ANDES. These passes will bear a comparison with the loftiest pinnacles in Europe. The last and lowest overtops the highest summit of the Pyrenees by 322 ft.; while the last but two, that of Antaraugra, rises 389 ft. above Mont Blanc, the culminating peak of the Alps. The passes across the A. present a vast variety of surfaces and levels. They appear to skirt, as far as practicable, the mountain torrents; and when that is impracticable, sometimes surmount them by bridges, and sometimes avoid them by means of a path cut along the shoulder of the overhanging height. The geology of the A. is as yet very little known. It is more than half a c. since Humboldt traveled along these mountains, and to him we are even now chiefly indebted for our knowledge regarding them. It is fortunate that as regards the materials constituting the great mass of the A. range-the igneous rocks which form its backbone and the metamorphic rocks which form its great bulk-our knowledge was as extensive 50 yrs. ago as now, and in respect to them Humboldt's observations are as good as if made but yesterday. Not so as regards the more recent sedimentary formations. The value of fossils was not then known, and the vaguest ideas prevailed as to the chronological order of the stratified rocks. Hence descriptions written at that time are almost valueless to modern science. 113 from its crater to a distance of more than 8 m. Earthquakes are intimately connected with these volcanic phenomena. No portion of the globe is subject to such frequent and destructive earthquakes as the countries embosomed within the range of the A. and those lying between them and the Pacific. The cities and towns of Bogota, Quito, Riobamba, Callao, Copiapo, Valparaiso, and Concepcion have all at different times been more or less devastated by their agency. During the yr. 1859 an earthquake buried many of the inhabitants of Quito under the ruins of its churches and public edifices, scarcely a building of any size having escaped uninjured. It is to the same subterranean agency that upheaved and still convulses the A. that we are to ascribe those fearful ravines which are almost peculiar to the chain. A specimen is the valley or den of Chota, which, with a w. at top of only 2,600 ft., is 4,875 ft. in perpendicular h. Mineral Wealth.-The aboriginal term A. is said to have been derived from the Peruvian anta, which signifies metal in general, or rather, perhaps, copper in particular. Within the limits of the empire of the Incas mining tools, evidently not European, have been dug up in various places, and in one district the ancient Peruvians have left behind them traces of mining operations at a h. of 17,000 ft. The variety and quantity of the mineral Fifty-one volcanoes, at least, exist throughout the range. | wealth is remarkable. With the exception of lead most of the metals are obtained in large quantities. The topaz, amethyst, and other gems are abundant. Gold is found in Chili, Peru, and Colombia. Silver is found in Chili, Peru, and Colombia. In Chili almost the only very valuable mines are wrought on the E. face of the A., not far from the city of Mendoza. Mercury or quicksilver is found in Quito near the village of Azogué, which lies to the N.-W. of Cuença-taking its name, as it is said, from this metal; and it is found like. wise in Peru, not far from Huancavelica, a town situated, as already stated, to the N. of the Cuzco. The mercury exists chiefly in combination with sulphur, forming what is called cinnabar. Platinum appears to exist only in Colombia; but, like the gold-washings of that country, it is found rather in the alluvial soils that have been flooded down from the chain than in the chain itself. Copper is found chiefly in Chili, but also in Peru. In the latter country it is of little account in comparison with silver; but in the former it may be styled the staple metal, or even the staple production. The most valuable mines are in the N. and S. provs.; in Coquimbo and Copiapo above, and in the neighborhood of Araucania below. Climate.-The climate of the A. is affected by three different considerations: position with respect to the length of the chain, position with respect to its breadth, position with respect to its height. In connection with the length of the chain, the variations of climate, though less peculiar than its variations under either of the other aspects, are not merely a counterpart of similar changes in other parts of the globe. In connection next with the breadth of the chain, the variations of climate, if not peculiar to the A., have no perfect parallel elsewhere. At every point, excepting, perhaps, toward the extreme S., the chain is almost as much of a water-shed to the clouds as it is to the rivers. Rarefied as the air is at the elevation of the A., no vapor, generally speaking, can cross them-even the existence of snow at the