doctrine, as not to do so might seem to involve a sort of sanction to it. He also answers the objections which seem to lie against the definition of the Infallibility of the Pope on the part of the Council. His language throughout is clear, moderate, and precise; and although there are some parts of the pamphlet which are perhaps more fitted for Belgium than for England, it appears to us a great pity that no one should yet have thought of translating it for general use among ourselves.

3. We have elsewhere referred to another work on the same subject with the two preceding volumes, The Pope and the Council, by Janus (Rivingtons), and we intended further to have noticed it here. By a postal accident, the review which had been prepared for our readers has been lost in transmission to the printer, and we must therefore defer our remarks on it till our next issue. Meanwhile we shall only justify the doubts expressed elsewhere as to its authorship. We cannot believe, until it is clearly so proved, that the distinguished Catholic historian to whom it has been freely attributed is responsible for this very violent and extravagant book. He has written many things which have pained his Catholic brethren, but, if this book is his, he must be preparing to break with the Church altogether. Again, his writings are more than once criticised with severity in its pages; unless this is a mere ruse, he would be attacking himself. Moreover, the learning, so to call it, of the book, is unworthy of him. He would at least know how to quote St. Thomas rightly; he would not have confused Charles IX. of France with the Emperor Charles V., and so made the latter the rival of his own son; he would not have been so unfair as to build an important argument on the oath which Catholic Bishops take to the Holy See, and omit the single fact which crushes that argument altogether-namely, that the Bishops, in the oath itself, expressly reserve the rights of their order. We think also, that he would have known better than to say that according to the Syllabus, "it is a wicked error to admit Protestants to equal political rights with Catholics, or to allow Protestant immigrants the free use of their worship." All these things, and a hundred others, seem to us to point to some much less distinguished scribe as the author of the present volume.

4. The author of Flemish Interiors, Gheel, and The Feudal Castles of France, has published a book of travels called Pictures of Hungarian Life (William Ridgway. London). These pictures of life and scenery, accompanied by jottings of history, are pleasingly written, and present the people before us in a very light and amiable character, though they do not penetrate at all below the surface of things. The subject is an interesting one, and the prominence given of late years to the history of State affairs in Hungary would have rewarded a more serious and elaborate treatment, giving us the state of public feeling, and bringing out in stronger relief different

points in the national character. Still, any one who wishes to learn a little of the country and its people will find the book before us very chatty and descriptive. The most pleasing trait in persons of every class whom the writer encountered in his travels, and which may be called indeed a national virtue, was their characteristic warmth of welcome and an open-handed hospitality.

We are inclined to think that the urbanity described was in some cases carried rather to excess. It frequently manifested itself in a somewhat gushing and uncalled for disclosure of family secrets and personal histories, and we are afraid that it was not a little allied to a spirit of inquisitiveness and love of gossip. We are not quite sure that the writer has escaped scot-free from a little of the infection. In their whole deportment, and in all the relations of every-day life, the habits of the Hungarians, whether of townspeople or peasantry, are directly opposed to English customs. The lower orders at home are very little inclined to accost you, in street or on country road, as "Your Graciousness;" nor are they wont to declare to you at every moment that they "kiss your hands;" and, we are happy to say, still less do they think of suiting the action to the word. In their welcome to travellers they are as free-hearted and unceremonious as we are the reverse. And that which greatly enhances their courtesy is, that it seems both genuine and thorough: there is no mistaking it for mere external civility. But the Hungarian is as generous and considerate towards his fellow-countrymen and his neighbour as towards the stranger, and this too in matters of religion. Even a moderately bigoted Protestant would be scandalised to hear of Catholics and different Protestant bodies leading together a kind and neighbourly life. And yet for the Catholic this harmony has this drawback, that it leads too often to religious apathy and indifference. The state of universal and demonstrative benevolence, which led a Protestant apothecary to show the deepest respect for the mere handwriting of Cardinal Wiseman and to carry it to his lips, would certainly not find its counterpart in Protestant England. The very marked and widespread respect manifested throughout the country for the name of the late Cardinal is most striking. The description of the newly-appointed Primate of Hungary introduces him thoroughly to us, and fills us with a deep respect for his person and character. Equally worthy of being recorded are the virtues of the good Bishop of Waitzen. The descriptions of Pesth and of Buda follow close upon each other, as though if one city, so contiguous are they to one another; and striking is the contrast between the modern splendour of the one and the antique grandeur of the other. The Rakosfeld, in the immediate neighbourhood of Pesth, where the Diet of the Magyars was wont to be held, has shared the fate of our own Runnymede, and became the scene of horseraces. In the present comparatively modern palace of Buda are kept the venerated regalia of Hungary; and as the rock-founded edifice itself, though so strongly and so splendidly situated, has been time after time shattered by the

