unexpected onslaughts he was more frequently a loser than a litical influence of such a force produced finally a still deeper winner. He, however, greatly improved the cavalry tactics, discontent. Consequently, on his restoration, Charles II. and restored to this arm a reliance on the effect of a rapid found himself at first compelled to agree to the abandonment charge, while the introduction of horse artillery added to its of all the A. except a kind of body-guard or household bripower. The French Revolution effected almost as great gade of 5,000 men, sanctioned by the Parliament. With Monchanges in the military, as well as in the political, organiza- mouth's rebellion as an excuse, James II. raised the A.'s tion of Europe. The struggle from which France emerged strength to 20,000, some 13,000 of whom were kept in camp victorious in 1797 had exhausted even the enormous levies at Hounslow. In the succeeding reign the real basis of the which had fed her As. for the previous 5 yrs.; and in modern British A. was laid. The Declaration of Rights set1798 a law was passed establishing compulsory military serv. tled in positive terms "that the raising and keeping of a ice. Every citizen was declared liable to 5 yrs.' service, standing A. in time of peace, without consent of Parliament, and all between the ages of 20 and 25 were enrolled. The is contrary to law." To punish certain offenses against milimmense advantage which this terrible power gave Napoleon itary discipline, which had hitherto been enforced by Articles of compelled other nations to follow the example of France, and War emanating from the sovereign, the first Mutiny Act was in Europe voluntary enlistment has since survived in England passed 1689, to last for 6 months only; but it was afteralone. From this period also dates the introduction of the ward, with a few exceptions, annually renewed until its incorshort service and reserve system. Restricted under the poration in the A. Discipline Act of 1879. In 1691 the ComTreaty of Tilsit (1807) to 43,000 men with the colors, the Prus- mons sanctioned a vote of 65,000 men, but on the return of sian strength was nevertheless annually added to by Scharn- peace in 1697 this force was reduced to 19,000. In the War horst, who first developed the idea of sending the trained of the Spanish Succession the troops at one time numbered soldiers back to their homes at the end of the yr. and replac- over 200,000, but they were again reduced after the Peace of ing them with fresh recruits; and thus, while keeping the es- Utrecht to 19,000. Although the strength of the A. has tablishment within the required limits, producing a powerful since steadily increased, these fluctuations have continued. and steadily growing reserve. In spite of the strength which The forces raised to 74,187 in 1745 were reduced to 18,875 Prussia mustered under Blucher, however, the teaching of after the Rebellion; the strength of 245,996 necessary in Sadowa and the events of 1870 and 1871 were required to in- 1812 had fallen to 71,790 10 yrs. after. The elasticity which duce the other Powers to follow her example. Now in most permitted these enlargements and contractions was obtained nations will be found an A. of Reserve, intended to augment by varying the number of battalions in a regiment, of comthe standing A. from a peace to a war strength, and consist-panies in a battalion, or of men in a company. During the ing of two classes-those waiting an immediate call to arms, half-century which followed the last date the actual number if required, and those constituting the militia-the entire ef- of regiments varied but little. The outbreak of the French fective military power of the State. The principles of organ- Revolution found the service at a very low ebb. The laurels ization were also modified. The Prussian model has been ac- gained in the earlier wars of the c. had been tarnished in Am., cepted as the best type of A. corps, and in that country orig- where two British As. had surrendered; the ranks were inated also the territorial system now generally adopted by largely filled with pardoned criminals and released debtors, all European Powers. A modern A., when mobilized, con- and the system of billeting caused endless complaints from sists of several such corps, and a mass of cavalry placed un- soldiers and civilians alike. In the Peninsula the A. was perder one commander. A smaller force taking the field, con- manently organized in divisions, and the commissariat and sisting of one corps or less, is generally called an expedition- transport were brought to great perfection. But these servary force. It should, perhaps, be added that a corps d'armée ices were afterward reduced along with the A., which fell takes up on the line of march from 20 to 30 m.; the actual from 246,000 to 72,000, and the result was the miserable rate of marching may be stated at from 1 to 2 m. an hour, state of