h. of several m. being a phenomenon which, a priori, is hardly to be expected. Thus, generally speaking, every section of the chain has permanently a windward and a leeward side-the former intercepting nearly all the moisture, the latter being condemned to comparative drought. In connection, lastly, with the height of the chain, the variations of climate stand alone in the world, being approached, though at a great interval, only by the corresponding changes in Cent. Am. An'desin, a mineral found in the Andes, whence its name; it resembles feldspar. Andi'ra, a genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosa, sub-order Papilionaceae, having an almost orbicular, onecelled, one-seeded pod. A. inermis (formerly known as Geoffroya inermis) grows in low savannas in the West Indies, and is there called Cabbage Tree or Cabbage Bark Tree. It is a tree of considerable h., having pinnate leaves, with 13-15 ovato-lanceolate leaflets, and panicles of reddish lilac flowers. Its bark, called Cabbage Bark or Worm Bark, is a powerful anthelmintic; and although it has recently been discarded from the pharmacopoeias of Britain, still finds a place in those of other countries along with Surinam Bark, the bark of A. retusa, (formerly Geoffroya Surinamensis,) a native of Surinam. And'iron, or Hand'iron, is a term used for what in some parts of the country is known as a fire-dog. As. are used for burning wood on an open hearth, and consist of a horizontal bar raised on short supports, with an upright standard at one end. They are used in pairs. & Andiron. Andkhuy', a town, formerly of Bokhara, but now of Afghanistan; pop. 15,000. It lies on the high road to Herat, and is much exposed to the attacks of the emirs of Bokhara and Afghanistan. Down to the yr. 1840 it is said to have been tolerably flourishing. It was then subject to Bokhara, and was compelled to oppose the victorious march of Mohammed Khan, who besieged it during four months, and at last only took it by storm. The city was plundered, and left a heap of ruins. Andoc'ides, an Athenian orator, banished several times; b. 467 B.C., d. 390. Three of his orations are extant. Andor'ra, a valley in the Eastern Pyrenees, between the French Dept. of Ariège and Catalonia in Spain. Its inaccessibility naturally fits it for being the seat of the interesting little republic which here holds a kind of semi-independent position between France and Spain. Area (divided into six parishes) 175 sq. m.; pop., mostly farmers, miners, etc., about 6,000. The cap. is A., on the Balira, with a pop. of 1,000. A. was declared a free state by Charlemagne, in reward for services rendered to him by its inhabitants when he was marching against the Moors. He retained certain rights which Louis le Debonnaire afterward transferred to the Bishop of Urgel in 819 A.D., and which the Bishop of Urgel still exercises. The republic is governed by a sovereign council of 24 members, chosen by the people, and the council elects one of its members to be syndic for life, who exercises the chief executive power. Andra'da e Sil'va, (José B.,) a Brazilian statesman and diplomat; b. 1765, d. 1838. Andral, (GABRIEL,) a celebrated Fr. physician, member of the Institute and of the Academy of Medicine; b. in Paris 1797, d. 1876. Andrassy, Count, (GYULA,) a Hungarian statesman, b. 1823, of an ancient and noble family; espoused the popu lar cause in the revolution of 1848; was condemned to death in 1849, but escaped and went into exile. In 1867, when the right of self-government was conceded to Hungary, he was appointed premier of the new Hungarian ministry. A. filled many distinguished and important posts and positions. He was member of the Presburg Diet in 1847-48; Lord-Lieut. of the County of Zempton, and Hungarian embassador to Constantinople. He was member of the Diet of 1861, and Vice-Pres. of the Diet of 1865-66; minister of foreign affairs 1871-79. Feeling his need of rest, he tendered his resignation in Aug., 1879, which was accepted reluctantly, and took effect within the yr. D. 1890. An'dre, (JOHN,) an unfortunate soldier who met his death under circumstances which have given his name a place in history; b. in London in 1751, of Genevese parents. At the age of 20 he entered the army and joined the British forces in Am., where in a few yrs., through the favor of Sir Henry Clinton, he was appointed to the important post of adjutant-general, with the rank of major. Sir Henry Clinton being in treaty with Gen. Arnold, the Amer. who commanded the fortress of West Point, for the betrayal to the British of the fortress with its magazines, including the whole stock of An'dover, a market-town of Hampshire, Eng. The origin-up the Hudson nearly to the Amer. lines. On the night of of the town dates from a remote antiquity, as might indeed be suspected from its name, which is a modification of the Saxon