Thomas of Celano, a native of the Abruzzi, in the kingdom of Naples, who died about the yr. 1255. When the Church adopted it, and made it a portion of the service of the mass, cannot be ascertained with any exactness, but it must have been in any case before 1385. Several alterations were then made in the text; that, however, is believed to be the original which is engraved on a marble tablet in the Church of St. Francis at Mantua. It has been frequently translated into English.

Dies kau, von, (LUDWIG A.,) a famous Ger. officer and tactician, b. 1701, d. 1767.

Di'est, a town of Belgium, in the prov. of Brabant, is a walled town, and its fortifications have recently been so improved as to render it a place of great strength; pop. 8,000. Di'et. Man and animals generally require that their food should be of such a nature as to compensate for the wear and tear of the tissues which is perpetually going on, and at the same time to keep up the animal heat at its proper standard. Various classifications of the food of man have been at different times proposed, but those which have been most generally accepted are that of Dr. Prout-in which the different kinds of food are grouped in definite chemical classes-and that of Liebig, which has reference solely to the ultimate destination of the food in the animal economy. Dr. Prout classifies all kinds of food under these heads: (1) The aqueous; (2) the saccharine; (3) the oily or oleaginous; and (4) the albuminous; to complete which we ought to add (5) the gelatinous, and (6) the saline-while Liebig makes only two classes: (1) those consisting of nitrogenized matters, which are adapted for the formation of blood, and which he terms the plastic elements of nutrition; and (2) the nonnitrogenized substances, which, from their large amount of carbon, serve (as fuel) to keep up the animal heat, and which he names the elements of respiration. See COOKERY.

Die'terichs, (JOACHIM FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN,) an eminent veterinary surgeon, b. 1792 at Stendal, in Prussia. In 1830 he accepted a post in the General Military School of Berlin, where, in 1841, he was appointed Prof. in Ordinary.

Dietet'ics, the science which treats of the maintenance or recovery of health through proper clothing, exercise, eating, and drinking.

Die'trich, (CHRISTIAN,) an eminent Ger. painter, b. at Weimar 1712, d. 1774.

Die'trich of Bern, the name under which the Ostrogoth king, Theodoric the Great, appears in the German heroic legends; in which by Bern his capital, Verona, is to be understood.

Di'ez, (FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN,) the founder of the philology of the Romanic languages, b. at Giesen 1794, d. 1876. Di'ez, (WILHELM,) painter of subjects drawn from the troubled mediæval time, or the Thirty Years' War. He is a professor in the Academy at Munich.

Differen'tial Thermom'eter, an instrument for measuring very small differences of temperature.

Diffraction, or Inflec'tion, of the rays of light. It was observed by Grimaldi that if a beam of the sun's light be let into a dark room through a very small hole the shadows of things in this light will be larger than they ought to be if the rays passed by the bodies in straight lines, and that these shadows have three parallel fringes, bands, or ranks of colored light adjacent to them. This phenomenon was originally known under the name of D., and was supposed to arise from the refraction of the atmosphere. This explanation was disproved by the observations of Newton, who, from the conception which he was led to form of it, called the phenomenon the "inflection of the rays of light.) It is now identified with a larger class of phenomena, which have been much more completely explained in the later development of the theory of light, and are assigned on the hypothesis of Fresnel to the interference of undulations.

817

When the mixture has attained its permanent state each of the gases is found to be uniformly diffused throughout the whole containing space, precisely as it would have been had the other not been present. In fact, the presence of a second gas seems merely to affect the time which the first takes to distribute itself equably throughout the vessel, and in no other way to influence the final result. The pressure of the mixture is the sum of the pressures corresponding to each of the gases, if separately occupying the space which they jointly fill; and the same is true of a mixture in any proportions of any number of gases, so long, at all events, as they do not act chemically upon each other. Precisely the same is true of vapors. If, for instance, a few drops of ether be injected into an exhausted receiver, there will be an almost instantaneous conversion of a definite quantity into vapor, so that its tension shall have a certain value depending on the temperature alone. (2) D. of Saline Matters in Solution.-If a strong brine be placed in the bottom of a tall glass jar, pure water may be carefully introduced above it, so that no immediate mixture takes place. If the whole be allowed to stand, the salt is gradually diffused through the vessel, which, after a sufficient time, will be found to contain a brine of uniform strength. (3) D. of Liquids. Osmose.-If sulphuric acid be carefully poured through a tube into the bottom of a vessel filled with water, colored by an infusion of litmus or red cabbage, the change of color of the vegetable dye will enable us to trace the gradual D. of the acid in the water. If different fluids be separated by a membrane or diaphragm, some extremely remarkable results are obtained, which were first carefully examined by Dutrochet. These have been attributed to the action of osmotic force, something of the same kind as capillary force, and probably a closely connected, if not identical, form of molecular action.

