. at Lyons, France, 1772. D. is better known by his philanthropic than by his philosophic writings. He d. in 1842. Deggendorf, a town of Lower Bavaria, situated on the Danube. There is a remarkable church on the Geiersberg, possessed of a miraculous wafer, and having "doors of grace," which are only opened once in the yr. Many pilgrims (often numbering more than 30,000 annually) flock hither, Pope Innocent VIII. having promised general absolution to all such as visit the church. The pop. of D. numbers 5,452. Degrad'ed, in Her., means placed upon steps or degrees, as in a Cross Calvary. Degree', in a college or university, is a recognition of the student having made a certain step in advance, and having attained, as it were, to a certain resting-place in his academical career. The evidence of a D. is usually called a Diploma. Ds. may be divided into various classes, according to the privileges which they confer. (1) They are either simple certificates of attainment granted by a competent authority, attesting either that the college or the university granting them has ascertained the fact by examination-in which case they are ordinary Ds.-or that the common fame of the individual is such that the learned body conferring the D. is willing to take it for granted, in which case they are honorary Ds. To this class belong our Ds. in arts, and the honorary Ds. of LL.D., D.C.L., and D.D., which are granted by most universities. (2) They are licenses to teach the branch of knowledge with which the holder is certified to be acquainted. To this class belonged all doctors', and probably all masters', Ds. in the universities of the Middle Ages. (3) They are licenses to practice a certain profession or art. Degree', in Mus., is the difference of position or elevation of the notes on the lines and spaces. When notes are on the same line or space they are on the same D., even though one of the notes should be raised by a sharp, or lowered by a flat. When two notes follow diatonically, so that one of them is on a line, and the other on the space adjoining, the interval is of one D. Subtracting one from an interval gives the Ds. which separate the two notes; thus, a third is separated by two Ds. ; a fourth by three, etc. Degree', the name given to the unit of division of various scales or measures. (1) A D. of circular measure is the 360th part of a circumference. (2) One D. of Fahrenheit's thermometric scale is the 180th part of the distance between the melting-point of ice and the boiling-point of water when the atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of a column of mercury 760 millimeters high at the melting-point of ice. One D. of the Centigrade scale is the 100th part of this same distance, and one D. of Reaumur's the 80th part of the same. (3) The French have used quite extensively the 400th part of a circumference as the unit of circular measure. Degree' of Lat ́itude is the space along the meridian through which an observer must pass to alter his latitude by one degree; i. e., in order to see the same star one degree nearer to or farther from the zenith. This space must be found by actual measurement; and owing to the earth being an oblate spheroid, and not a sphere, it varies with the place of observation-the degrees being generally longer toward the poles, where the earth is flatter, and shorter at the equator, where the earth is more curved. If the earth were a sphere, a degree would be exactly a 360th part of the meridian. As it is, the length of a D. of L. depends on the latitude of the place. From a variety of observations conducted at various times and places, from as far back as the time of Eratosthenes, (250 B.C.,) tables have been constructed showing the length of degrees at different latitudes. See LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. Degree of Lon'gitude is the space between two meridians that make an angle of one degree at the poles, measured by the arc of a circle parallel to the equator passing between them. It is clear that this space is greatest at the equator, and vanishes at the poles, and it can be shown that it varies with the cosine of the angle of latitude. See LATITUDE AND Longitude. De Grey and Ripon. See RIPON, MARQUIS OF. De Haas, (MAURICE F. H.,) an eminent Dutch marine painter, b. 1830; artist to the Dutch navy; came to New York in 1859, and there attained a high position as an artist; d. 1895. De Ha'ven, (EDWIN J.,) a naval officer, b. in Philadelphia 1819, d. May 9, 1865. He conducted an expedition sent from New York in search of Sir John Franklin in 1850. Dehis'cent, the act of opening, as in the capsule of a plant. De'i Gra'tiâ (Lat. "by the favor of God") is a formula taken from several apostolic expressions in the N. T. It is believed to have been first formally used by the bishops at the council of Ephesus, 431 A.D. Afterward it came to be appended by archbishops, bishops, abbots, abbesses, deans, monks, and even chaplains, to their titles, in