Andeafaran, i. e., " ferry over the River Ande." It is said that the corporation of A. is as old as the time of King John; pop. 5,654. An'dover, a township of Essex Co., Mass., about 21 m. N. of Boston, on the Merrimac. The twp. was incorporated in 1646, 26 yrs. after the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers; pop. 6,142. A. is famous, even in Mass., for its educational institutions. The Theological Seminary of the Congregationalists and the Phillips Academy, instituted within 5 or 6 yrs. after the close of the War of Independence, through the efforts of two brothers from whom it derives its name, are liberally endowed and well attended. The Abbott Female Academy, for the education of female teachers, is also a flourishing institution. Andra'da, de, (ANTONIO,) Jesuit missionary to Goa and Thibet; b. in Portugal 1580, d. 1634. powder of the Amer. army, confided the conduct of the correspondence on his part to Major A. The secret correspondence was conducted by Arnold and A. under assumed names, as if it related to commercial affairs; and the treachery was so well concealed that the Americans had no suspicion whatever of Arnold's fidelity. At last it remained only to settle the time and means of carrying the scheme into execution, and these it was determined should be settled in a personal interview between Arnold and A. Various projects to bring about the interview having failed, A., at last, on the 20th of Sept., 1780, proceeded in a British sloop of war-the Vulture Sept. 21 Arnold prevailed on a Mr. Smith, who lived within the Amer. lines, to go to the Vulture with a packet for Col. Robinson. Smith went and returned with A., who passed under the assumed name of Anderson. Arnold met him on the shore, where they conferred some time, after which they went within the lines to Smith's house, and there spent the rest of the night and part of the next day arranging the details of their plan for the treacherous surprisal of West Point. Early on the morning of Sept. 22 a gun was brought to bear on the Vulture and obliged her to fall down the river so far that A. could not prevail on the boatman to take him to her, and so was forced to make his way by land to the English lines in a disguise furnished by Smith, and provided with a pass from the general. A. actually got safely within sight of the English lines, when he was stopped and taken prisoner by three Amer. militia-men, to whom, mistaking them for British, he inadvertently revealed the fact that he was a British officer. His captors, on searching him, having discovered concealed in his ANDREE-ANDREWS. stockings the plans of West Point and other papers connected with the proposed treachery which he was bearing from Arnold to Clinton, carried him as a spy to Col. Jamieson, who, not suspecting any thing, was for sending him on to Arnold. Here a chance for escape opened for him, but only for a moment. He was ultimately sent, with the papers found on his person, to Gen. Washington. Jamieson, meantime, having sent word to Arnold of the capture of A., Arnold fled to the Vulture, and so saved his life. A., as a spy taken in the act, was liable, according to the rules of war, to be hanged at once. But considering the rank of the prisoner and the circumstances, Washington resolved on referring the case to a board of general officers to report the facts, with their opinion of the light in which the prisoner ought to be considered. The board found that he ought to be considered as a spy from the enemy, and punished with death. Clinton failed to move the Amer. commander, and A. was sentenced to death. On one condition only would Washington spare him-that the British should surrender Arnold. But this, through a sense of honor, Stone marking the Site of Andre's Execution. they refused to do. A. suffered death by hanging at Tappan, in the State of N. Y., on the 2d of Oct., 1780, in his 29th yr. His death every-where excited the deepest sympathy. The whole British army went into mourning for him; a monument was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey, and in 1821 his remains were disinterred at Tappan and conveyed to a grave near his monument. A memorial monument to A.'s memory was erected in the vicinity by Cyrus W. Field in 1880, but was subsequently destroyed by a fanatic. Andre'æ, (JACOB, D.D.,) Prof. of Theology at Tübingen 1562, and chief author of the Formula Concordiæ adopted by the Lutherans 1580; b. 1528, d. 1590. Andre'æ, (JOHANN VALENTIN,) a very original Ger. thinker and writer, b. at Herrenberg, near Tübingen, 1586, d. 1654, at Stuttgart, where he was chaplain to the court. He was long regarded as the founder, or at least the restorer, of the order of the Rosicrucians; but his writings in favor of their mysteries were intended as satires. That they were ever understood otherwise is a remarkable evidence of the ignorance of