Amsterdam', a barren islet in the Southern Ocean, the home of sea-birds, shell-fish, and seals. Manifestly of volcanic origin, it possesses a burning soil and hot springs, and along with its single neighbor, St. Paul, 60 m. to the N.-E., it is about midway in the direct line between Cape of Good Hope and Van Diemen's Land, and nearly the same distance from Cape Comorin.

Amuck', "to kill," from the Japanese amoaki. When a Malay becomes frenzied from the use of opium he sometimes seizes a dirk and rushes through the streets stabbing at every one, till at last he is killed himself. This is called running A., and is the Malay mode of suicide. See HARA KIRI. Am'ulet, any object worn as a charm. It is often a stone or piece of metal, with an inscription or some figures engraved on it, and is generally suspended from the neck and worn as a preservative against sickness, witchcraft, etc. Its origin, like its name, seems to be Oriental. The ancient Egyptians had their As., sometimes forming necklaces. Among the Greeks such a protective charm was styled phylacterion; among the Romans, amuletum. This word is probably derived from the Arabic hamalet, (that is, suspended.) The phylacteries of the Jews, slips of parchment on which passages of the law were written, were evidently worn as badges of piety by the Pharisees, but were also regarded as wholesome preservatives from evil spirits and from all manner of harm. From the heathen the use of As. passed into the Christian Church, the inscription on them being ichthus, (the Greek word for a fish,) because it contained the initials of the Greek words for Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour.

Am'urath, or Murad', the name of four Turkish sultans, 1326-1640; their reigns were marked by wars and

massacres.

Amurnath', a cave amid the mountains which bound Cashmere on the N.-E. It is a natural cave in a rock of gypsum, about 100 yds. w., 30 h., and 500 deep. It is believed by the Hindus to be the residence of the god Siva, and is therefore visited by multitudes of pilgrims. It is inhabited by vast numbers of doves, which fly out in alarm on the loud shouting of prayers by the pilgrims, and this is supposed to indicate the acceptance of their prayers.

Amussat, (JEAN Z.,) a Fr. inventor of surgical instruments, and a standard writer on medical subjects; b. 1796, d. 1856.

Amy'clæ, an old Laconian town, was situated on the E. bank of the Eurotas, 20 stadia S.-E. of Sparta, in a richly wooded and fertile region. It was a famous city in the heroic age, the abode of Tyndarus and his spouse Leda. Long after the Dorians had subjugated and peopled the rest of the Peloponnesus A. continued to be a free Achæan town. It was conquered by the Spartans just before the first Messenian war. The inhabitants were so often agitated by false rumors of the Spartans that, growing tired of living in a state of continual alarm, they decreed that no one should henceforth mention or even take notice of these disagreeable fictions. Unfortunately, the Spartans did come at length, and, according to the Greek saying, "A. perished through silence." Amygdaleæ, or Drupa'ceæ, according to some botanists a natural order of dicotyledonous plants, but more generally regarded as a sub-order of Rosacea. The species are all trees and shrubs. They have the tube of the calyx lined with a disk, the pistil a solitary simple carpel with a terminal style, the fruit a drupe. The bark yields gum, and hydrocyanic acid is present in very notable quantity in different parts, as the leaves, kernels, etc. The A. are chiefly natives of the cold and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Some of them yield valuable fruits, the almond, peach, etc., and various products of the order are used in medicine.

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Amygdaloid, a rock consisting of a basis of some kind of trap rock, very frequently of greenstone, forming numerous roundish or oval cells which are filled with nodules often of calcareous spar or of zeolitic minerals. The nodules are evidently the result of a sublimation and imperfect crystallization under the action of the heat which formed the cells. Empty cells often occur among those which are filled with minerals.

Am'yl is one of the natural products of the distillation of coal. It is a colorless liquid with a somewhat aromatic odor, and it exerts a right-handed rotary action on a ray of polarized light. It is a compound radical, of an homologous series, which includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc. Several of its compounds have a therapeutic value.

Amyla'ceous, (from amylum, "starch,") a term used in Chem. and Bot., and equivalent to starchy. A. food is food consisting at least in great part of some kind of starch, as arrow-root, sago, etc. A compound radical called amyle is formed by the decomposition of starch in a peculiar fermentation-the amylic fermentation.