Digam'ma, an ancient and obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet, equivalent in sound to the English v. The D. had disappeared as a character from the Greek language long before the days of Homer.

Di'gest, a name often given to the Pandects of the civil or Roman law, because they contained "Legalia præcepta excellenter digesta." Any compilation, abridgment, or summary of laws arranged under proper heads or titles. See CODE.

Digest'er, Pa'pin's, is a strong boiler with a closely fitting cover, in which articles of food may be boiled at a higher temperature than 212° Fahr. It was invented by Denis Papin, a Frenchman, in 1681.

Diges'tion, Or'gans and Proc'ess of. The function or process of digestion is one of the chief of those organic functions which are directly concerned in maintaining the life of the individual, inasmuch as it is that through which the animal is enabled to receive aliment, and to prepare or modify it for being assimilated to, and appropriated by, the various organs of the body, or, in other words, for being converted into blood. According to Milne-Edwards the acts of the digestive function may be classed as follows: (1) There is the prehension of the food; (2) Its mastication; (3) Its insalivation; (4) Its deglutition; (5) Its chymification or stomachal digestion; (6) Its chylification or intestinal digestion; (7) Defecation; and (8) The absorption of the chyle. Digges, (SIR DUDLEY,) a son of intestine; k, biliary vesicle; THOMAS, was a diplomatist and embassador; author of a treatise on rights; b. 1583, d. 1639. His son, DUDLEY, was a writer of political tracts; d. 1642. Digges, (LEONARD,) a celebrated Eng. geometrician, d. 1574.

Digestive Apparatus of
Man.

a, esophagus; b, pancreas; c, stomach; d, spleen; e, colon; f, lesser intestine; g, rectum; h, appendage to cæcum; f, cæcum; j, larger

1, liver; m, pylorus.

Digges, (THOMAS,) son of LEONARD, was an astronomer and mathematician; d. 1595.

Digh'ton, a twp. and post-village of Bristol Co., Mass., 6 m. S. of Taunton; pop. 1,889.

Norsemen long before the first visit of Columbus to this continent, or whether it is one of the early Indian inscriptions, is a mooted question among antiquarians.

Dig'it, (Lat. digitus, "the finger,") a term applied to the 10 symbols of number, 0, 1, 2, etc., to 9; thus, 305 is said to be a number of three Ds. Numbers were originally indicated by_the fingers, and hence the name.

Dig'it, in the ancient Astron., the 12th part of the diameter of the sun or moon, formerly used to express the magnitude of partial eclipses.

Dig'italine is an active principle present in Digitalis purpurea, or fox-glove.

Digitalis, a genus of plants of the natural order Scrophulariaceae, natives chiefly of the S. of Europe and temperate parts of Asia. The common Fox-glove (D. purpurea) is a native of Britain, and is very abundant in some parts of the country. Its English name and the botanical name, D., (Lat. digitale, "the finger of a glove,") both refer to the form of its flowers. The central and southern parts of Europe produce several species with yellow flowers, one of which, D. grandiflora, is not an uncommon ornament of gardens. D. purpurea is much valued in medicine. It was first brought into reFox-glove. pute by Dr. Withering. Its leaves and seeds are the parts used, generally the former. They are narcotic and poisonous. D. has been administered in inflammatory diseases, phthisis, active hemorrhage, dropsy, weak heart, delirium tremens, etc. The average dose of the powdered leaves is one grain in pill; of the tincture of D., 10 drops repeated every six or eight hours. Its administration must be watched, for its effects are cumulative, and it may prove fatal on account of its poisonous properties.

Dig'itate, or Pal'mate, Leaves have their leaflets on the top of the stem like the fingers of the hand. See LEAVES.