unpreparedness which was discovered when the strain even this rate being dependent on the state of the roads and of the Crimean War came. This struggle revealed many deany circumstances (such as an excessive proportion of guns) fects in the organization of the British A.; but for many that may impede a column of march. It may be convenient yrs. little of lasting value was done toward remedying these here to mention certain distinctions in the application of the defects, beyond an improved method of admission, by examword "A." A Covering A. is encamped or in cantonments, ination, of candidates for her majesty's commission, and for the protection of the different passes or roads which lead some small amelioration in the position of privates. An Ento the town or other place to be protected. A Siege A. is glish military critic could still say that "there was no such ranged around or in front of a fortified place, to capture it thing as a definite English brigade, divisional or A. corps orby a regular process of besieging. A Blockading A., either ganization; if war came the whole had to be evolved from a independent of, or auxiliary to, a siege A., is intended to pre- force of brave men with muskets or field-guns, but destitute vent all ingress and egress at the streets or gates of a be- of all else." Other events and considerations occupied the sieged place. An A. of Observation takes up an advanced public attention. Still the Indian rebellion, the second and position, and by celerity of movement keeps a close watch on third China war, and the Abyssinian expedition did not alall the maneuvers of the enemy. An A. of Reconnaissance | low the subject to fade altogether from the public mind. So has a more special duty at a particular time and place, to as- when the mighty events of the Franco-German War of 1870-71, certain the strength and position of the enemy's forces. A and the lessons to be derived from them, burst upon Europe Flying Column is a small A. carrying all its supplies with it, they fell in England upon a soil not unprepared, and acted so as to be able to operate quickly and in any direction, inde- as a great impulse toward a real organization of the British pendently of its original base of operations. The British A.- A. The work since then has been kept steadily in hand by In Anglo-Saxon times every Englishman necessarily be the war office, under successive ministries, both liberal and longed to the fyrd, or national militia, and the defense of the conservative. Mr. (after Lord) Cardwell began it in 1871, country was one of the three obligations of the Trinoda ne- under Mr. Gladstone; Colonel Stanley continued it during cessitas. The Conquest introduced the feudal system, the Lord Beaconsfield's administration; and Mr. Childers, during kingdom being divided into some 60,000 knights' fees, which Mr. Gladstone's second term of office, practically completed carried the obligation of 40 days' service a yr. at home or the work by his measure bearing date July 1, 1881. The abroad. The posse comitatus, under the sheriff, and the mili- new arrangements as to short service produced gradually for tia were also maintained. But gradually the unfitness for a the British A. an element which it long wanted-an efficient long campaign of an A. which so soon disbanded brought | reserve. And on the two occasions when the reserve men about the substitution of an escuage, or fixed fine, for personal were called out, viz., in 1878, on a prospect of war with Russervice, and As. were raised by contract with some powerful sia, and in 1882, when many of these reserve men took part baron or experienced captain. Forced levies were illegal, but in the Egyptian campaign, the results are considered to have common, from the reign of Edward III. to that of Elizabeth, justified the anticipations conceived of this new plan. The whose forces for the Irish wars were supplied by this means. corps of old pensioners, formerly the only reserve force, is Under Charles I. the important question arose whether the now allowed to die out. The distribution of regiments into King of England did or did not possess the right to maintain divisions and A. corps, which previously was wanting, has a military force without the express consent of Parliament; been completed, at least on paper. The actual regiments have and the bitter feeling, when the king billeted his soldiers on been told off; and in 1887 it was announced that arrangethe people and imposed martial law in time of peace, culmi- ments had been made for maintaining two A. corps and a dinated in the presentation of the Petition of Rights. Cromwell vision (6 regiments) of fighting cavalry strength. Thus about established a standing A. of 80,000 men, mostly of the yeo- 66,000 men, with 180 guns, are to be ready to embark immen class, the most effective A., probably, that England mediately on the outbreak of hostilities. These troops are has ever possessed; but the cost and the preponderating po- | independent of those already abroad; and the battalions composing these two A. corps will be those next on the roster for foreign service, whose strength will not be much below the war establishment. The great distinction between the British A. and that of almost every other State in Europe is that the service is voluntary. The subjects of the crown engage, by free choice, to serve in the A. for a definite number of yrs. In the rare cases where forced service by ballot is obtained it is in the militia. German A.