DELAFIELD-DELAWARE. surgeons and physicians of New York; studied with Sir Astley Cooper and Abernethy in London; assisted in the establishment of the Eye and Ear Infirmary, 1820, and thereafter became professor in and Pres. of the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, and connected with New York Hospital, the Woman's Hospital, and Roosevelt Hospital; b. 1794, d. 1875. Del'afield, (FRANCIS, M.D.,) son of EDWARD D., b. in New York 1841; Prof. of Pathology and Practice of Medicine at the Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, New York; author of Hand-book of Post-mortem Examinations, Physical Diagnosis, and Studies in Pathological Anatomy. Delago'a Bay, an inlet on the S.-E. coast of Africa. The Portuguese have a small fort here, whence they export ivory and gold-dust. In common with most of the Portuguese possessions on this continent, D. B. lies out of the thoroughfares of the world's traffic. Delalande, (PIERRE ANTOINE,) a great Fr. naturalist and traveler, b. 1787, d. 1823. Delambre, (JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH,) an eminent Fr. astronomer, b. at Amiens 1749, and studied first under Delisle, and afterward under Lalande. The discovery of the planet Uranus, in 1781, gave him the first opportunity of attracting the attention of the learned world in general. He formed tables of its motion, which obtained the annual prize of the Academy of Sciences. Soon after he commenced the construction of new solar tables, and, at a still later period, tables of the motions of Jupiter and Saturn. He was appointed by the French government, in 1792, to measure the arc of the meridian between Dunkirk and Barcelona, which was completed in 1799. Afterward he was elected member f the Academy. In 1802 he was appointed inspectoreneral of education, and in 1803 perpetual secretary of the nathematical section of the Institute. In 1807 he obtained the chair at the Coll. de France rendered vacant by the 'eath of Lalande, his master and friend. In 1814 he was appointed a member of the Council of Public Instruction; He is best remembered by astronomers for his exceedingly mplete and valuable work on the History of Astronomy, blished in six large quarto volumes. He d. at Paris 1822. De Lan'cey, (JAMES,) born in New York, of French desent; educated in England; returned to New York, and was lieutenant-governor; one of the founders of King's (Columbia) Coll.; b. 1703, d. 1760. De Lan'cey, (WILLIAM HEATHCOTE, D.D., LL.D., D.C.L., (xon.,) P. E. Bishop of Western N. Y. 1839; b. 1797, d. 1865. Delane, (JOHN THADDEUS,) editor of the Times newspaper, . in London in 1815. His father being manager of the imes, he was at a very early age introduced into the editor's om, and on the death of Mr. Barnes, in 1841, succeeded the direction. Under his editorship the Times obtained a odigious circulation and an influence unparalleled in the h.story of journalism. He was an indefatigable student, an complished scholar, a perspicuous and solid writer. His executive ability was conspicuous both for quality and antity, and shone with especial brilliancy during his arignment of the English government for the military mismanagement of the Crimean War. His personal magnetism vas intense, and he possessed not only what has been called a nose for news," but also the ability to find and to enlist he heartiest services of other men similarly endowed. In 856 D. visited the U. S. In 1875 he was retired from the Times office at his own request, on account of continued illealth, and with a very liberal pension; but almost to the ay of his death his influence was apparent in the columns of the paper. He d. Nov. 24, 1879. Delangle, (CLAUDE A.,) Fr. statesman, sometime minister f the interior; minister of justice in 1863; Vice-Pres. of e Senate; b. 1797, d. 1869. Del'ano, (AMASA,) a great Amer. traveler, b. 1763, d. 823. Del'ano, (COLUMBUS,) lawyer, b. in Vt. 1809; practiced aw; elected member of Congress 1844; U. S. Commissioner f Internal Revenue 1869, and Sec. of Interior in Gen. Grant's cabinet 1870. Delaroche, (PAUL,) an historical painter, the head of the modern "Eclectic" school of art in France; b. at Paris in 1797, d. 1856. Although as a painter D. has lost ground with artists and amateurs, he still retains much of his general popularity. He drew many of his subjects from English history, and they are usually of a somber character-"The Death of the Princes in the Tower," "The Death of Lady Jane Grey," "The Death of Queen Elizabeth." His most important work is the "Hémicycle of the Beaux-Arts," a 787 painting covering the semicircular wall of the hall in the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, where the annual prizes are distributed. It represents Fame in the presence of all the great artists of the world distributing wreaths to youthful