key industrial, service, Government, and economic activities for their security.

Although working closely with the Department of Defense, these three agencies-National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, and National Security Resources Board-are not in the department. With the Department of Defense, they form what is known as "The National Security Organization."

ORGANIZATION OF THE DEFENSE DEPARTMENT

The principal agencies of the Department of Defense established expressly by the Unification Act, as amended, are: Offices of the Secretary of Defense and Deputy Secretary of Defense; Joint Chiefs of Staff; Joint Staff Armed Forces Policy Council; Munitions Board; Research and Development Board; the three military departments; and three Assistant Secretaries of the Department of Defense. The Military Liaison Committee to the Atomic Energy Commission was set up by a different law. The other agencies within the department. were established by the Secretary of Defense under authority of the Unification Act.

The SECRETARY OF DEFENSE is a member of the National Security Council, the National Security Resources Board, and the Armed Forces Policy Council. He is the President's principal assistant in all matters relating to the Department of Defense. He is also a member of the President's Cabinet; and the Department that he heads is on the same level as the Departments of State, Treasury, Interior, Commerce, and other executive departments.

As you will see on the chart (figure 16), the Secretary is aided by a DEPUTY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE and three ASSISTANT SECRETARIES, one of whom is the COMPTROLLER. The Comptroller supervises and directs the preparation of budget estimates and cost accounting for the Department of Defense. The Comptroller also estab

lishes uniform terminologies and procedures in fiscal and accounting matters. His methods form a pattern to be followed by the Comptrollers of the three Armed Services.

The Secretary of Defense has direction, authority, and control over the Department of Defense, but he is not permitted to transfer, reassign, consolidate, or abolish the combatant functions assigned to the military Services. His control is further moderated by the fact that the Secretary of the Army, Navy, or Air Force, or a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may present to Congress any recommendation relating to the Department of Defense. The only requirement is that the Secretary of Defense be first informed of the action.

At least every 6 months, the Secretary of Defense submits a written report to the President and Congress explaining the expenditures, work, and accomplishments of the Department of Defense and the three military departments. At that time he presents itemized statements showing the saving of public funds and the elimination of unnecessary duplication of facilities and services among the Armed Forces. We'll discuss some of these savings and joint operations later, but right now let's look at the military group that is making some of our most far-reaching plans-the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF is the center for united action in the Department of Defense. It consists of the Chairman; the Chief of Staff, United States Army; the Chief of Naval Operations; and the Chief of Staff, United States Air Force all of whom are the principal military advisers to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. They have worked out an orderly timetable of preparation for atomic defense. They have unanimously agreed on an emergency war plan, involving the maximum use of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force.

Besides making broad plans and providing for the strategic direction of the Armed Forces, the Joint Chiefs

of Staff must (1) prepare joint logistic plans and assign logistic responsibilities to the military Services in accordance with the plans; (2) establish unified commands in strategic areas when required by national security; (3) make policies for joint training of the military forces; (4) make policies for coordinating the military education of members of the military forces; (5) study the major requirements for materials and personnel; and (6) provide United States representation on the Military Staff Committee of the United Nations in accordance with provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.

In short, the Chairman and the Chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, acting jointly, provide for the strategic direction of the Armed Forces, and for their operation under unified control as an efficient team of land, naval, and air forces. Acting under the authority and direction of the President and the Secretary of Defense, the staff is not an Armed Forces general staff. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is not a Chief of Staff over the Armed Forces, as is the Army Chief of Staff, for example, over his various staffs and services.

The Chairman is a Regular officer of the Armed Services who is appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate, to "serve at the pleasure of the President" for a term of 2 years. He is eligible for one reappointment (with the advice and consent of the Senate) except in time of war, when there won't be any limitation on the number of reappointments. He takes precedence over all other officers of the Services, but cannot exercise military command while Chairman.

The Chairman prepares a list of matters to be taken up at the meetings (but has no "vote"), and keeps the Secretary of Defense informed of the progress of the staff's plans. Actually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not "vote"; neither do they "decide." Instead, the Joint Chiefs "recommend." The Secretary of Defense, as the representative of the Commander in Chief-or, where appropriate, the President himself does the "deciding.”

Assisting the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the JOINT STAFF, composed of not more than 210 officers appointed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in approximately equal numbers from each of the three Armed Services. These men, selected for their outstanding abilities, consider all the vast range of problems involved in strategic defense planning and recommend solutions to the Joint Chiefs of Staff which, in turn, presents its ideas to the Secretary of Defense for final decision. The Director of the Joint Staff is an officer junior in grade to all members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

To advise the Secretary of Defense on broad Armed Forces policy matters, the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff work with the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the three Service Secretaries in the ARMED FORCES POLICY COUNCIL.

Our Nation does not intend to wait until we are faced with an emergency before considering how industry is going to supply the materials needed for a war. Accordingly, the National Security Resources Board surveys and examines in advance all problems that might arise, so that industry as well as the Government will be in a position to meet any emergency. In this it works closely with the MUNITIONS BOARD of the Department of Defense.

1. In cooperation with other Government agencies, the Munitions Board prepares and maintains on a current basis (1) data concerning war reserve and operating inventories; and (2) estimates of the capabilities of present and potential production, procurement, distribution, construction, and personnel.

2. How many ships, planes, guns, tanks, and other materiel of war will be required? How many men can be spared from industry to operate them? Can industry meet the requirements for sufficient defense materials without injuring the national economy? The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the several military departments and agencies inform the Board of their requirements for