letters, and other documents, as a Dehiscent Silicula. humble expression of dependence on the Most High. After the middle of the 13th c., when the sanction of the pope began to be considered necessary to ecclesiastical offices, the higher clergy wrote Dei et Apostolicae sedis gratiâ, "by the favor of God and the apostolic see." At a later period many of them preferred to write miseratione divinâ, permissione divinâ, and the like; but they still con tinued to be styled by others D. G. Dei'mos and Phob'os, the names respectively of the outer and inner satellites of Mars, discovered by Prof. Asaph Hall in 1877 with the 26-in. equatorial of the Washington Observatory. See MARS, SATELITES OF. De'ism, or The ́ism, properly means belief in a God, as opposed to Atheism. In common language, however, D. is opposed to belief in a revelation; and a Deist is one who holds the existence and providence of God, but grounds his belief on reason and the evidence afforded by the constitution of things, and rejects the testimony of a revelation. The name is often used vaguely, by way of reproach, similarly to "infidel." The term Deists, or Freethinkers, is sometimes used to designate a school or series of writers who appeared in England in the 17th and 18th c., and who aimed at establishing what they called Natural Religion, upon the basis of reason and free inquiry, and then bringing all positive or revealed religion to the test of this. They are looked upon as the precursors of German Rationalism in theology. Dejani'ra, daughter of Eneus, who poisoned the tunic of Hercules with blood of the centaur Nessus, preserved under the impression of its being a love-charm. De Kalb, Baron, (JOHN,) a Bavarian general, b. 1721, d. 1780; entered the French army, and came to Am. with La Fayette, serving under Washington and Gates; wounded in S. C. Dek'ker, (THOMAS,) an Eng. dramatist of some note, b. in the latter part of the 16th c. In company with Ben Jonson he wrote for the Lord Admiral's theater; the two dramatists, however, afterward quarreled; d. about 1638. Recently D. has become better known by the re-issue of a work of his (not a play) called The Gull's Hornbook. De Ko'ven, (JAMES, D.D.,) b. at Middletown, Conn., Sept. 19, 1831; was graduated at Columbia Coll., New York, 1851, and at General Theological Seminary in the same city in 1854; was admitted to the diaconate of the P. E. Church the same yr., and to the priesthood the yr. following; was rector of a church at Delafield, Wis., for five yrs., and became warden of Racine Coll. in the same State 1859; in Feb., 1875, was elected Bishop of Ill., but failed to be confirmed on account of his extreme High Church views. He d. March 19, 1879. Del, (Artocarpus pubescens,) a tree of the genus with the Bread-fruit, indigenous to the forests of Ceylon, and valuable on account of its timber. De la Beche, (SIR HENRY THOMAS,) a well-known geologist, b. near London in 1796; entered the army in 1814; three yrs. after he became a Fellow of the Geological Society, of which he was afterward made secretary, and eventually president in 1847, and in 1853 was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris; d. 1855. Delacroix, (FERDINAND VICTOR EUGENE,) a modern Fr. painter, chief of the "romantic school," b. at CharentonSaint-Maurice, near Paris, 1799. At the age of 18 he entered the atelier of the artist Pierre Guérin. In 1822 his first work, "Dante and Virgil," attracted much attention. The love of color at the expense of accurate drawing, for which D. afterward became conspicuous, is quite visible in it. He made a voyage to Morocco, where he familiarized himself with novel effects of light and costumes. The Paris Exhibition of 1852 contained the results of his artistic expedition. D. also decorated many public buildings and churches. In 1857 he was chosen by the Institute to fill the place of Paul Delaroche, and d. 1863. Del'afield, (EDWARD,) one of the most distinguished sons and physician Astley Cooper and Ab establishment of the Ev ther became professo dans and Surgeons, and the Woman's Hospital, Delafield, (FRANC Tek 1941; Prof. of the Col of Physician Endbook of Post-mo Studies in Pathol Delago'a Bay, The Portuguese have ivory and gold-dust. guese possessions or thoroughfares of the Delalande, (PIE traveler, b. 1787, d. Delambre, (JEA tronomer, b. at Ami and afterward und Tranus, in 1781, ga the attention of the tables of its motion Academy of Scien straction of new tables of the mo pointed by the Fr re of the meridia as completed in f the Academy eneral of educat Gathematical se the chair at th eath of Laland ppointed a me "e is best reme mplete and De Lan'ce in London imes, he wa om, and on story of jo executive al Managemen vas intense, 'a nose for he heartie 856 D. vis mes offic ealth, and ay of his the paper. Delang f the int Je Senate Del'ar $23. Del'a w; ele f Intern cabinet 32,664 97,182 38,647 Dela modern 1797, d. artists a popular history, Death Jane importa |