the age in which he lived. Andre'æ, (LAURENTIUS,) Chancellor of Sweden 1523; translated the N. T. into Swedish; b. 1482, d. 1552. Andrea'ni, (ANDREA,) celebrated Ital. engraver, b. at Mantua, Italy, 1560, d. 1623. Andreossi, Count, (ANTOINE FRANÇOIS,) an eminent Fr. general and statesman, was b. 1761 at Castelnaudary, in Languedoc. He entered the army as a lieutenant of artillery in 1781, joined the Revolutionists, rose rapidly in military rank, served under Bonaparte in Italy and Egypt, accompanied him on his return from Egypt to France, and took part in the Revolution of the 18th Brumaire. He was embassador at London and Gov. of Vienna when it was in the hands of the French, and was for some time embassador at Constantinople, from which he was recalled by Louis XVIII. on the restoration. After the battle of Waterloo he advocated the recall of the Bourbons; but as deputy from the Dept. of Aube he generally took part with the opposition; d. at Montauban 1828. 115 In both countries there is an order of knighthood named in his honor. An'drew I., II., and III., reigned in Hungary from 1046 to 1301. A. II., in 1222, convoked a diet to which he granted the "Golden Bull," the Magna Charta of Hungary. An'drew, (JAMES OSGOOD, D.D.,) b. in Ga. in 1794; entered the ministry of the M. E. Church in 1812; in 1832 was elected and ordained a bishop of that Church. His connection by marriage with slavery (his wife, an estimable lady, being a slaveholder) became the occasion of the division of the M. E. Church in 1844, and the organization of the M. E. Church South in 1845. He became bishop of the new organization, and continued so until his death, in 1871. An'drew, (JOHN ALBION, LL.D.,) the antislavery and war Gov. of Mass. 1860-65. A. raised and dispatched five regiments within a week after President Lincoln's call for troops in 1861, and rendered important service to the Union cause throughout the civil war; b. in Me. 1818, d. 1867. An'drew, Saint, the highest order of merit in the Russian Empire, was founded by Peter the Great in 1698. It is confined to members of the imperial family, princes, generals. in-chief, and others of like rank. The badge of the order shows on the obverse a cross enamel in blue, bearing a figure of the saint surmounted by a crown, and in the four corners of the cross the letters S. A. P. R., (Sanctus Andreas Pa tronus Russia.) On the reverse is a spread eagle, with the legend (in Russian) For Religion and Loyalty, and the name of the saint. The collar consists of St. Andrew's crosses alternating with imperial crowns. An'drew, Saint, or The Thistle, a Scottish order of knighthood, named after the patron saint of Scotland. Nisbit, with pardonable partiality, prefers it to all other orders purely military" chiefly for the antiquity of it, which gives it a place and precedency over all other orders now in being." It is frequently said to have been recognized as an order of knighthood in the reign of James V., and after a period of abeyance to have been revived by James II. of Great Britain 1687. An'drews, (ANNIE M.,) an Amer. lady who received from the Howard Association of New York a gold medal in acknowl edgment of her voluntary care of yellow-fever patients at Norfolk, Va., in 1855. An'drews, (CHARLES,) an Amer. jurist, chief judge of the Court of Appeals of the State of N. Y.; b. 1827. An'drews, (EDWARD GAYER, D.D.,) one of the bishops of the M. E. Church, b. Aug. 7, 1825, in New Hartford, N. Y.; united with the Church at 10 yrs. of age; was graduated at Wesley an University 1847; entered the ministry in 1848; became teacher in 1854; Pres. of Mansfield Female Coll. in 1855; Principal of Cazenovia Seminary in 1856; re-entered the pastorate in 1864. In 1872, while a pastor in Brooklyn, N. Y., he was elected and ordained bishop, and under ar rangement of episcopal residences removed to Des Moines, Ia. In 1876 he visited Europe and India, and organized Conferences in Sweden, Norway, and South India, and officially visited Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. He subsequently removed to Washington, and in 1888 to New York. An'drews, (JOHN, D.D.,) a clergyman of the P. E. Church, distinguished as a scholar; b. in Md. 1746, d. 1813. He was ordained in London 1767, and after officiating for many yrs. in Md. became successively head of the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia, Prof. of Moral Philosophy, and Provost in the University of Pa. An'drews, (JOSEPH,) Amer. engraver of high reputation; b. in Hingham, Mass., 1806, d. 1873. An'drews, (LANCELOT,) an eminent Eng. prelate, b. in London in 1555. He attended the Hampton Court Conference as one of the ecclesiastical commissioners, and took part in the translation of the Bible. The portion on which he was engaged was the first 12 books of the O. T. In 1605 he was consecrated Bishop of Chichester. In 1609 he was