assaults of war, so the ensigns of royalty preserved within it have suffered the constant vicissitude of captive and recovery. Still more significant is the injury to the cross on the summit of the crown, twelve volumes of explanation to account for its being bent to one side having been written in vain. Several interesting facts are told us of the much-renowned gipsies of Hungary; some of whom are musicians and others tinkers, charcoal-burners, smiths, or farriers, and who all camp about in true gipsy fashion. But the funniest "picture" in the book is the incident of the visit to the Monastery of Tihany. We could have understood the Religious of a convent of Nuns receiving some lady visitors with great cordiality, or a passing act of kindness and hospitality done by a genial hearted Monk even to ladies; but the scene here described, from its commencement within the rooms of my Lord Abbot to its next stage, when Abbot and Prior tucked each a lady of the party under his arm and led her off to dinner, and to its conclusion with the Mass said by the Prior in Hungarian boots and a costume that provoked a smile; and the distant view of the Reverend Abbot himself, in full Religious habit, springing into an open barouche, and being whisked away behind four horses and a driver in blue braided livery coat, with flying ribbons in his hat, and flourishing a long whip in his hand, appears to us ludicrous in the extreme. But the book is written in a gay sparkling strain, and it describes a very simple and unsophisticated country; and this description, as well as some of the legends with which it is freely interspersed, must, we suppose, be taken in a good humoured way.

5. The age can boast of a few, a very few real novelists, but it is exceedingly prolific in novel writers, and its stock in trade of actual novels written is simply inexhaustible. Were the novel writers of the present day as fertile in the true genius of representation as a Gustave Doré, monthly novels from the same brain would be more endurable. As it is, there is neither mind nor heart in most novels of the day, and they are dashed off by the writers as rapidly as, we may presume, they are dashed through by the reader. To be able to write really a good novel is a gift granted only to the few; to undertake to write a novel at all is a considerable undertaking. Noel d'Auvergne, by Samuel Richardson, B.A. (Washbourne, Paternoster Row), is evidently the first effort of its author, the scene of the tale is laid chiefly in Ireland, and is a description of Irish society. One of the most prominent characters is Madeleine Leyne, whose mistakes and misfortunes form the centre of the picture; but the real heroine, the light of whose virtues and ultimate happiness intensifies by contrast the dark shadow of Madeleine's fortunes, is Mary Leyne, her sister. The hero of the story is Noel d'Auvergne, of French extraction, and first introduced as studying for the bar at Trinity College, Dublin. The villain of the tale is the Hon. O'Mally Oranmore, younger brother of Lord Summervale, and he works hard throughout to justify his claim

