ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS.

Prof. T. S. BAYNES, University of St. Andrews, Editor-in- | M. M. BACKUS.

Chief of the Ninth Edition (latest) of Encyclopædia ALEXANDER BUCHAN, M.A., Sec. of the Scottish MeteorologBritannica. ical Society.

ANDREW FINDLATER, LL.D,, Edinburgh, late Acting Editor GEORGE BULLEN, Assistant Keeper of the Printed Books, of Chambers's Encyclopædia. and Supt. of the Reading-Room, British Museum.

Prof. JOHN M. Ross, Edinburgh, Assistant Editor of Cham- GEORGE BURNET, Advocate, Lyon King of Arms. bers's Encyclopædia.

PATRICK P. ALEXANDER, A.M., Edinburgh.
WILLIAM ANDERSON, (the late,) Edinburgh.

THOMAS C. ARCHER. F.R.S.E., F.B.S. E., F.R.S.S.A., Director
of the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art; Corre-
sponding Member of the Scientific Committee of Crown
Domains of Russia, etc., etc.

W. G. ABBOT.

J. H. BURTON, LL.D., Historiographer Royal for Scotland.
DAVID BUXTON, F.R.S.L., Principal of the School for the
Deaf and Dumb, Liverpool.

F. H. BUTLER, B.A.

ALEXANDER BAIN, M.A., Prof. of Logic in the University of
Aberdeen.

GEORGE BARCLAY, Barrister-at-Law, London.
B. BAYLIS, C.E., Rotherham, England.

Rev. EDWIN A. ABBOTT, D.D., Head Master of the City of ALEXANDER Melville BELL, F.E.I.S., Lecturer on ElocuLondon Schools.

tion in University Coll., London.

ROBERT ADAMSON, M.A., Prof. of Political Economy, Owens JAMES G. BERTRAM, Edinburgh.

Coll., Manchester.

Dr. J. O. AFFLECK.

Dr. A. S. AGLEN.

D. A. AIRD.

P. P. ALEXANDER, University of St. Andrews.

W. L. ALEXANDER, D.D.

J. ARTHUR BINNS, Manningham, Bradford, England.
Capt. C. ORDE BROWNE, R.A., Royal Laboratory, Woolwich
England.

OSCAR BROWNING, Fellow of King's Coll., Cambridge.

J. BRYCE, D.C.L., Regius Prof. of Civil Law, Oxford University.

JOSEPH ANDERSON, Keeper of Museum of Antiquities of C. A. BUCHHEIM, Ph.D., Prof. German Literature, King's

Scotland.

JULES ANDRIEN.

Coll., London.

J. C. BUCKMASTER, South Kensington Museum, London.

H. E. ARMSTRONG, Ph.D., Prof. of Chemistry, London Insti- ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S., Sadlerian Prof. of Pure tute.

Mathematics, Cambridge University.

Dr. T. R. CHAMBERS.

Col. CHARLES CHESNEY, R.E.

[Oxford.

Rev. T. K. CHEYNE, M.A., Hebrew Lecturer, Balliol Coll.
Prof. GEORGE CHRYSTAL, Prof. of Mathematics, University
of St. Andrews.

Lieut.-Col. A. W. CLARKE, R.E., C.B.
Miss A. M. CLARKE.
SHERIFF CLARKE.

JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, M.D., Prof. of Botany and Medi- Dr. HUGH CLEGHORN.
cine, University of Edinburgh.

JOHN BALL, F.R.S., M.R.I.A., late President of the Alpine
Club.

J. A. CROWE, Author of Painting in Italy.

Rev. C. G. CURTIS, Chaplain to the British Embassy, Peru.

JOHN STUART BLACKIE, F.R.S.E., Prof. of Greek in the Uni- R. CAMPBELL, Barrister-at-Law, London.
versity of Edinburgh.

W. A. F. BROWNE, Commissioner in Lunacy, Edinburgh.
A. H. BRYCE, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.E., Rector of the Edin-
burgh Collegiate School.

JAMES CARMICHAEL, Classical Master, Edinburgh Academy.
ROBERT CARRUTHERS, Inverness, Scotland.

WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, F.L.S., F.G.S., Botanical Depart-
ment, British Museum.

ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS.

W. DYCE CAY, A.I., C.E., Resident Engineer, Aberdeen JAMES GAIRDNER, Public Record Office, London.
Harbor.
WILLIAM T. GAIRDNER, D.D., Prof. of Practice of Medicine,
University of Glasgow.

WILLIAM CHAMBERS, F.R.S.E., Author and Editor of numerous Publications, Founder of Chambers's Journal, etc. ROBERT CHAMBERS, LL.D., F.R.S.E., etc., Author and Publisher of many well-known works, including Chambers's English Literature, etc., etc.

ROBERT CHAMBERS, Jun., Edinburgh.

JAMES COWIE, Sundridge Hall, Bromley, Kent, England.
The Rev. J. MASON Cox, M.A., Vicar of Bishop's Tawton,
Devon, and Prebendary of Exeter, England.

ROBERT COX, F.S.A. Scot., Edinburgh.
ALEXANDER CRUIKSHANK, A.M., Aberdeen.

S. RAWSON GARDINER, Author of History of England, 1624

28.

PERCY GARDNER.

ALEXANDER GALLETLY, Curator Industrial Museum, Edinburgh.

Prof. JOHN GAMGEE, Albert Veterinary Coll., London. THEODOR GOLDSTUCKER, Ph.D., Prof. of Sanskrit in University Coll., London.

GEORGE GRUB, LL.D., Prof.-Substitute of Law in the University of Aberdeen.

EDWARD CAIRD, B.A., Prof. of Moral Philosophy, University RICHARD GARNETT, British Museum. of Glasgow.

Rev. O. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE, M.A.

Prof. J. S. CANDLISH, D.D.

WILLIAM B. CARPENTER, LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., C.B., late

Pres. British Association.

F. HAYNE CARTER, Chartered Accountant.

R. CARRUTHERS, LL.D.

W. L. R. CATES. Joint Author of Encyclopedia of Chronology.
R. CAULFIELD, LL.D.

WILLIAM GARNETT, M.A.

H. GAUSSERON.

ARCHIBALD GERKIE, LL.D., F.R.S., Prof. of Geology at the
University of Edinburgh.

JOHN GIBSON, Industrial Museum, Edinburgh.
THOMAS GILRAY, M.A.

JAMES GLAISHER, F.R.S., Supt. Magnetic and Meteorologi-
cal Section, Greenwich Observatory.
H. GODFRAY.

GEORGE E. DAY, M.A. Cant., M.D., F.R.S., late Prof. of Med- EDMUND W. GOSSE, British Museum.
icine in the University of St. Andrews.

EMANUEL DEUTSCH, British Museum.

GEORGE DODD, London.

C. HOME DOUGLAS, Edinburgh.

FINLAY DUN, Weston Park, Shipston-on-Stour, England.

FRANCIS DARWIN, M.B.

T. W. RHYS DAVIDS.

Rev. F. W. GOTCH, LL.D.

Sir ALEX. GRANT, Bart., LL.D., Principal of Edinburgh
University.

FRANCIS H. GROOME.

Dr. A. GUNTHER.

SAMUEL HALKETT, Keeper of the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.

A. B. DAVIDSON, D.D., LL.D., Prof. of Hebrew and Old Tes- HENRY HALL, F.R.G.S., War Department Surveyor, Portstament Exegesis, New Coll., Edinburgh.

mouth.

SAMUEL DAVIDSON, D.D., Author of Introduction to the Old DAVID HAMILTON, (the late,) Edinburgh. and New Testaments, etc.

THOMAS DAVIDSON, F.R.S.

Rev. G. P. DAVIES.

P. G. HAMERTON.

W. HANNA, D.D., LL.D., Author of Biography of the late
Rev. Thomas Chalmers.

WILLIAM B. DAWKINS, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.S.A., Prof. of Rev. H. R. HAWEIS, M.A.

JAMES DONALDSON, LL.D., Author of Early Christian Liter- WALTER Hepworth. ature and Doctrine.

JOHN DORAN, Ph.D., Editor of Notes and Queries.