translated to the see of Ely, and in 1618 to Winchester, where he d. in 1625. Bishop A. was the most eminent of that Anglican school in the 17th c. of which the 19th has seen a faint re ties were high views of ecclesiastical authority and of the efficacy of sacraments, ceremonies, and apostolic succession, and extreme opposition to Puritanism. In his private life A. was singularly pious, meek, and charitable. An'drew, the first disciple of Christ, and afterward an apostle, was, like his brother Peter, a fisherman. Previous to his recognition of Christ as the Messiah he had been num-vival under the name of Puseyism. Its distinctive peculiaribered among the disciples of John the Baptist. See John i, 40, 41. The career of A. as an apostle after the death of Christ is unknown. Tradition tells us that, after preaching the Gospel in Scythia, northern Greece, and Epirus, he suffered martyrdom on the cross at Patræ in Achaia, 62 or 70 A.D. A cross formed of beams obliquely placed is styled St. A.'s Cross. St. A. is the patron saint of Scotland; he is also held in great veneration in Russia as the apostle who, according to tradition, first preached the Gospel in that country. An'drews, (LORIN,) missionary to Hawaii; founded the Hawaii Seminary; translated parts of the Bible into Hawaiian; b. in Conn. 1795, d. 1868. An'drews, (STEPHEN PEARL,) an Amer. abolitionist and philosopher, b. in Mass. 1812, d. 1886. He was also an ac 116 ANDREWS-ANEMOMETER. complished linguist, speaking several languages and mastering 3d or 2d c. B.C. It probably received its name from figures the philology of some 30 tongues. His acquirements in this representing the eight principal winds, and from a brazen direction included Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Chinese, and several Triton which surmounted it and showed the direction of the of the Oriental tongues. A system of instruction in the French wind-the first known weather-vane. language, compiled under his direction by Mr. Batchelor, was a standard text-book for many yrs. What he considered the crowning work of his life was the creation of a universal language to replace the languages and dialects now existing. This language he called Alwato. While at work on this and his philosophical system he refused all offers of professional employment, on the ground that he had only time for the studies which were to him a labor of duty as well as of love. He was a prolific writer, a frequent contributor to magazines, and publisher of many pamphlets touching upon his favorite subject. He was a firm believer in Spiritualism, and one of the leaders among those with whom it is a religious belief. An'drews, (WILLIAM D.,) inventor of an oscillating engine and a centrifugal pump; b. in Mass. 1818. An'dria, a thriving city of Italy, in the prov. of Bari; pop. 39,493. Andrieux, (FRANÇOIS GUILLAUME JEAN STANISLAUS,) a Fr. writer of comedies, b. 1759. In 1798 he was elected deputy, Dept. of the Seine, and distinguished himself by his speeches on several points of public interest. In 1800 he was made Sec., and soon afterward Pres., of the Tribunal. From this post he was removed by Bonaparte in 1802, and afterward devoted himself to literature. From 1803 to 1815 he held a professorship in the Polytechnic School, and in 1814 he was appointed professor in the Coll. de France. Louis XVIII. gave him a place in the Academy in 1816, of which he was made perpetual secretary in 1829; d. 1833. Androgynous, a term in Bot. designating an inflorescence which consists of distinct male and female flowers, and employed in zoology in reference to animals which possess a distinct male and female generative system in the same individual. Androm'ache, the wife of Hector, the daughter of King Eetion of Thebes in Cilicia, is one of the finest female characters in Homer's Iliad. A. is also the heroine of one of the tragedies of Euripides. Androm'eda, daughter of the Ethiopian king Cepheus, by Cassiopeia, was, like her mother, remarkably beautiful. When Cassiopeia, with motherly pride, boasted that her daughter was more beautiful than the Nereids, those offended deities prayed Neptune to revenge the insult. Accordingly, the territory of King Cepheus was devastated by a flood, and a terrible sea-monster appeared whose wrath, the oracle of Ammon declared, could only be appeased by the sacrifice of A. As A. was fastened to a rock, and left as a prey to the monster, Perseus, returning from his victorious battle with Medusa, saw the beautiful victim, and determined to rescue and win her. Having slain the sea-monster he received A. as his reward. Minerva gave A. a place among the constellations. Androm'eda, a genus of plants of the natural order Ericaceae, distinguished by a 5-valved naked capsule, which splits up through the back of the cells; anthers with two awns, and a globose corolla with the orifice