-By the imperial constitution of 1871 the obligation of every able-bodied male Prussian to serve in the A. is extended to the whole empire. Transporting German Army Horses and Saddles by Rail. Every German capable of bearing arms must serve in the A. or navy for 12 yrs., 7 in the standing A., (3 with the colors, and 4 in the reserve,) and 5 in the LANDWEHR, (q. v.,) or corresponding periods in the fleet and Seewehr. Afterward he is enrolled in the Landsturm until 42 yrs. of age. In the infantry, however, many of the more intelligent men are subjected to only 2 yrs.' training; and "1-yr. volunteers" are passed into the reserve at the end of their first yr., on condition of passing certain examinations, and bearing the expense of their clothing, equipment, etc., for the yr. In the German organization the territorial system is carried out thoroughly. The A. consists of 18 A. corps, 13 of which are Prussian, and each of these is raised, recruited, and stationed within a particular district. These corps districts are divided into divisional and brigade districts, which are subdivided into landwehr battalion districts, and these in turn into company districts, so that every village has its definite place. Each line regiment (3 battalions) draws its recruits from an allotted district, and passes its time-expired men into the landwehr regiment (2 battalions) of the same district. After the exemptions common to all countries have been granted, the ballot allows a margin of about 10 per cent.; those who draw the fortunate numbers passing at once into the Ersatz reserve, which receives no training, but may be called on to replace casualties in the field. French A. A law passed in 1872 enacted that every Frenchman, with a few specified exceptions, unless serving in the navy, was liable to personal service in the A., and forbade substitution. The period of liability extended to 20 yrs., of which 5 were spent in the active A., 4 in the reserve of the active A., 5 in the territorial A., and 6 in the reserve of the territorial A. The expense of keeping up such an establishment in peace, however, led to the division of the recruits by ballot into two classes, one of which served the full 5 yrs. in the active A., while the other was sent home after 6 months' or a yr.'s training. One-yr. volunteers were also accepted; but so many men joined in that capacity that, in 1887, a bill was brought before the French legislature abolishing the privilege. In the same yr. an A. Reorganization Bill was introduced, reducing the period of service with the colors to 3 yrs., and proposing a | large addition to the establishment; the object of the changes being to materially add to the number of efficients, without increasing the military budget. By the law of 1873 France is divided for military purposes into 18 regions, each occupied by a corps d'armée, containing 2 divisions of infantry, 1 brigade of cavalry, 1 of artillery, 1 battalion of engineers, and 1 squadron of the military train, and retaining its organization permanently in peace and war. The corps are not permanently localized, but frequently change stations; and in time of war the region in which a corps happened to be stationed would be drawn on for reserves and stores. Austrian A.-The military forces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire are divided into the standing A., the Landwehr, and the Landsturm. All subjects are liable to service, and those exempted on physical grounds pay a fine proportionate to their means. In principle every qualified man must serve 3 yrs. with the colors, 4 in the reserve, and 5 in the Landwehr, and, by law passed in 1886, 12 in the Landsturm, from which, in time of war, men may be drafted into the Landwehr; and men who have passed through the regular A. will be liable for service in the Landsturm as officers or non-commissioned officers till the age of 60. In practice, however, financial considerations cause the division of recruits into 3 classes; about 95,000 annually form the first class, trained as above; nearly 10,000 are drawn to supply the Ersatz reserve; and all the remainder are passed at once into the Landwehr, there to serve their 12 yrs. The regiments of the standing A. are under the control of the minister of war for the empire, while the Landwehr is controlled by the Austrian and Hungarian ministers of the national defense. There is no permanent corps organization, the division being the principal unit; but in war 3 infantry divisions, with a proportion of cavalry and a regiment of artillery, would be joined to form a corps. Russian A.