Amyot, or Amiot, (Jacques,) a Fr. writer, well known by his excellent translations of the Greek classics; b. 1513, d. 1593.

Amyot, (JOSEPH,) a celebrated Jesuit and Oriental scholar, was b. at Toulon in 1717, and lived as a missionary in China from 1750 to the time of his death, in 1794.

Amy'raut, (MOSES,) a Calvinistic professor who attempted to reconcile the various branches of Protestantism; b. 1596, d. 1664.

Amyrida'ceæ, a natural order of dicotyledonous or exogenous plants, consisting of trees and shrubs, natives of tropical countries, remarkable for the abundance of their fragrant balsamic or resinous juice. They have compound leaves, occasionally with stipules and pellucid dots.

A'na, a termination added to the names of remarkable men to designate collections of their sayings, anecdotes, etc., as in the works entitled Baconiana, Johnsoniana.

Anabap'tists, a term applied in general to those Christians who reject infant baptism and administer the rite only to adults, so that when a new member joins them he or she is baptized a second time, the first being considered no baptism. The modern Baptists, however, disclaim the title. The term is manifestly connected with the controversy about infant baptism carried on in the early Church. Shortly after the beginning of the Reformation the opposition to infant baptism appeared anew, especially among a set of fanatical enthusiasts called the Prophets of Zwickau, in Saxony, at whose head were Thomas Münzer (1520) and others. These men connected with the doctrine of adult baptism the wildest principles, "subversive of all religious and civil order." Their adherents increased rapidly among the lower classes, the severity of the laws passed against them only serving to extend their influence and multiply their numbers. In 1533, under the leadership of John Bockhold and John Matthias, they seized the Protestant city of Münster, in Westphalia, expelled their opponents, devoted all property to the common use, destroyed all books but the Bible, and lived in grossest licentiousness and anarchy. Bockhold was crowned king under the title of "John of Leyden." In 1535 the city was recaptured, but only by treachery, and after a brave defense, and the leaders were put to death with great cruelty. Other apostles, however, continued to preach the doctrines of the A., and for more than a c. the sect continued to increase and exercise influence throughout Germany. The rude and fanatical period of the history of anabaptism, however, closes with the scandal of Münster. A new era begins with Menno Simons. Surrounded by dangers Menno succeeded by prudent zeal in collecting the scattered adherents of the sect and in founding congregations in the Netherlands and in various parts of Germany. In Germany the Baptists have made some attempts in more recent times to extend their Church, with considerable success. Under the Baptist Union of Germany there are about 102 churches with 19,393 members. In Prussia various concessions had been made to the Baptists early in this c., such as exemption from military service. They were tolerated in Bavaria, Baden, Würtemberg, Mecklenburg, Russia, France, and Denmark, but were expelled from Sweden.

Anabas'idæ, or Labyrinthibran'chidæ, a family of acanthopterygious fishes, characterized by a remarkable structure of the upper membranes of the pharynx, which are divided into small irregular leaves containing between them These retain water sufficient to keep the gills moist for a considerable time, and so enable the fish to

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two historical works: (1) A. of Cyrus, written by Xenophon, which gives a narrative of the unfortunate expedition of the younger Cyrus against his brother, the Persian king Artaxerxes, and of the retreat of the Ten Thousand Greek allies, under the command of Xenophon; (2) The A. of Alexander, written by Arrian, and giving an account of the campaigns of Alexander the Great.

An'ableps, a genus of fishes of the order Malacopterygii Abdominales, family Cyprinidae, of Cuvier-of the family Cyprinodontide of Agassiz-characterized by a structure of the eyes to which there is nothing similar in any other vertebrated animals. This consists in a division of the cornea and iris into two somewhat unequal elliptical parts by transverse bands formed of the conjunctiva, so that the animal appears to have four eyes, while there are really two pupils on each side, the other parts of the eye being single.

Anacan'thini, fishes with bony endoskeleton, including cod and other varieties used for food.

Anacardia'ceæ, a natural order of dicotyledonous or exogenous plants, consisting of trees and shrubs, which abound in a resinous juice, sometimes acrid and poisonous. Anach'aris, a genus of plants of the natural order Hydrocharidea. It is a native of N. Am., growing in ponds and slow streams, and is a dark green, much-branched perennial, entirely floating under water, its flowers only appearing above water for a very short time at the period of fertilization, as in others of the order to which it belongs.