aspirants. De la Rue, (WARREN, Ph.D., F.R.S.,) a wealthy Eng. manufacturer and noted amateur astronomer, b. 1815, d. 1889. His attention was first attracted to astronomical photography by the exhibition, in London, of a small photograph of the moon taken by Bond, of Cambridge, Mass., with the 15-in. equatorial of the Harvard Coll. Observatory. His subsequent researches in this direction were so thorough and complete that he was called the father of lunar and solar photography. In 1873 his excellent photographic reflector was presented to the observatory of the University of Oxford, and a yr. or two before his death he endowed that institution with the necessary funds for the construction of a photographic refractor with which to take part in the international photographic survey of the heavens. See PHOTOGRAPHY, ASTRONOMICAL. Dela'tors, a class of men under the Roman emperors who gained a livelihood by giving information against others. Delaunay, (CHARLES EUGENE, F.R.S.L.,) celebrated Fr. astronomer, b. 1816; a pupil and afterward a professor in L'Ecole des Mines, and at the time of his death (by drowning at Cherbourg) in 1872 director of the Paris Observatory. He was one of the most thorough and successful investigators of the LUNAR THEORY, (q. v.) Delavan', (EDWARD C.,) editor and total abstinence orator; erected the Delavan House in Albany, and carried it on according to temperance principles; b. 1793, d. 1871. Delavigne, (JEAN FRANÇOIS CASIMIR,) a Fr. poet and dramatic writer, b. at Havre 1793, d. 1843. Del'aware, a name of Indian origin very common in the U. S., indicating a river, a bay, and a State, besides counties and less important localities. (1) The River D. rises in N. Y. on the W. slope of the Catskill Mountains, commonly reckoned a portion of the Appalachians or Alleghanies; and, in a generally southerly direction, it divides N. Y. and N. J. from Pa. and the State of its own name, forcing its way through the great chain above designated between almost perpendicular crags of more than 1,000 ft. in h., and gradually expanding into a broad estuary. With a course of fully 300 m., it is navigable for large ships to Philadelphia, and for steam-vessels to the head of tidewater at Trenton. The D. is connected by one canal with the Chesapeake, and by two others with the Hudson; and along the right side of the stream runs a similar work for. 60 m., from Easton to Bristol. (2) D. Bay-the estuary of the rivermeasures about 60 m. in l.; the greatest w. being 30 m. It has N. J. on the left and Del. on the right, its entrance being between Cape May and Cape Henlopen. Arms of Delaware. Del'aware, called from its small size and important position the "Diamond State," has an area of only 2,120 sq. m., and lies between the parallels of 38° 28' and 39° 50', and between the meridian of 75° and 75° 46' W. long. from Greenwich, being 96 m. I. from N. to S., and varying from 9 to 37 m. in w. It is also called the "Blue-Hen State," because Capt. Caldwell of the 1st D. Regiment said, in speaking of it, that no fighting-cock could be true game unless its mother was a blue hen. The name D. is derived from Lord Delaware, Gov. of Va., who entered by the bay in 1610. The pop. of the State is 168,493, a little over one fifth being colored. There are 421 public schools, two colleges, a State institution, and a M. E. female college. There are 252 public libraries, and 20 periodicals having a circulation of 20,860. D. contains 267 churches, with property valued at $1,823,950, of which by far the greater number are in the hands of the Methodists. There are but three counties in the State, and the principal towns are Wilmington, on Brandywine Creek, the most important city; Dover, the cap., and New Castle, Smyrna, North Milford, Seaford, Lewes, Laurel, Delaware City, South Milford, and Georgetown. The counties are divided into "hundreds," which answer to townships in other States. The commerce of the State has, until quite recently, been conducted through Baltimore and Philadelphia; it consists mainly in shipping its agricultural and manufacturing products to other States, and the extensive interest in ship-building, lately developed, has tended to increase GOVERNORS OF DELAWARE. commercial activity. There are 11 national banks, four fire government in relation to the amendments to the Constituinsurance and one life insurance company; 13 different lines tion and Negro suffrage. of R.Rs. pass through the State, and a ship canal, connecting Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, is in process of construction. Manufactures and mines engross the larger part of the State industry, the most important divisions of the former being iron, flour, leather, machinery, R.R. cars, carriages, tobacco, woolen, cotton, and paper goods, powder, chemicals, boots and shoes. There