contracted. The species, which are pretty numerous, have very much the general appearance of heaths. Androm ́eda, the constellation A., or, "the chained lady," as she is represented chained between two rocks. It is situated between Cassiopeia, Perseus, Triangulum, Pisces, Pegasus, and Lacerta. Its bright star, Alpha, (Alpheratz, q. v.,) as indicated by the name, probably belonged originally to Pegasus. Androni'cus, the name of three Byzantine emperors.A. I., the son of Isaac Comnenus, was one of the most conspicuous characters of his age, which produced no man more brave, more profligate, or more perfidious. His life was full of extraordinary vicissitudes, and at 73 yrs. of age he was put to death by the populace, (1185.) He was the last of the Comneni that sat on the throne of Constantinople; but the succeeding dukes and emperors of Trebizond were descendants of his son Manuel.-A. II., the son of Michael Palæologus, ascended the throne in 1283, but after a weak and inglorious reign was driven from it in 1318 by his grandson, A. III., who, after a reign equally inglorious, d. in 1341. During these reigns province after province was conquered by the Turks. Androni'cus-surnamed CYRRHESTES from his birthplace, Cyrrhos in Syria-is said to have erected the octagonal tower called the Tower of the Winds at Athens, a building of the Androni'cus of Rhodes, a Peripatetic philosopher, lived at Rome in Cicero's time, and employed himself in criticising and explaining the works of Aristotle, a great number of which he was probably the means of preserving to us. None of the writings of A. himself are extant; the works ascribed to him are probably the productions of ANDRONICUS CALLISros, a learned Greek professor in Italy of the 15th c. An'dros, an island of the Greek Archipelago, the most northern of the Cyclades, is separated from Euboea by the Doro Channel; it is 6 m. w. and 25 m. 1.; pop. 22,256. The chief town, A., is situated on a bay of the E. coast; pop. 5,000. An'dros, (SIR EDMUND,) Colonial Gov. of N. Y. 1674-82; Gov. of New England 1686. Being extremely unpopular, he was deposed by the people 1689, and governed Va. 169298; b. in London 1637, d. 1714. Androscoggin River, an affluent of the Kennebec River, which it enters 4 m. above Bath, Me.; 1. 145 m. Andujar, a town of Andalusia, Spain. The Convention of Baylen was signed here July 23, 1808; pop. 15,865. Anduze, a town of France, in the Dept. of Gard, 7 m. S.-W. of Alais; pop. 5,303. Anega'da, the most northerly of the Lesser Antilles, contains about 13 sq. m., with a scanty population of little more than 200. It belongs to England. Anemom'eter, an instrument for measuring the strength and velocity of the wind. As. are of various forms, and indi cate the force directly, as against a plate compressing a spring, or the velocity, as by the revolution of a shaft, b, carrying vanes or hemispherical cups, a. Robinson's hemispherical cup A. has four cups which revolve with a third of the wind's ANEMONE-ANGELICA. velocity, and the instrument is so constructed that 500 revolutions are made while a mile of wind passes over it. The revolutions are registered by a system of wheels similar to those of an ordinary gas-meter. Pressure As. are of very great importance in meteorological observa The Anemometer.-Direction of the Wind. tions. In Lind's A. the wind, entering the mouth of one of two upright glass tubes connected below, depresses the column of water contained in the one tube and raises proportionately that in the other. This A. is convenient for rough purposes. Anem'one, a genus of plants of the natural order Ranuncu laceae, having an involucre of three divided leaves more or less remote from the flower, a petaloid calyx, scarcely distinguishable from the corolla, and soft woolly achenia, which in some species have tails. The name is originally Greek, and is said to be derived from the word for wind, because many of the species love very exposed situations. The species are numerous, and generally beautiful. Most of them flower early in the spring. They are natives of temperate and cold climates, chiefly of the northern hemisphere. The garden A. is a favorite florist's flower; the varieties are very numerous, and whole works have been published on them and their cultivation, which is most extensively carried on in Holland, and has prevailed from a very early period. It is generally supposed that all these varieties have originated from two species, A. coronaria and A. hortensis or stellata. Anem'one, Sea, a popular name of the species Actinia and some other Actiniada. It seems to have been first applied to them about a century ago by Ellis, one of the most celebrated investigators of the department of natural history to which they belong, who remarks that "their tentacles, being disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright, lively colors, very nearly represent the beautiful petals of some of our most elegantly fringed and radiated flowers, such as the carnation, marigold, and anemone.' 