-Universal liability to service has been established since 1870, but, although prohibited, the purchase of exemption has hitherto been permitted, at a fixed rate of 800 rubles, (about $600.) The period of service is 15 yrs., 6 in active service (2 generally on furlough) and 9 in the reserve. The Russian military forces are composed of regular and irregular troops, and militia, only called out to repel invasion. Every man not in the A. or reserve belongs to the militia up to the 40th yr. The country has been divided into 15 military districts, with the sub-districts and "circles," as in Germany. The number of A. corps is 17, with the A. of the Caucasus (7 divisions of infantry and 1 of cavalry) in addition. The irregular troops are supplied by the Cossacks, who give military service in lieu of taxes, and comprise about 190,000 men, chiefly cavalry. The want of barrack accommodations leads to a great deal of billeting, and many men stationed in country districts see their officers only in summer, when they are assembled for training in large standing camps. Italian A.The Sardinian law of conscription forms the basis of the Italian military system, and all are liable from 18 to 40. Substitution is allowed in the case of brothers, and 1-yr. volunteers are accepted. Contingents are divided into two classes, (by lot,) one enjoying unlimited furlough, and the other serving 8 yrs. in the A., 4 in the active militia, and the rest of their time in the local militia. In infantry regiments 3, in cavalry regiments 5 yrs. only, are served with the colors; the remainder, as a rule, being spent on furlough. The kingdom is divided into 5 "zones," and, in direct opposition to the Prussian principle, recruits are drawn from all zones for each regiment.-Of the other military powers of Europe, the A. of Transporting Artillery by Railroad. Belgium, including the staff and all arms, rank and file, numbered 48,222 men, besides the Garde Civique, 30,954; Denmark, 50,522, including the extra reserve of 14,000; Netherlands, 65,568 in Europe, and 31,672 in the East Indies; Spain, 142,455, with 39,924 in the colonies; Sweden, 40,146, besides the conscription troops, 134,108, and the militia, 16,198; in Norway the troops of the line are about 12,000 in peace, and in time of war not more than 18,000 without the consent of the Storthing; Switzerland, 117,179, and the Landwehr, 84,046; Turkey, 158,959, raised by mobilization to ARMY REGISTER, THE-ARNOLD. 185 Arne, (THOMAS AUGUSTINE, Mus. Doc.,) one of the best and most genial of English composers; b. in London 1710, d. 1778. The national air, Rule Britannia, which was originally given in a popular performance, The Masque of Alfred, was of his composition. 475,000. The present strength of the military forces of the Powers will be found under each article. The U. S. Army.At the commencement of the yr. 1861 the U. S. A. consisted of only about 14,000 regular troops. In various successive levies by the President during the civil war (186165) as many as 2,653,062 men were called out-nearly one Arnee', or Arna', the largest animal of the ox kind yet fourth of the male population of the Northern States. Aft-known, is a native of India, and is found chiefly in the forests er the war the A. was steadily diminished, and by a law at the base of the Himalayas. passed in June, 1874, it was provided that there shall be no more than 25,000 enlisted men at one time. That force is distributed among 25 regiments of infantry, 10 of cavalry, 5 of artillery, and 1 battalion of engineers. The country is divided into 8 military departments. Each State is also supposed to have a militia in which all men from the ages of 18 to 45 should be enrolled; but in several States the organization is imperfect. The organized militia numbers about 114,000 of all ranks; but the number of citizens who, in case of war, might be enrolled is estimated at over 10,000,000. In the U. S. the supreme command of all military forces is, by the terms of the Constitution, vested in the President. His representative is the Sec. of War, who is the declared head of the War Department. See APPENDIX for the tabulated strength of the U. S. A. and militia. Ar'my Reg'ister, The, is published annually by the Sec. of War. It contains lists of casualties, promotions, etc., of the U. S. army. Arn'heim, or Arn'hem, the Roman Arenacum, cap. of the prov. of Gelderland, in Holland; pop. 51,687. The environs of this strongly fortified town are exceedingly pictur esque. Among its most remarkable buildings are the Reformed Dutch Church, which contains monuments of the Dukes of Gelderland; and the town-house, noted for the grotesque adornment of its front, which has gained it the name of