are no mountains in the State, though toward the N. the country is pleasantly rolling, but S. of New Castle is a dead level except where a sandy ridge not more than 70 ft. h. runs S. through the peninsula. The Chester, Elk, and other rivers with their affluents drain the marshes into Chesapeake Bay, and the Brandywine, Broadkill, Indian, and a number of other creeks and rivers empty either into the Delaware or the Atlantic. Delaware Bay, rather an estuary than a bay, lies for more than half its course along the E. shore of the State. The soil for 10 m. inward is a rich clayey loam, but S. of this it is sandy and needs constant fertilizing. Bog-iron ore is found in all the swamps. Fruit is the chief agricultural product. Peaches, pears, and Joshua Clayton, 1789-96. Charles Polk, 1837-39. Del'aware, the cap. of Delaware Co., O., on the Whetstone River. Contains the Ohio Wesleyan Female Coll., and Del'aware, or Delawarr', Lord, (THOMAS WEST,) Gov. of Va. in colonial times, 1609-18; d. 1618. The State of Del. is named after him. Del'aware In'dians, a tribe of the Algonquin family, called in their own tongue Leni-Lenape, who roamed the banks of the Delaware. Originally they are believed to have been a fierce and powerful race, but in 1744 they were attacked by the Iroquois, and compelled to leave their ancestral hunting-grounds. In 1780 some of them removed to O., but in 1870 they were transported to a reservation in the Indian Territory. Now incorporated with the Cherokees. apples are raised to supply the markets of N. Y. and Pa. | is the seat of the OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, (q. v. ;) pop. Wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley, flax, wool, hay, hops, 8,224. tobacco, potatoes, sweet potatoes, peas, beans, beeswax, cloverseed, flax-seed, and grass-seed are also among the farm products enumerated in the census. History.-In 1637 a colony was sent by the Swedish West India Company to settle in what they called New Sweden. They paid for the land from Cape Henlopen to Trenton Falls, and built two forts, one on Tinicum Island, the other at the mouth of Christina Creek. In 1655 the Dutch at New Amsterdam captured all the Swedish forts and compelled all the colonists who remained to swear allegiance to them. These settlements were claimed by the Duke of York when in 1664 he conquered the New Netherlands. William Penn bought them in 1682, and for 20 yrs. they were considered a part of Pa. They established a distinct legislature in 1703, but were not absolutely free till 1776. Then they came into the confederation, and adopted the U. S. Constitution, 1789. The constitution which, with some modifications, is still the law of the State was adopted 1792. At the breaking out of the civil war there was considerable sympathy in D. with the Southern States, slavery being still one of its institutions, but it continued loyal to the Union and contributed about 10,000 men to the war. Some of its public men were opposed to the policy of the general Del'aware Water Gap, a narrow gorge with walls 1,200 ft. h., through which the Delaware River flows; a favorite summer resort. Del Cred'ere Commis'sion, in Mercantile Law, an Ital. phrase used to express the additional premium charged by a factor or agent, in virtue of which he warrants the solvency of the purchaser and renders himself personally liable for the payment of the price of the goods sold. It is, in short, what is called a guaranty or warranty. De'le, a certain mark like the Greek d, directing printers to remove something that appears in proof or printed matter. DELEB PALM-DELILLE. Deleb' Palm, a palm of great importance to the inhabitants of the regions around Lake Tsad, and other parts of the interior and W. of Africa, being in some districts the predominant tree, although very local in its distribution, which extends, however, through the vast tracts from Kordofan to the Atlantic. It is supposed to be nearly related to the Palmyra Palm of India. Its fruit, when full grown, is 6-8 in. 1., and 4 in. thick, yellowish-brown; the pulp a very close and coarse fibrous tissue. It has a mawkish taste; yet it is very much used by the natives of Africa, who also break the stone and plant it in the ground, when in a few days a blade shoots up, and a very tender root is produced, which is very pleasant, and much used as an article of food. Delec'tus Perso'næ. In some legal relations, a choice of the person, for some qualification possessing value in the eyes of one of the parties to the contract, is assumed; and the individual so chosen cannot consequently transmit his rights and obligations to another without the consent of the person who is supposed to have chosen him. Del'egate, one sent with power to transact business for another. The members of the First Continental Congress