ROBERT K. DOUGLAS, Prof. of Chinese, King's Coll., London.

E. S. DRONE.

W. T. T. DYER, M.A.

Lady E. EASTLAKE.

Rev. EDWARD L. HICKS, M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi
Coll., Oxford.

J. RUSSEL HIND, F.R.S., Supt. of Nautical Almanac.
E. W. K. HOLDSWORTH.

T. E. HOLLAND, M.A., D.C.L., Chichele Prof. of Inter-
national Law, Oxford.

JULIUS EGGELING, Ph.D., Prof. of Sanskrit and Compara-E. M. HOLLES, Curator of Pharmaceutical Museum, Lontive Philology, Edinburgh University.

F. HUEFFER, Author of Wagner and the Music of the Future.
JOHN HUNTER.

Col. CHARLES B. EWART, C.B., Deputy Director of Works for WILLIAM FREDERICK HUNTER, LL.B., Advocate.
Barracks.

Rev. W. J. EDLIN, M.A., Chaplain of Trinity Coll., Cam-
bridge.

A. M. EDWARDS, M.R.C.S.E., F.R.S.E., etc., late Demon-
strator of Anatomy, University of Edinburgh.
THOMAS ELLISON, Liverpool.

Rev. ROBERT FLINT, D.D., Prof. of Divinity. Edinburgh W. B. JOHNSTONE, R.S.A., Principal Curator and Keeper of

ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS.

A. B. W. KENNEDY, Prof. of Engineering, University Coll., JAMES A. H. MURRAY, LL.D.
London.

Rev. G. W. KITCHIN.

HENRY H. LANCASTER, B.A., Advocate, Balliol Coll., Oxford.
SIMON S. LAURIE, A.M., Secretary to the Education Com-
mittee of the Church of Scotland.

E. LEMMI, Advocate, LL.D., of the University of Pisa.
JOHN H. VAN LENNEP, Zeyst, Netherlands.
JAMES LESLIE, C.E., Edinburgh.

HERBERT C. LLOYD, London.

JAMES LORIMER, A.M., Prof. of Public Law in the Univer sity of Edinburgh.

J. J. LAKE.

ANDREW LANG, B.A., Fellow of Merton Coll., Oxford.

P. S. LANG.

ALFRED LARGE.

G. W. LATHAM.

Rev. HENRY LATHAM.

J. K. LAUGHTON, Royal Naval Coll., Greenwich, England.
E. T. LEFROY.

Rev. JAMES LEGGE, Prof. of Chinese at Oxford University.
HENRY LETTREBY, M.D., Ph.D., Medical Officer of Health,

and Food Analyst to the City of London.

ALEXANDER NICOLSON, A.M., Advocate, Edinburgh.
T. L. NICHOLS, M.D., American Journalist, London.
Sir CHARLES NICHOLSON, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., late Chan-
cellor of the University of Sydney, New South Wales.
JAMES NICHOL, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Prof. of Natural History in
the University of Aberdeen.

ALFRED NEWTON, F.B.S., Prof. of Zoology and Comparative
Anatomy at the University of Cambridge.

JOHN NICHOL, B.A., Prof. of English Language and Litera-
ture at the University of Glasgow.

THOMAS NICHOLS, British Museum.

H. ALLEYNE NICHOLSON, M.D., Prof. of Natural History at the University of St. Andrews.

HENRY NICHOL.

ALEXANDER NICHOLSON, Advocate.

C. B. NORMAN.

Col. NUGENT, R.E.

J. L. OHLSEN.

Rev. E. O'MEARA, M.A.
CHARLES O'NEILL.

ELISE C. OTTE.

JAMES PATTERSON, A.M., Barrister-at-Law, London.

T. HAYTER LEWIS, F.S.A., Prof. of Architecture. University JAMES PAYN, London.
Coll., London.

ALEXANDER PEDDIE, M.D., F.R.C.P.E., F.R.S.E., Edinburgh.

T. M. LINDSAY, D.D., Prof. of Divinity and Church History WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R. S., F.G.S., Torquay, England. at the Free Church Coll., Glasgow.

Dr. H. D. LITTLEJOHN.