Digitigra'da, (Lat. "finger-walking,") in the zoological system of Cuvier, one of the tribes of the Carnivora, distinguished by walking on the toes alone, the heel not touching the ground. Among the digitigrade quadrupeds are included the most carnivorous of the Carnivora, the feline and the canine families, hyenas, civets, weasels, etc. The weasel family, (Mustelidae,) however, forms a connecting link, in respect to the character derived from the mode of walking, between the tribe D. and the tribe Plantigrada, being, in fact, semi-plantigrade, and not walking on the mere tips of the toes, like the other D.

Digna, Osman. See OSMAN DIGNA.

Digne, a town in the Dept. of the Basses-Alpes, on the Bléonne. In the neighborhood there are several hot saline springs, temperature 104° Fahr.; pop. 5,540. Of Dinia, which is mentioned by Pliny, nothing remains. In the yr. 1629 a plague reduced the pop. of D. from 10,000 to 1,500. Dig'nitary, an officer of high rank; applied in canon law to an ecclesiastic of higher rank than an ordinary priest. Digres'sion, a wandering from the main subject; in Astron., the apparent distance of Venus and Mercury from the sun.

Di'hong, or San'po, the largest feeder of the Brahmaputra, rises on the N. side of the Himalayas, and bursts through the great mountain-chain, having pursued through Thibet an easterly course of about 1,000 m. Finally it joins the Brahmaputra.

Dijon, a town of France, in the Dept. of Côte d'Or, formerly cap. of the old Duchy of Burgundy, occupies a delightful situation on the Ouche, and at the base of the vineclad hills which produce the famous Burgundy wine. D. is surrounded by lofty walls, pierced for five gates. Among the public buildings, the chief are the cathedral, a massive Gothic structure, dating from the 13th c., with a tall wooden spire, above 300 ft. h.; the Church of Notre Dame, a noble specimen of the purest Gothic architecture; the Church of St. Michael; and the palace of the Dukes of Burgundy, now used as the town hall, containing a museum very rich in monuments of the Middle Ages, besides a library of 50,000 volumes, and several hundreds of MSS. The town is mainly dependent on its trade in the wines of Burgundy; pop. 65,428.

Dijon Mustard. The celebrated D. M. is worthy of note as a manufacture. Its peculiar quality is a certain piquancy

not found in any other mustard, of which there are deservedly celebrated manufactures in several other places. The D. M. is always sown on cleared charcoal-beds in the neighboring forests, spaces difficult to utilize in any other way, as the young plants of green peas, potatoes, French beans, and the like would inevitably be devoured by the rabbits, wild boars, and other animals, who will on no account touch, the mustardplant. The soil gives one peculiar flavor to the mustard; another is differently to be accounted for. The mustard, when in powder, is mixed with the juice of new wine, lending that pleasant acidity with which we are familiar. But in order to obtain precisely the degree of acidity it is necessary that the grape be always in precisely the same state of unripeness, a degree more or less making all the difference.

Dike, an embankment or mound erected on the seacoast or on the bank of a river to prevent inundations. See DYKE.

Diko'wa, or Dee'goa, a large town of Bornu, Central Africa; pop. 30,000.

Dilem'ma. A true D. is defined by Whately as "a conditional syllogism with two or more antecedents in the major, and a disjunctive minor." The following D., of the kind called destructive, will perhaps convey a clearer notion than any definition: "If this man were wise, he would not speak irreverently of Scripture in jest; and if he were good he would not do so in earnest; but he does it, either in jest or earnest; therefore, he is either not wise or not good." There being two conclusions, one or other of which your opponent must admit, he is in a manner caught between them; hence we speak of the horns of a D.

Dilettan'te, in its original sense, is synonymous with an amateur, or lover of the fine arts. It is often used as a term of reproach, to signify an amateur whose taste lies in the direction of what is trivial and vulgar, or of a critic or connoisseur whose knowledge is mere affectation and pretense. It is sometimes assumed, in a spirit of self-depreciation, by those who are unwilling that their critical acquirements or artistic productions should be judged by the rules which would be applied to those of persons who had made a professional study of art. It was in this sense that it was assumed by the Dilettanti Society.

Dilettan'ti Soci'ety, a body of gentlemen by whose exertions the study of antique art in England has been promoted.

Dil'igence, the name given in France to a public con veyance of the nature of a stage-coach. It is a huge, strong vehicle, with four broad wheels, weighing about five tons, and is drawn by four stout horses at the rate of about 6 m. an hour. It consists of three chief compartments: the front, called the coupé, for three persons; the second, called the intérieur, for six persons; and, lastly, the rotonde, entered from behind, for six persons. Aloft, in front, is the banquette, where the conducteur is seated; and behind this, underneath a thick leather covering, passengers are sometimes huddled among baggage and goods, with little regard to their comfort. The system of Ds., however, has been latterly much broken up by railway transit.