were Ds., and so are those now sent to represent the Territories in Congress. Delega'tion, the term formerly applied in Lombardy, Venice, and the States of the Church, both to the governing court of a province and to the province itself. Until the recent political changes in Italy there were nine Ds. in Lombardy, and eight in Venice, each of which was presided over by a delegate, vice-delegate, and various subordinates. In the States of the Church, by a decree of 1816, 17 Ds. were * established, but the number was several times altered. delegate was always a prelate, and directly appointed by the pope. If he was a cardinal he was called a Legate, and his province a Legation. Delegados del fomento is the name given in Spain to the superintendents of the police administration of a province. Delescluze, (LOUIS CHARLES,) the leading spirit of the French Commune; b. 1809, shot on the barricade in the Rue d'Angoulême May 28, 1871. Delessert, (BENJAMIN,) Fr. financier and naturalist, b. 1773, d. 1842. Delf, an heraldic charge, representing a square sod or turf, the term being derived, it is supposed, from the verb to delve or dig. A D. tenné is the appropriate abatement for him who revokes his challenge, or goes from his word. Delft, one of the most ancient towns of South Holland, is situated on the Schie. The New Church contains a monument, more ornate than itself, to the memory of Prince William I. of Orange, who was assassinated here July 10, 1584. It also contains the tomb of Grotius, and the burialvaults of the present royal family of Holland; pop. 30,398. A particular sort of earthen-ware covered with white glazing in imitation of porcelain, and first made in D., takes its name from this town. Delftsha'ven, an old town in South Holland, is situated on the Maas, 2 m. W. from Rotterdam. The principal buildings are the Reformed Church, which is a handsome cruciform building, the R. C. Church, and the town house; pop. 13,138. Delga'da, or Pon'ta Delga'da, the cap. of St. Michael Island, in the Azores; pop. 17,635. Del'hi, (more correctly DEHLI,) an executive district in the Punjab, formerly in the North-west Provinces; area 1,276 sq. m., pop. 643,515. The trade and manufactures center in the town of Delhi. There is a branch of the East Indian Railway, and the Rajpootana State Railway traverses the district for about 12 m. Of about 900 sq. m. under cultivation nearly a fourth are irrigated from government works, and a smaller part by private enterprise. To the S. the district is rocky and barren. The soil is sandy or rocky; the most fertile portions are in the N. and N.-W., watered by the Jumna. Del'hi, a celebrated city of India, cap. of the prov. and district of the same name, 800 ft. above the level of the sea. The modern city, which was founded by Shah Jehan in 1631, has a circumference of about 7 m. The street Chandni Chauk is 90 ft. w. and 1,500 yds. in l., and intersected by an aqueduct. The other principal street is 120 ft. w., and 1 m. in 1. D. has many monuments of its former magnificence. The Mogul's Palace was thought by Bishop Heber to surpass the KREMLIN, (q. v.) The Kootub Minar, one of the most beautiful shafts in the whole world, is the only part left of a former magnificent mosque. The Jumma Musjid, or principal mosque, was commenced by the Shah Jehan in the 4th vr. of his reign and completed in the 10th, at a cost of 789 The Kootub Minar, ancient Delhi. ference, and present a remarkable scene of desolation. The modern city is noted for its needle-work, and here the shawls of cashmere are embroidered in silk and gold. The D. goldsmiths are famous for the delicacy and beauty of their work. Delibes, (LEO,) Fr. composer, b. at St. Germain-du-Val 1836. One of the best known writers of light operas (of which he has produced 25) of the day. D. 1891. Delict'. The modern law, following the law of Rome, divides Ds. into Ds. proper and quasi Ds.—the former being offenses committed with a positively malicious purpose, the latter being injuries inflicted by culpable negligence of so gross a kind as to amount almost to a crime. The latter class of Ds., though inferring an obligation to repair the injuries sustained by the private party, do not generally form grounds for criminal prosecution. Delilah, (Heb. "the languishing,") the name of a Philistine woman whom Samson loved. By her flattering blandishments she obtained from him the secret that his God-given strength lay in his locks; and having cut these off while he lay asleep, she then treacherously betrayed the strengthless warrior into the hands of his enemies. Delille, (JACQUES,) a Fr. poet, b. at Aigues-Perse, in Auvergne, 1738; published various poetical effusions, the most considerable of which-a translation of the Georgics of Virgil, which appeared in 1769-was distinguished by its grace 790 