Anachar'sis, a Scythian, and brother of King Saulios, visited Athens in the time of Solon, with whom he lived in intimacy. Incited by a love of learning he subsequently traveled through several countries. For his clear understanding he was numbered among the Seven Wise Men. It is said that after his return to his native land he was put to death by the king, who feared the introduction of the Greek religion, in which it was supposed that A. had been initiated. Anach'ronism, an error in chronology. Sometimes an A. is purposely made for the sake of effect, or to bring certain events within convenient compass for dramatic purposes. Shakespeare, in his Julius Caesar, makes the "clock strike three;" and Schiller, in his Piccolomini, speaks of a "lightning-conductor" as existing about 150 yrs. before its invention. The A. is more pronounced when, in a work which adheres to the costumes and other features of old times, we find a modern style of thought and language, as in the dramas of Racine and Corneille. In epic poetry A. is a common feature. Achilles is always young; Helena always beautiful. Anacla ́che, a snow-covered peak of the Bolivian Andes, 22,000 ft. h. and covered with perpetual snow.

Anacle'tus, antipope, elected by the Romans as opponent of Innocent II. 1130; d. 1138.

Asia; it rises N. of Kamtchatka, flows easterly, and empties into the Sea of A.; 450 m. in l.

Anadyom ́ene, (lit. "emerging,") in classic myth., one of the names of Venus.

Anæ'mia is the condition generally termed poverty of blood, and consists essentially of a diminution in the fibrine, and especially in the proportion of red corpuscles of the blood, which in some cases of A. may be so low as 27 in 1,000 parts. Persons in an anæmic condition have pale waxy complexions, pallid lips and tongues, and if blood be drawn from them it forms a clot which is less red, and also smaller in proportion to the serum than blood from a healthy person. The curative treatment of A. consists in allowing the patient fresh air, good nourishment, and those materials which promote the formation of the deficient elements of the vital fluid. Of these the principal is iron, of which there are several preparations. This remedy has, in some instances of chlorosis, doubled the proportion of red blood corpuscles in a very short time. Arsenic, manganese, sulphur, and nux vomica are also of service.

Anæsthe ́sia, (à priv., and àươ¤ávoμai, “I feel,") literally means absence or loss of sensation, which may be general or local. The word is, however, more especially employed to signify loss of tactile sensibility, as distinguished from analgesia, or insensibility to pain. It is further used to indicate the condition induced by the action of anæsthetics upon the system. See SENSATION.

Anæsthet'ics. The name is given to a series of agents which are employed for the prevention of pain, but more especially applied to those used in surgical practice. The idea of annulling pain in surgical operations is a very old one. In ancient writers we read of insensibility or indifference to pain being obtained by means of Indian hemp, (Cannabis Indica,) either inhaled or taken into the stomach. The Chinese more than 1,500 yrs. ago used a preparation of hemp, or ma-yo, to annul pain. The Greeks and Romans used mandragora for a similar purpose, (poiein anaisthesian ;) and as late as the 13th c. the vapor from a sponge filled with mandragora, opium, and other sedatives was used. Compression of the nerves and blood-vessels and the inhalation of the vapor of mixtures containing carbonic anhydride were practiced at an early date. In the 16th c. ether was probably the active ingredient of a volatile anæsthetic described by Porta. The use of A. was, however, but little understood and rarely practiced. Even the suggestion of Sir Humphrey Davy that nitrous oxide should be used in minor operations not attended by loss of blood was of little practical value, on account of the inefficient apparatus then available. In 1845 Horace Wells inhaled laughing-gas so successfully that he may be said to have introduced the practice; but he appears to have so often failed to produce the desired effect that this agent fell into disuse on the introduction of ether in 1846 by Morton, an Amer., after some communication on its properties from a chemist named Jackson. In 1847 chloroform was used by Simpson, and quickly superseded ether almost all over Europe. At the present time the comparative safety of ether has caused this anæsthetic again to be preferred by many surgeons in this country. The three agents just mentioned, viz., nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform are those chiefly in use, and they have each advantages

Anacon'da, the largest serpent of Am., growing some times to the 1. of 40 ft.; not venomous. It occurs as far N. as Cordova, Mexico.