Dilke, (SIR CHARLES WENTWORTH,) editor of the Athenaum, b. in England 1843; liberal leader; under-secretary for foreign affairs 1880; three times member Parliament. Dillingham, (PAUL,) b. in Mass. in 1799, was Gov. of Vt. 1865-67; he was M. C. 1843-47, and a lawyer of note; d. 1891. Dil'man, a town of Persia, described by St. Martin as a very ancient Armenian city; pop. estimated at 15,000. Dil'uents, (Lat. diluo, "I wash or dilute.") D. are remedies that increase the proportion of fluid in the blood. They are employed in fevers to lessen thirst and increase secretion. Water is the only real diluent. It may be given in various forms-soups, barley-water, toast-water, milk, lemonade.

Dilu'vium, a term formerly given by geologists to those strata which they believe to have been formed by the deluge, and more particularly to the bowlder clay. The altered opinions as to the origin of these beds have caused the word to fall into disuse. When the adjective-diluvial-is employed by modern writers, it is to characterize those accumulations of gravel or angular stones which have been produced by sudden or extraordinary currents of water.

Dime, (from Ital. decima, "the tenth,") the tenth part of a dollar.

Dimenʼsion. In Geom., a line, whether straight or curved, has only one D., or measurement-viz., length; a surface has two-length and breadth; and a solid has three Ds.-length, breadth, and thickness or depth. These three

measurements or Ds. determine all forms of extension. In Algebra the term D. is applied in much the same sense as degree, to express the number of literal factors that enter into a term. Dimidia'tion, in Her., a mode of marshaling arms, adopted chiefly before quartering and impaling according to the modern practice came into use, and subsequently retained to some extent in Continental heraldry. It consists in cutting two coats of arms in half by a vertical line, and uniting the dexter half of the one to the sinister half of the other. Coats of husband and wife were often so marshaled in England in the 13th and 14th c.

Diminu'tions, a word sometimes used in Her. for differences, marks of cadency, and brisures indifferently.

Dimin'utives are forms of words, chiefly of substantives, in which the primitive notion has become lessened or diminished, as hillock a little hill. With littleness is associated the idea of neatness, and also of needing protection; hence D. are used as terms of endearment; sometimes they imply contempt. There is, perhaps, no language without D.; and the most common method of formation is by the addition of a syllable. This, however, is not the only method; tip from top, by attenuating the vowel, and kid from goat, are as genuine D. as hillock.

Dim'ity, a stout, figured cotton fabric. The figure or stripe is raised on one side and depressed on the other, so that the two faces present reversed patterns. D. is commonly white, or of a single color; but variegated Ds. are made. Dimorphous, a term applied to a substance when it exhibits the property of crystallizing in two distinct forms or systems. Di'naburg, a Russian town in the Govt. of Vitebsk, on the Düna River; pop. 72,518.

Dinagepore', a city in the prov. of Bengal, with 13,042 inhabitants; is watered by an offset of the Attree called the Purnabada, which, through the Mahamunda, enters the lower Ganges from the left.

Dinagepore', the district of the above-mentioned city; area 4,126 sq. m., and pop. 1,501,924. The country is flat, its only eminences being mere undulations; and from the proximity of the Himalayas the whole tract is little but a net-work of water-courses, many of the channels, however, becoming periodically dry. The winds are more variable than is usual elsewhere in India, and hailstones are occasionally of such weight as to kill men and cattle. Rice is the principal crop, and fish are singularly plentiful.

Dinan, a very old town of France in the Dept. of Côtesdu-Nord, on the Rance. The cathedral of St. Sauveur is a beautiful ornate edifice, built in the Romanesque style, containing the heart of the famous French warrior Bertrand du Guesclin. D. has manufactures of fine linen and of sail-cloth, of cotton and woolen goods, beet-root sugar, etc.; pop. 7,989. Dinant', a town of Belgium, in the prov. of Namur, on the Meuse. The most noteworthy buildings are the church of Notre Dame, an ancient and richly decorated Gothic structure, and the town-house, once the palace of the Princes of Liege; pop. 6,500.