DELIQUESCENCE-DELLA CRUSCAN SCHOOL. and elegance of style, and met with the most enthusiastic reception. In 1801 he visited London, published a translation of Paradise Lost, and, having been solicited to return to Paris, he re-entered the academy and the college there with which he had formerly been connected; d. 1813. Deliques'cence is the term applied to the property which certain substances have of absorbing moisture from the air, and becoming damp, and even running into liquid. Caustic potash, and the chlorides of calcium and magnesium, are examples of substances which undergo this change. Delir'ium, (Lat. deliro, "I am furious,") a state of deranged mind in which the intellect and the judgment are perverted or lost, while the imagination and the passions are often excited, or at least left without control. The result is an incoherent or totally disordered course of action and speech, frequently attended by delusions, or unreasoning belief in supposed facts, which the sound mind at once perceives to have no existence in nature. The nature, extent, and variety of the delusions, and the degree to which the control of the reason over them is lost, may be said to indicate the type of D. Delir'ium Ebrio'sum, a term intended to denote a form of acute mania, having intoxication for its exciting cause. It is often mistaken for delirium tremens, and doubtless has frequently been dealt with as such in criminal cases. It originates either from a single fit of intoxication, or a short course of intemperance-frequently of periodical occurrence -in those who are mentally excitable from hereditary peculiarity of constitution, or from some previous injury of the head, and who may have experienced some cause for depression of spirits. It is marked by an uncontrollable desire for drink, which, when gratified, only leads to further imperious demands, until the thing is loathed, and a fit of sickness brings about recovery. the paroxysm runs its course in from two or three days, and terminates in sleep, from which the individual generally wakes convalescent. In regard to the treatment of this remarkable disease, it is evident, from a common-sense consideration of its phenomena and pathology, that the non-stimulating and non-opiate plan must be the safest and best. If more spirits deepen the paroxysm, by producing greater cerebral determination, then why administer even one drop additional? And if opiates combined with spirits, or given alone, act in the same manner, and tend to occasion congestion in the bloodvessels of the brain, why run the risk of inflammation, convulsions, and coma, in an endeavor to force on the salutary sleep? It must not be overlooked that this sleep is the normal termination of the paroxysm, and is not to be viewed as a part of the affection, or in the same light as we are accustomed to regard a critical sweat or other discharge. It indicates diminished activity of the cerebral circulation and functions, and the commencement of convalescence. Hence, in a larger proportion of instances, the sleep will take place spontaneously, and it will be safer to do nothing at all. The object, therefore, of treatment should rather be to remove all hinderances to sleep than to force it. In the more severe cases this is best done by a moderate and well-regulated course of tartrate of antimony, the action of which, in this affection, appears to be remarkably sedative. It greatly diminishes excited action, induces weariness of muscle, general nervous exhaustion, and mental languor. It thus removes all obstacles to the occurrence of the salutary sleep, and favors it; and when the exhausted individual seeks his couch he finds repose-not as a drugged sleeper, but naturally and profoundly-awaking in general with restored reason and mus. cular control. Digitalis has been given with the same view, also ipecacuanha and aconite; but none of these answer the various ends so well as antimony. In the milder cases, however, no medicine is required, and it seems enough to do in such what is essentially necessary in the severer attacksto support the strength-the organic functions of life-by suitable nourishment, such as soups, café au lait, and whiteof-egg, and to soothe in every possible manner the excited feelings of the patient. Nothing is more hurtful in D. T. than restraint, particularly that of the strait-waistcoat. It increases the cerebral excitement by the never-ceasing strugDelirium Tre'mens is the term given to a disease gles for liberty which ensue, so that fatal convulsions have freoriginating from the abuse of alcoholic stimulants by those quently been the result. All the control required is the presence of a nervous and irritable temperament, characterized by a of one or two judicious attendants, who will humor the patient combination of delirium with muscular