such as amylene, tetrachloride of carbon, carbonic acid gas, methyl chloroform, methylic ether, ethidene dichloride, and bichloride of methyl have not shown that they possess sufficient advantages to counterbalance the defect of the necessity of special management in their administration. The list of A. might be still further increased; for to produce insensibility it is only necessary to reduce the supply of arterialized

Anacreon, one of the most esteemed lyric poets of Greece, was b. at Teos, a sea port of Ionia, spent part of his youth in Abdera, to which place most of his fellow-townsmen emigrated when the city was taken by the Persians in 540 B.C., and rose to fame as a poet about 530 B.C. He was patronized by Polycrates, the ruler of Samos, who invited him to his court. After the death of Polycrates he went to Athens, (521 B.C.,) and was received with honor by Hipparchus; on whose fall he left Athens and probably returned to Teos, whence, during the insurrection of Ionia against Darius, he fled to Abdera, where he d. at the age of 85.

Anadir', a Siberian river, in the extreme N.-E. part of

a substance which deprives it of its power of oxygenating the tissues. Mode of use: Anæsthesia may be produced for surgical purposes: (1) By benumbing the part to be operated on by means of cold. (2) By intercepting its nervous communication. (3) By arresting the activity of the nervous centers concerned in sensation. Thus A. may be local or general in their action. Local anesthesia may be produced by cold. The most convenient plan is to blow a jet of anhydrous ether spray upon the part, as suggested by Dr. Richardson, and thus to freeze it. Rhigolene and methyl chloride may be used in the same way. The surface to be frozen should be dry, and hence the difficulty of freezing the gum of the lower jaw, on account of the saliva. A mixture of equal parts of pounded ice and salt in a muslin bag is effective but painful. The discovery of cocaine, an alkaloid from the

Erythroxylon coca, has revolutionized the subject of local anæsthesia. It is used in operations and manipulations about the eye, throat, nose, and other sensitive organs, and for a large number of plastic operations. It is used in solutions of varying strengths, from a two per cent. to a saturate solution. It is also added to acids and other caustics to render their action painless. Methyl chloride spray, drumine, and benzoyl-tropine may be used to produce local anesthesia. General anaesthesia is at present rarely obtained in any other way than by inhalation, although successful attempts have been made to induce the condition by subcutaneous and intravenous injection of chloral or morphia.

Anagni, anc. Anagnia, a town of central Italy, 30 m. E.-S.-E. from Rome. There are some remains of ancient buildings. The ancient Anagnia was the chief city of the Hernici. It was a place of importance during the whole period of Roman history, and Virgil mentions it as the wealthy Anagnia; " pop. 8,156.

An'agram, the transposition of the letters of a word, phrase, or short sentence so as to form a new word or sentence. It originally signified a simple reversal of the order of letters, but has long borne the sense in which it is now used. The Cabalists attached great importance to As., believing in some relation of them to the character or destiny of the persons from whose names they were formed. Plato entertained a similar notion, and the later Platonists rivaled the Cabalists in ascribing to them mysterious virtues. Although now classed among follies, or at best among ingenious trifles, As. formerly employed some of the most serious minds, and some of the Puritanical writers commended the use of them. The best As. are such as have, in the new order of letters, some signification appropriate to that from which they are formed. It was a great triumph for the medieval anagrammatist to find in Pilate's question Quid est veritas? "What is truth?" its own answer: Est vir qui adest, "It is the man who is here." A modern instance is, "French Revolution "-" Violence, run forth."

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of an insect. Organs, again, are homologous, or homologues, when they are constructed on the same plan, undergo a similar development, and bear the same relative position, independent of either form or function, as the arms of a man and the wings of a bird.

Analogy, a term originally Greek, signifies an agreement or correspondence in certain respects between things in other respects different. Euclid employed it to signify propor. tion, or the equality of ratios, and it has retained this sense in mathematics; but it is a term little used in the exact sciences, and of very frequent use in every other department of knowledge and of human affairs. In Grammar we speak of the A. of language, i. e., the correspondence of a word or phrase with the genius of the language, as learned from the manner in which its words and phrases are formed.