Dinant', Mineral Waters of. Dinant is a small town six leagues from St. Malo, in France. The waters contain carbonate of iron, chloride of sodium, etc. They are much esteemed.

Dinapore', an important military station in the Indian prov. of Behar. The pop., exclusive of a garrison of between 14,000 and 15,000, is 27,914. In the mutiny of 1857 D. acquired an unenviable notoriety.

Dinar'ic Alps, that branch of the Alpine system which connects the Julian Alps with the W. ranges of the Balkan. The peaks seldom exceed 7,000 ft. in h.

Dindigul', a town of India, in the British district of Madura, Presidency of Madras; pop. 7,000.

Ding'elstedt, von, (FRANK,) a Ger. poet; royal librarian at Stuttgart; director of the theater in Munich, and of the Court Opera-house in Vienna; b. 1814, d. 1881.

Din'go, (Canis Dingo,) the native dog of Australia, regarded by some naturalists as a distinct species, by others as a mere variety of Canis familiaris. It exists both in a wild and in a domesticated state; but there is no good reason for thinking that the wild race has originated from dogs introduced from some other country by man. The domesticated D. is about the size of a shepherd's dog, while the wild one is larger. The wild D. is found in all parts of Australia. Dinkelsbühl, a town of Bavaria, on the river Wernitz; it was formerly a free city; pop. 5,213.

Dink hold, Mineral Waters of, are rich carbonated waters situated near the junction of the Lahn with the Rhine, in the Duchy of Nassau. They contain sulphate of soda,

819

chloride of sodium, carbonate of soda, sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime, and sulphate of magnesia. Dinor'nis, a genus of large birds of the tribe Brevipennes, of which no species is now known to exist, but of which the bones have been found in New Zealand, in the most recent deposits, in the sand of the sea-shore, and in swamps, along with other large birds nearly allied to them, (Palapteryx and Aptornis.) Traditions are still current among the natives, ren. dering it probable that they continued to inhabit New Zealand, if not to the 18th at least to the 17th c. The name by which these birds are known in the traditions of New Zealand is Moa. They are said to have been decked in gaudy plumage, for the sake of which they were objects of pursuit, as well as for their flesh, which was much esteemed. They are also described as having been stupid, fat, and indolent birds, incapable of flying, living in forests and retired places.

Dinornis Elephantopes.

Dinosauria, an order of extinct lizards, which are found in the lias, oolite, and wealden, and disappear in the lower cretaceous beds. They were gigantic reptiles, with a structure approaching nearer to the bird type than any other of their class. Their bodies were supported, at a considerable height, on four strong limbs, and the sacrum was composed of five amalgamated vertebræ. The cervical vertebræ are convexo-concave.

Dinothe'rium, a remarkable extinct animal, the cranial bones of which are found in the Miocene formations of Germany, France, etc. The animal was provided, like the elephant and the walrus, with a pair of strong tusks; but these projected from the end of the lower jaw, which is deflected downward at a right angle to the body of the jaw. In addition to two tusks there were five double-ridged grinders on each side of both jaws. The nasal cavity is large, apparently supplying attachment for a trunk, as in the elephant. Cuvier and Kaup thought it resembled the tapir, supposing it to have been an inhabitant of large lakes; but De Blainville makes it an herbivorous cetacean, like the manatee.

Dinotherium Giganteum.

Dins'moor, (GEN. SAMUEL,) an Amer. soldier; Gov. of N. H. 1831-34; b. in N. H. 1766, d. 1835.

Dins'moor, (SAMUEL, LL.D.,) son of GEN. SAMUEL D.; Gov. of N. H. 1849-52; b. 1799, d. 1869.

Dinwid'die, (ROBERT,) Colonial Gov. of Va. 1752-58; b. in Scotland 1690, d. in England 1770.

Di'ocese, the territory over which a bishop exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

Diocle'tian, (VALERIUS,) b. in Dalmatia 245 A.D., of humble parentage. He adopted a military career, and served with distinction under Probus and Aurelian, accompanied Carus on his Persian campaign, and finally, on the murder of Numerianus having been discovered at Chalcedon, he was proclaimed emperor in 284 by the army on its homeward march. The suspected assassin of Numerianus, the Prefect Arrius Aper, he slew with his own hands, in order, it is alleged, to fulfill a prophecy communicated to him, while still a lad, by a Druidess of Gaul, that he should accede to a throne as soon as he had killed an aper, (wild bear.) In 285 D. commenced hostilities against Carinus, who, although victorious in the decisive battle that ensued, was murdered by his own officers, thus leaving to D. the undisputed supremacy. His first yrs. of government were so molested by the incursions of barbarians that, in order to repel their growing aggressiveness, he took to himself a colleague-viz., Maximianus-who, under the title of Augustus, became joint emperor in 286. D., after 21 yrs.' harassing tenure of government, desired to pass the residue of his days tranquilly. On May 1, 305, accordingly, he abdicated the imperial throne at Nicomedia, and compelled his