tremors. The tremors in his whims and fancies; who will speak and act regarding are general, but chiefly of the hands, and of the tongue them so as to assure him of safety, and to relieve him of that when protruded; and the delirium is of a muttering, sight-apprehension which is the most characteristic feature of the seeing, bustling, abrupt, anxious, apprehensive kind. The individual affected cannot follow out a train of thought, explain an illusion or perverted sensation, or perform any act correctly; and although at one moment partially conscious and rational, is the next incoherent and excited by the most ridiculous fancies of a spectral kind, such as visitors in the shape of devils, cats, rats, and snakes, or by alarming occurrences, such as robberies, fires, and pursuits for crimes. All this is ushered in and attended by complete sleeplessness; and during the attack, in an uncomplicated form, there is no violence or ferocity of demeanor, although mischief to himself or others may be done under false impressions; and he is easily pleased by gentleness and indulgence, and fretted by restraint and opposition. The face has generally a pale, dirty color and anxious expression; eyes startled but lusterless, sometimes considerably suffused, and the pupils not contracted unless under treatment with opium, or when inflammation of the membrane of the brain has supervened; skin warm and moist, often perspiring copiously; tongue sometimes loaded, but generally pale, moist, and remarkably clean; appetite small, but the individual will often take whatever is presented to him; thirst by no means urgent, with seldom or never any craving for spirituous liquors; alvine evacuations bilious and offensive; urine scanty, high colored, and often albuminous; the pulse usually ranges from 90 to 120, and is generally soft, but of various degrees of fullness and small Delir'ium Nervo'sum or Traumatʼicum, a term given by Baron Dupuytren, the celebrated Fr. surgeon, to designate an attack of delirium with tremors, which frequently supervenes on severe bodily injuries, such as gunshot wounds, burns, and fractures. It has been considered by some as identical with DELIRIUM TREMENS, (q. v.,) but it only simulates that affection, being but a symptom of a sympathetic typhoid fever. ness. The precursory symptoms are not peculiar to or pathognomonic of this disease, but common to many other febrile affections implicating the functions of the sensorium, of the circulation, of digestion; and the paroxysm-distinguished by the above phenomena-runs a remarkably uniform course, independently of age and constitution. In genuine uncomplicated cases-that is to say, when not precipitated by other illness, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, erysipelas, and fever; or some accident, such as contusions and fractures-when the illness is more of the nature of the delirium traumaticum delirium; and who will mildly but firmly interpose if he attempts any thing which may accidentally prove injurious to himself and others. Delisle, (GUILLAUME,) geographer and cartographer, b. in Paris 1675, d. 1726; revised the system of geography, and published maps and globes. Delisle, (JOSEPH N.,) brother of the above, Fr. astronomer and scientist, b. 1688, d. 1768; founded a school of astronomy at St. Petersburg; invented a thermometer of which the boiling point is zero and the freezing point 150°. Delitzsch', a town of Prussian Saxony, cap. of a circle of the same name; pop. 8,112. Delitzsch', (FRANZ,) a contemporary Ger. theologian, b. at Leipsic 1813; studied at the university of that city, and in 1846 was appointed Prof. of Theology at Rostock; became in 1850 one of the strongest representatives of the Erlangen, or strictly orthodox, school of theology; has written largely in the fields of theological and biblical discussion and scriptural exegesis; his Handschriftliche Funde contains valuable critical remarks on the text of the Apocalypse, and from 1863 he engaged with Keil in preparing a complete commentary on the O. T., of which several volumes have appeared. Prof. D. d. in 1890. Del'la Crus'ca Academy. In the Italian language Crusca is a term signifying "bran;" hence, we have here the Bran Academy, which is a literal translation into English of Academy Della Crusca." This institution was established at Florence in 1582, for the purpose of purifying and perfecting the Tuscan tongue. Its device is a sieve, and it has for its motto, Il piu bel for ne coglie, which means, "It gathers the finest flour thereof." It is now called the Royal Florentine Academy. Del'la Crus'can School. About the yr. 1785 a number of English residents at Florence endeavored to amuse their lagging hours by writing verses, which they published under the title, The Florence Miscellany. The insipidity, affectation, |