to that title, till repentance, worldly position, and death all came upon him with surprising suddenness to close in his career. Both sisters have fallen in love with D'Auvergne, but the dark and imperious Madeleine is the object of his choice, and Mary Leyne has to love on in secret, though with calm and heroic resignation. A most unusual, but in this case irremediable obstacle to the smooth course of love, is the discovery by Madeleine of her lover, nay of her accepted and betrothed, lying senseless after dinner on the floor of the dining-room. The natural inference is that he lies in a state of helpless intoxication, but without explanation either sought or given an alliance with him is now rejected with scorn. Upon this follows triumph to O'Mally Oranmore, who woos, and is accepted by Madeleine, without her being able to love him, and without his having love for anything except her money. But he has been married before, and his Spanish wife hearing of his intended step, sets out to assert the rights of herself and her infant boy. She is accidently met and is accompanied by the present Lady Summervale, the discovery of whose infidelity to her husband and consequent banishment from her house Oranmore had brought about. The mother and her child are swept from the vessel's deck, only, however, to reappear before the end of the book. But Lady Summervale meets her brother-in-law, and confronts him with a copy of his marriage lines, and with an accusation of having attempted to murder his true wife. To get her out of his way she is murdered, and her body is gradually and horribly mutilated by a process minutely detailed. Madeleine loses all her money, and this charm having vanished, the lover and the beloved agree to a mutual good riddance. Notwithstanding which release the lady pines away and dies. Oranmore goes out to America, joins the army, rises to be General in the Federal ranks, finds out that he is lodging in the house of his wife, whom he supposed to have been drowned, is reconciled to her and dies. Meanwhile Mary Leyne has been a governess, and afterwards a celebrated actress. This life she abandons in order to be wedded to the object of her early love-the hero of the tale, Noel d'Auvergne. Such is the history of the leading characters of a novel which is full of incident, but describes persons chiefly by their external actions, and in which there is not sufficient working up of the crude materials. The chief events are startling rather than sensational, which they are intended to be, and are, we must confess, not always perfectly probable. Mr. Richardson shows promise, and, if there were not so many better things in the world to be done than novel writing, might doubtless very much improve upon his first attempt if he were to give his time to fiction.

6. The classical and graceful writing of the late Earl of Carnarvon, and our recollection of the interest excited by his former work on Portugal and Gallicia, have combined to lead us to notice a volume of extracts from a journey in Greece and Turkey in 1839, published by his son, the present Earl, under the title of Reminiscences of Athens

VOL. XI.

M M

and the Morea (John Murray, Albermarle Street). These extracts touch on political events in Greece, on very beautiful descriptions of scenery, and on a very lucid and skilful portraiture of the habits and national spirit of the different races. The genius, or rather, the waywardness, of the people, and of the men in power among them, bears much the stamp of the mingled wildness, beauty, and interest of their native scenery, studded with the ruins of past greatness and past violence. There is a poetry and a pathos about the very name of Greece that cannot but interest us much still in the fate of the country. But yet she has long departed from her former glory, and we can draw no good augury for her future from the conviction that whatever gleam of hope remained for a prosperous issue to Otho's reign has not only passed away, but has given place to yet darker prospects in the confirmed disappointments of the present reign. Greece must be ranked amongst those hapless countries, for which no one seems to know, or at least acknowledge and act upon, what is best to be done. And how much of personal selfishness and of mutual jealousies lies at the root of all this misgovernment? From having been once at the head of all refinement and cultivation, the country has fallen lamentably behind the world. The pictures drawn by the late Lord Carnarvon so comparatively recently of the wild and eccentric life of the peasantry, tempt us to imagine he has taken us back into the rudest and most violent of medieval times. And though Mr. Clark's authority is quoted in the preface for the assertion that even in 1858 "the security for life and property," we now know for certain that not the wildest tale of risk to life or audacity of assault in the past, can come up to the boldness and violence of brigandage in Greece at the present moment. The remarks made by the late Earl on the Greek Church are very straightforward and significant. He attributes the little influence of the Clergy on the prople to the "stationary and unelastic character of the Greek Church," and he says, a few lines further on, "such as the Greek Church became on the extinction of Paganism, such, or nearly such, she seems to be now. Her missionary work has been narrow, her moral influence and control at home small, and the principle of an ever-expanding and all-absorbing vitality has been wanting." The late Lord Carnarvon's tastes, as well as his style of writing, especially fitted him to enter into and to portray the poetic grace and beauty of both people and scenery, and his son has done well to secure a wider range for those chapters which he had at first only intended to circulate amongst a few private friends.

7. We have no doubt that if Dr. Pusey should come across the little work of Père Jeanjacquot, of the Society of Jesus, a translation of which has just been published by Mr. Philp (Simple Explanations concerning the Cooperation of the Most Holy Virgin in the Work of Redemption), it will appear to him scarcely less startling than the work of Grignon de Montfort against which he has spoken so strongly. It opens out, in fact, a line of thought and contemplation