HENRY CABOT LODGE.

WILLIAM G. PALGRAVE, Author of Narrative of a Year's
Journey Through Central and Western Arabia.
Mrs. F. B. PALLISER.

THOMAS LONGMORE, C.B., Prof. of Army Surgery, Netly, E. H. PALMER, M.A., Prof. of Arabic at the University of England.

J. LONELL.

Rev. PONSONBY A. LYONS.

Cambridge.

WYATT PAPWORTH.
FRANK PARISH.

STEVENSON MACADAM, Ph.D., F.R.S.E., F.C.S., Lecturer on G. F. PARDON, (Capt. Crawley.)

Chemistry, Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh.

DAVID MACGIBBON, Architect, Edinburgh.
Rev. Dr. MACGOWAN, Missionary, China.

W. KITCHEN PARKER, F.R.S., F.Z.S., Hunterman Prof. of
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, Royal Coll. of
Surgeons, London.

The Rev. J. MCILRAITH, Minister of the English Reformed D. PATRICK.
Church, Amsterdam.

JAMES PATON, Kelvengrove Industrial Museum, Glasgow. D. MCLENNAN, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple, Rev. MARK PATTISON, Rector of Lincoln Coll., Oxford. London.

CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S., Secretary Royal Geo- J. L. PORTER, D.D., LL.D., Prof. of Biblical Criticism, Bel

W. MILLIGAN, D.D., Fellow and Librarian of Merton Coll., W. M. ROSSETTI, Author of Fine Art, Chiefly Contemporary. Oxford.

WILLIAM MENZIES, Deputy-Surveyor of Windsor Park and Sir J. H. RAMSAY, Bart.

Forests, etc.

Rev. JOHN MONTGOMERY, A.M., Edinburgh.

Professor J. MURRAY, Kingston, Canada.

Sir HENRY C. RAWLINSON, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., Pres. of
the Royal Geographical Society.
ELIE RECLUS.

Sir GEORGE MIVART, F.R.S., Author of the Genesis of Species. HENRY REEVE, C.B., D.C.L., F.S.A., Registrar of H. M. Privy Rev. Dr. MOFFAT.

F. MAX MULLER, M.A., Prof. of Comparative Philology, D. CONSTABLE ROBB, B.A., University Museum, Oxford. Cambridge University.

A. STUART MURRAY, British Museum.

GEORGE MURRAY.

W. CHANDLER ROBERTS, F.R.S., Assayer Royal Mint, London.

EDMUND ROBERTSON, Barrister-at-Law.

Gen. A. P. ROCKWELL.

Prof. J. E. THOROLD ROGERS, M.A.

HENRY ROGERS.

J. M. Ross, LL.D.

EDWARD SANG, F.R.S.E., Edinburgh.
WILLIAM THOMAS SHAW, London.
W. W. SHORE, M.A., Oxford.

ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS.

ALEXANDER SMITH, (the late,) Edinburgh.

H. AMBROSE SMITH, F.I.A., London.

J. CAMPBELL SMITH, M.A., Advocate, Edinburgh.
Mrs. L. C. SMITH, Keswick.

JAMES P. STEELE, B.A., M.D., Lancet Office, London.
THOMAS STEVENSON, F.R.S.E., M.I.C.E., Civil Engineer.
ROBERT STUART, Q.C., Barrister-at-Law.

J. SIME.

Rev. A. L. SIMPSON, D.D.

Dr. JOHN SMITH.

GEORGE BARNETT SMITH.

Sir C. WYVILLE THOMSON, LL.D., Prof. of Natural History.
Edinburgh University.

WILLIAM THOMAS THORNton.

Rev. H. F. TOZER.

T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE, Author of History of Florence.
COUTTS TROTTER.

WILLIAM TURNER, M.B., Prof. of Anatomy, University of
Edinburgh.
[ure, etc.

EDMUND B. TYLOR, LL.D., F.R.S., Author of Primitive Cult-
Sir FRANCIS Twiss, Q.C., D.C.L., F.R.S.

N. VAN DER VLIET, St. Petersburg.

JOHN VEITCH, LL.D., Prof. of Logic and Rhetoric at the
University of Glasgow.