Duivelshuis, ("Devil's House.") Here Sir Philip Sidney d. in 1586. In 1813 A. was taken by storm by the Prussians under Gen. Bulow, and the way thus prepared for the occupation of Holland. Arn'hem Land, a name formerly applied to a region in North Australia, so called from the ship of the Dutch navigators who discovered it in 1618. Arʼnica, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Composite, sub-order Corymbiferæ. The flowers of the ray are female and ligulate, those of the disk hermaphrodite and tubular. The receptacle is naked; the pappus hairy. The root, leaves, and flowers of the Mountain A., (A. Montana,) sometimes called mountain tobacco, are much valued in medicine, and administered in various forms as a stimulant in paralytic affections, typhoid fevers, and other diseases. They are also applied with much benefit to bruises, to promote the re-absorption of extravasated blood, but should be used with caution, as severe cases of erysipelas have resulted from a too free use of the tincture of A. for sprains and bruises. The flowers contain a peculiar volatile oil, a resin, Ar'my-worm, (Northern,) the caterpillar of Leucama unipuncta, which periodically ravages wheat and other grainfields in the Middle and Northern States, marching through them in great armies. The moth appears late in the summer or early in autumn, when it hibernates, after laying its eggs along the inner base of the terminal blades of grass, or between the stalk and the surrounding sheath; or farther S. it hibernates in the chrysalis state, laying its eggs in April and May, but later northward. The eggs hatch, the young appearing 8 or 10 days after, and the worms are most de-an extractive matter, and an alkaloid. structive in a wet summer succeeding a dry one, at the time when the wheat is in the milk. The caterpillar state lasts a month; the chrysalis state two weeks, unless it hibernates. The caterpillar is 14 in. I.; the head is covered by a network of confluent spots, and along the middle of the face run two lines, diverging at each end. A light-colored waved line just above the legs is succeeded by a dark one, then a light one edged with two thread-lines; while the upper part of the body is dark with an interrupted white thread running along the middle of the back. The moth is rusty, grayish-brown, sprinkled with black specks, and the species is called unipuncta, from the single white discal dot of the forewings. Arnal'dus Villanova'nus, heretical alchemist and physician; b. 1235, d. in Naples 1312. Arnaud, (HENRI,) Waldensian pastor and commander in the religious wars as well as that of the Spanish Succession; b. 1641, d. 1721. Arʼnim, von, (ELIZABETH,) better known as Bettina, wife of Ludwig Achim von A.; b. 1785 at Frankfort-on-the-Main. The great event of her life was her attachment to and intimacy with Goethe, at that time a man of nearly 60. Their correspondence, entitled Goethe's Letters to a Child, was published in 1835, and translated by Bettina into English. She lived to a good old age, dying in 1859. Arʼnim, von, (OTTO LUDWIG,) a well-known Ger. writer of travels and other works; b. at Berlin 1779, d. 1861. Ar'no, next to the Tiber the most considerable river of central Italy; rises on Mount Falterona. It flows through the fertile valley of Casentino, enters the richly cultivated plains of Arezzo, then flows in a N.-W. and N. course through the upper valley of the A., afterward receives the Sieve, and turns its course toward the W., flowing past Florence, Empoli, and Pisa; 1. about 140 m. Arno ́bius, (AFER,) a writer in defense of Christianity, formerly a pagan; b. near Carthage 290 A.D. Arnold, (ALBERT NICHOLAS, D.D.,) Bap. missionary to Greece 1844-54; professor in some colleges; b. 1814, d. 1883. Arnauld, (ANGELIQUE,) a daughter of Robert A. d'Andilly; b. 1624, d. 1684. When not quite 20 yrs. of age she became a nun at Port-Royal des Champs, where she had been educated by her aunt, Marie Jaqueline Angélique A., sister of "the Great A." Nine yrs. after she was made sub- Arʼnold, (BENEDICT,) the traitor whose negotiations to deprioress, and on removing some yrs. later to Port-Royal deliver up West Point with its stores to Sir Henry Clinton cost Paris, held the same office. Arnauld, (ANTOINE,) the greatest advocate of his time in France; b. at Paris in 1560. His zealous defense of the University of Paris against the Jesuits in 1594 won for him a wide celebrity. He had several children, who formed the nucleus of the Jansenists and Port-Royalists; d. 1619. Major André his life, was a brave man and a judicious commander, but from his youth unscrupulous; b. at Norwich, Conn., 1740, d. in London 1801. See ANDRÉ, JOHN. Arʼnold, (BENEDICT,) Pres. of R. I. 1663–71; b. in England 1615, d. 1678. Arʼnold, (EDWIN, C.S.I.,) an Eng. author, b. 1831; was Arnauld', (ANTOINE,) known as “the Great A.," was the graduated at King's Coll. with honors 1854; same yr. was youngest son