Analysis, (Greek,) the resolution of a whole into its component parts. In mental philosophy this term is applied to the logical treatment of an idea so as to resolve it into other ideas which combine to form it. A judgment or proposition may thus also be analyzed. The opposite of A. is synthesis; and the opposition of these terms is common in other branches of science as well as in mental philosophy. We speak of an analytic method in science, and of a synthetic method; and both are necessary, the one coming to the assistance of the other to secure against error and to promote the ascertainment of truth. The analytic method proceeds from the examination of facts to the determination of principles; while the synthetic method proceeds to the determination of consequences from principles known or assumed. Mathematical A., in the modern sense of the term, is the method of treating all quantities as unknown numbers, and representing them for this purpose by symbols, such as letters, the relation subsisting among them being thus stated and subjected to further investigation. It is, therefore, the same thing as algebra, in the widest sense of that term, although the term algebra is more strictly limited to what relates to equations, and thus denotes only the first part of A. A., in Chem., is the term applied to that department of experimental science which has for its object the chemical disunion or sepathe resolution of water into its components, hydrogen and oxygen; of common salt into chlorine and sodium; of marble into lime and carbonic acid; of sugar into carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and of chloroform into carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine, are examples of chemical A. Chemical A. is of two kinds : qualitative A., which determines the quality or nature of the ingredients of a compound without regard to the quantity of each which may be present; and quantitative A., which calls in the aid of the balance or measure, and estimates the exact proportion, by weight or volume, in which the several constituents are united.

An'akim, a gigantic race of people whose stronghold was Kirjath-arba, in the S. of Palestine. In the opinion of some biblical critics they were not Canaanites, as they are not included in the list of devoted nations; others again conclude, from the fact that invariably mention is made only of three individuals or families, that the name is appellative rather than general, and that the A. were merely particular tribes of the wide-spread and powerful Amorites, distinguished for their unusual stature. Be that as it may, the Israelites considered them too dangerous for neighbors, and consequently subjected them to the same stern treatment as the rest. It was the As, whose appearance so terrified the Hebrew spies who entered the Land of Promise from Kadesh-barnea. Anal’cime, or Anal'cite, in Chem., crystals of alumina and hydrated silicate of soda, generally occurring in 24sided crystals, sometimes transparent.

Analem'ma, a projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian; also an instrument on which this projection is made; a mark on an artificial terrestrial globe to notify the sun's declination on any day in the yr.

Analge'sia, (a priv., and áλyos, "pain,") absence of sensibility to painful impressions.

A'nal Glands. Under this name may be described a large and diversified group of glands found in many animals, and generally characterized by the disagreeable odor of their secretion, which is usually ejected for the defense of the animal. The sweet fluids of the aphides, acrid vapors explosively discharged by insects called "bombardiers," and the inky fluid of the cuttle-fish are the products of the A. G. The sac which contains the musk of the musk-deer lies in the middle line beneath the skin of the abdomen, and opens at the prepuce. The secretion peculiar to badgers, polecats, and skunks, and which they use as an instrument | of defense, shielding themselves from their adversaries by an overpowering and intolerable odor, comes from a pouch situated beneath the tail. See CIVET, CASTOREUM.

An'alogue, a term in Comparative Anatomy. Organs are analogous to one another, or are analogues, when they perform the same function, though they may be altogether different in structure, as the wings of a bird and the wings

Anam', or Annam', an empire of Eastern Asia, by treaty of June 6, 1884, under French protection and direction; area about 27,000 sq. m.; pop. variously estimated at from 2,000,000 to 6,000,000; probably about 5,000,000. Cap., Hué; pop. 30,000. King, Tham Thai. See COCHIN CHINA. Anamaboe', a British sea-port on the African gold coast. See ANNAMABOE.

Anamorphosis, a term used by some naturalists who adopt the theory that living species have been developed from extinct ones. It is applied botanically to an unusual development of an organ; and in perspective to drawings which, like the accompanying cut, must be viewed from a particular point in order to appear in proportion.

Ananyev', a Russian city, in the Govt. of Kherson, 90 m. N.-W. of Odessa; pop. 11,402.

Anapa', a Russian fortified town on the Black Sea; pop. 20,614.

Anaph'ora, a rhetorical repetition at the beginning of consecutive clauses, conducive to strength.

Anaphrodi'sia, (à priv., and Aøpodɩrn, "Venus,”) absence of sexual appetite. Sometimes used to express impotence.

Anamorphosis.

Anaphrodisiacs, medicines which diminish the sexual passions, as ice, cold baths, bromides, iodides, conium, camphor, digitalis, purgatives, nauseants, and bleeding.

An'archy, An'archism, (from the Gr. av, and ȧpxh.