Rev. EDMUND VENABLES, M.A., Chaplain to the Bishop of
London, Precentor and Canon of Lincoln.
G. VON BUNSEN, Berlin.

EDWARD WALFORD, M.A., late Scholar of Balliol Coll., Ox-
ford.

G. SMITH, LL.D., Editor of Annals of Indian Administration. JOHN WATTS, Ph.D., Manchester.
W. BROWNING SMITH.

Rev. W. ROBERTSON SMITH, Prof. of Hebrew, Free Church
Coll., Aberdeen.

W. C. SMITH, LL.B., Advocate.

H. WEIR, M.A., Cantab., Classical Master, Edinburgh Academy.

WILLIAM WESTGARTH, London, (late of Melbourne, Victoria.)

Rev. W. SAUMAREZ SMITH, Principal of St. Adams School, WALTER WHITE, Assistant-Secretary, Royal Society, LonBirkenhead, England.

ROBERT SOMERS.

Prof. WILLIAM SPAULDING.

DAVID STEVENSON, C.E.

Major-Gen. Sir RICHARD STRACHY, R.E., C.S.I., F.R.S.

J. H. STODDART, Editor of Glasgow Herald.

don.

W. MATTHIEU WILLIAMS, F.C.S., Chemist to the Atlas Iron and Steel Works, Sheffield.

JOHN DOVER WILSON, Advocate, Sheriff-substitute of Kincardineshire, Scotland.

CHRISTOPHER TATCHELL WINTER, Cheltenham, England.

GEORGE EDMUND STREET, R.A., Author of Gothic Architect- T. STRETHILL WRIGHT, M.D., F.R.C.P.E. ure in Spain.

FRANCIS STORR.

J. MONTGOMERY STUART.

W. K. SULLIVAN, Ph.D., Pres. Queen's Coll., Cork.

JAMES SULLY, M.A., Author of Sensation and Intuition.

GEORGE SAINTSBURY.

Rev. A. H. SAYCE, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Queen's Coll.,
Oxford.

W. B. SCOTT.

W. Y. SELLAR, LL.D., Prof. of Humanity, Edinburgh University.

JAMES SHARPE.

THOMAS SHAW, LL.B., Advocate.

W. N. SHAW.

HENRY SIDGWICK.

Prof. E. SIEVERS, University of Jena.

J. A. SYMONDS.

P. G. TAIT, M.A., late Fellow of St. Peter's Coll., Cambridge, Prof. of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh.

ADAM THOM, LL.D.

R. W. THOMSON, C.E., F.R.S.E., Edinburgh.

D. TIMIRIAZEF, St. Petersburg.

HERMAN WAGNER, Ph.D., Prof. of Geography at Königsberg.
CORNELIUS WALFORD.

ALFRED R. WALLACE, Author of The Malay Archipelago.
R. WALLACE, D.D., late Prof. of Divinity and Church His-
tory, Edinburgh University.

WILLIAM WALLACE, M.A., LL.D., Fellow and Librarian of
Merton Coll., Oxford.

FREDERICK WALTERS.

A. W. WARD, M.A., Prof. of History and English Literature,
Owens Coll., Manchester.

Maj. W. H. WARDELL.

HENRY EDWARD WATTS.

H. A. WEBSTER, M.A.

JOSIAH D. WHITHEY.

H. F. WILKINSON, one of the Editors of The Field.
RICHARD WILLIAMS.

WILLIAM C. WILLIAMSON, F.R.S., Prof. of Natural History.
Anatomy, and Physiology, Owens Coll.. Manchester.
C. HEATH WILSON, Author of Life and Works of Michael
Angelo.

DANIEL WILSON, LL.D., Prof. of History and English Lit-
erature, University of Toronto.

R. WILSON.

JOHN TULLOCH, D.D., Principal of St. Mary's Coll., in the T. MCKENNON WOOD.

DAVID THOMPSON, M.A., Prof. of Natural Philosophy, Uni- Col. HENRY YULE, C.B., F.R.G.S., Author of The Book of

Marco Polo, etc.

3.3