117 When in their proper element and undisturbed the S. As. expand their tentacula and exhibit their beauty. When left dry by the receding tide they contract into a jellylike mass, usually hemispherical or conical, with a puckered hole in the top. S. As. are extremely voracious, and almost every observer has his own anecdotes to illustrate it. Dr. Johnston relates one which at the same time remarkably illustrates their power of reproducing organs of their own body. "I had once brought to me a specimen of Actinia crassicornis that might have been originally two inches in diameter, and that had somehow contrived to swallow a valve of Pecten maximus of the size of an ordinary saucer. The shell, fixed within the stomach, was so placed as to divide it completely into two halves, so that the body, stretched tensely over, had become thin and flattened like a pancake. All communication between the inferior portion of the stomach and the mouth was, of course, prevented; yet, instead of emaciating and dying of an atrophy, the animal had availed itself of what undoubtedly had been a very untoward accident to increase its enjoyments and its chances of double fare. A new mouth, furnished with two rows of numerous tentacula, was opened up on what had been the base, and led to the under stomach; the individual had, indeed, become a sort of Siamese twin, but with greater intimacy and extent in its unions." As inmates of the aquarium S. As. are apt to prey upon their fellow-prisoners. Anem'oscope, a vane, a weather-cock, or any instrument which indicates the direction of the wind. An-end', a maritime term relating to the position of any mast or boom when perpendicular to the plane of the deck or other level from which it springs. When a top-mast is in its proper place at the head of the lower mast it is said to be "A." An'eroid, the name given to a barometer invented by M. Vidi, of Paris, in which the pressure of the air is measured without the use of liquid, as in ordinary instruments. An'eurism, (Gr. aneurysma, "dilatation,") is a pulsating tumor consisting of a sac or pouch into which blood flows through an opening in an artery. The sac of an arterial A. may be formed in the first instance by one or more of the tunics of the vessel, generally the outer one, the two inner having given way. This is called a true A., in contradistinction to the false, in which the sac is formed of cellular tissue condensed by the blood flowing into it after a wound has been inflicted on the artery from without. Should the sac give way and the blood escape among the tissues, the A. is said to be diffused. As. prove fatal by their pressure on some important part, or by bursting and allowing a sudden escape of blood. They are cured by the deposit, within the sac, of fibrin from the blood-a result the surgeon can promote by obstructing the artery above the A. by compression or by ligature; applying the latter close to the sac if the A. is of the "false" variety, but at a distance, more or less remote, if it is the result of disease. Coagulating injections, galvanopuncture, introduction of foreign bodies-such as horse-hair, fine wire, or carbolized catgut-and manipulation have also had their advocates. Internal As. are treated by those remedies which moderate the heart's action, as digitalis, iodide of potash, etc. Anga'ra, a large river of Siberia, tributary of the Yenisei, 1. 1,000 m. An'gel, an ancient Eng. gold coin varying in value from 68. 6d. to 10s. It was so called from the figure of the archangel Michael piercing the dragon upon its obverse. As. continued to be coined down to the time of the Commonwealth; but they are now prized by collectors. An'gel-fish, (Squatina Angelus,) a fish common on the S. coasts of the U. S. and remarkable for its extreme ugliness. On some parts of the coast it is called monk-fish. It is very nearly allied to the sharks, and was included by Linnæus in the genus Squalus. It is very voracious, preying chiefly upon fishes. It attains a 1. of 7 or 8 ft.; and the body is broad and flattened horizontally. The head is nearly round and broader than the body, from which it is separated by a very distinct neck; the mouth is extremely large, and at the extremity of the snout; the eyes are on the upper part of the head, and are very small; behind the eyes are large spout-holes; the skin is very rough and covered with tubercles. Angel'ica, a genus of plants of the natural order Umbellifera, by some botanists divided into two: A. and Archangelica. The species are mostly herbaceous and perennial, natives of the temperate and colder regions of the northern hemisphere. They have bipinnate or tripinnate leaves. Wild A. (A. sylvestris) is a common plant in moist meadows, by the |