820

colleague, Maximian, (much against the latter's will,) to do likewise at Milan. D. sought retirement in his native prov. of Dalmatia, and for eight yrs. resided at Salona, devoting himself to philosophic reflection, to rural recreation, and to horticultural pursuits. Two yrs. before his abdication he was instigated by his colleague, Galerius, to that determined and sanguinary persecution of Christians for which his reign is chiefly memorable. He d. in 313.

Diocle'tian E'ra, or Era of Martyrs, dates from the proclamation of Diocletian as Emperor at Chalcedon, 284 A.D.; was used by Christian writers till the 6th c., and is still used by Copts and Abyssinians.

Dioda'ti, (JEAN,) a Swiss theologian, b. in Geneva 1576. He belonged to a noble Italian family, originally of Lucca. His progress in letters was so rapid that Beza caused him to be appointed Prof. of Hebrew at the age of 21. In 1608 he became a pastor of the Reformed Church, and in the following yr. Prof. of Theology. In 1614 he went to Nîmes, where he preached for three yrs.; and in 1618 he was sent to the

was a history of the world, in 40 books, from the creation to the Gallic wars of Julius Cæsar.

Dice'cious, in Bot., a term applied either to plants or flowers when not only the flowers but the individual plants are unisexual-i. e., when male and female flowers are produced upon separate plants. D. plants form a distinct class in the Linnæan sexual system; but in thus placing them apart, if the principle of arrangement had been strictly maintained, great violence would often have been done to natural affinities, D. species frequently occurring in genera and families usually Monacious, or hermaphrodite, and also monoecious and hermaphrodite species in Dioecious Plants. those which are usually D. Diogenes, the Cynic philosopher, a native of Sinope, in Pontus, b. about 412 B.C. His father, Icesias, or Icetas, by name, and a banker by occupation, was convicted of having

Synod of Dort, to represent the Genevese Church. Here his | talents were so highly estimated that he was one of the divines appointed to draw up the articles of the synod; d. 1649.

Di'odon, a Linnæan genus of fishes, now giving its name to a family, Diodontide, of the order Plectognathi. The fishes of this family have no distinct teeth, but their jaws, which are shaped like the beak of a parrot, are covered with a substance like ivory, formed of the teeth consolidated together. Their flesh is mucous, and that of some is regarded as poisonous. None of them are used for human food. Some of them, particularly of the genera D. and Tetraodon, are called GLOBE-FISH, (q. v.)

Diodon, or Globe-fish.

Diodo'rus Sic'ulus, a Greek historian, b. at Agyrium, in Sicily. He lived in the time of Julius and Augustus Cæsar, traveled in Asia and Europe, and lived a long time in Rome, collecting the material of his great work, the compilation of which occupied 30 yrs. This work, the Bibliotheca or Library,

swindled, and so the young D. had to leave Sinope. His youth had been that of a spendthrift and a rake; but on coming from Sinope to Athens he became interested in the character of Antisthenes, by whom, however, his first advances were repelled. In spite of his inhospitable reception D. renewed the attempt to find favor with Antisthenes; but though often driven away by blows, his perseverance at last prevailed, and Antisthenes, moved with compassion, consented to admit him as a pupil. D., from being an extravagant debauchee, plunged into the opposite extreme of austerity and self-mortification. He would roll in hot sand during the heat of summer; in winter, he would embrace a statue covered with snow. His clothing was of the coarsest, his food of the plainest. His bed was the bare ground. His permanent residence was a tub which belonged to the Metroum, or the temple of the Mother of the Gods. His eccentric life did not, however, cost him the respect of the Athenians, who admired his contempt for comfort, and allowed him a wide latitude of comment and rebuke. Practical good was the chief aim of his philosophy; for literature and the fine arts he did not conceal his disdain. He was seized by pirates on a voyage to Ægina, and carried to Crete, where he was sold as a