of the preceding; b. at Paris in 1612. En-appointed second master at King Edward VI.'s School at Birtering the Sorbonne he became a pupil of Lescot, the con-mingham; resigned this for position of Principal in the Sanfessor of Cardinal Richelieu, and afterward Bishop of Char-skrit Coll. of Poona, British India. In 1861 became connected tres. His published works number 100; d. at Brussels with the London Telegraph; noted as the author of several 1694. In 1643 he published a work entitled De la Fréquente books, among them Poets of Greece, etc., and later his wellCommunion, which was received in the most favorable man- known poem, The Light of Asia. ner. Arnauld, (ROBERT D'ANDILLY,) the eldest son of Antoine A., "the Advocate," and brother of "the Great A.;" b. at Paris in 1588. His chief works are translations, such as those of the Confessions of St. Augustine and of the History of the Jews, by Josephus; d. 1674. Arnault', (VINCENT ANTOINE,) a Fr. dramatic poet; Sec.Gen. of the Parisian University and perpetual Sec. of the French Academy; b. 1766, d. 1834. Arndt, (ERNST MORITZ,) professor in the University of Bonn, and for half a century one of the leading political writers of Germany; born in the island of Rügen in 1769, d. 1860. Arʼnold, (GOTTFRIED,) Saxon theologian, b. 1666, d. 1714, whose History of the Church from the Christian Era gave offense to orthodoxy. Arʼnold, (JOHN,) invented the expansion balance and detached escapement of the chronometer; b. in Eng. 1744, d. 1799. Arʼnold, (MATTHEW,) an Eng. poet and critic, the eldest son of the late Dr. A. of Rugby; b. 1822. In 1851 he was appointed one of Her Majesty's inspectors of British schools. In 1857 he was elected Prof. of Poetry at Oxford; he visited the U. S. and lectured in 1887; d. 1888. Arʼnold, (SAMUEL,) musical composer to Covent Garden 186 ARNOLD-ARRACACHA. Theater, London, 1762; organist to the king 1783, and organist of Westminster Abbey 1793; b. 1740, d. 1802. Arʼnold, (SAMUEL GREENE,) Lieut.-Gov. of R. I.; U. S. senator in 1863; b. in R. I. 1821, d. 1880. Arʼnold, (SAMUEL HASTINGS,) Gov. of R. I., 1831-33; b. in Vt. 1782, d. 1852. Arʼnold, (THOMAS, D.D.,) Head-Master of Rugby School, whose noble, manly influence molded the lives and characters of so many English boys. A. held what are called Low Church principles, was Regius Prof. of History at Oxford, and author of sermons and histories; b. 1795, d. 1842. See his Life, by Dean Stanley, and Tom Brown at Rugby, by Thomas Hughes. Arʼnold, (THOMAS KERCHEVER,) an Eng. clergyman; b. 1800, d. 1853. Author of a series of school classics and manuals of foreign languages. Arnold of Bres'cia, was a native of that town, distinguished as a religious reformer. He was educated in France under Abelard, and adopted the monastic life. By his preaching the people of his native place were exasperated against their bishop, and the insurrectionary spirit spread over a great part of the country. A. was cited before the Second Lateran Council, and banished from Italy. He retired to France, but experienced the bitter hostility of St. Bernard, who denounced him as a violent enemy to the Church. He took refuge in Zurich, where he settled for several yrs. Meanwhile his doctrines exerted a powerful influence in Rome, which ended in a general insurrection against the government, whereupon A. repaired thither and headed the movement; but, unable to restrain popular license, a reaction set in, and he and his coadjutors were driven from the city. A. was arrested, brought to Rome, tried, hanged, his body burned, and the ashes thrown into the Tiber in 1153. Ar'nott, (NEIL, M.D.,) was b. 1788 at Arbroath, Scotland. In 1837 he was named a physician extraordinary to the queen. Dr. A. was the inventor of the water-bed, among many appliances for relieving suffering, but is chiefly known in connection with improvements in the ventilating and warming of houses; d. 1874. Ar'nott, (WILLIAM, D.D.,) delegate to the Evangelical Alliance, New York, 1873, was one of the leading members of the Scotch Free Church movement 1839; b. 1808, d. 1875. Arnotto. See ANNOTTO. Arʼnould, (SOPHIE,) Fr. opera-singer of great beauty and conversational ability; b. in Paris 1744, d. 1803. Arnsberg, one of the three depts. of the Prussian prov. of Westphalia; area 2,900 sq. m.; pop. 1,342,711. With the exception of the valley of Lippe the whole dept. belongs to the highlands of the Lower Rhine. A., the chief town of the dept., is situated on the Rhur, 44 m. S.-E. from Münster; pop. 6,733. Arn'stadt, the chief town in the principality of SchwarzSondershausen; pop. 12,818. It is one of the oldest Thuringian cities, its existence being traceable as far back as 704 A.D. Arns'walde, Prussian town in the prov. of Brandenburg; pop. 7,378. Arʼnulph, a great-grandson of Charlemagne, crowned Emperor of Germany 896, having first invaded Italy and captured Rome; d. 899. Arok-Szallas', a town of the prov. of Jazygai, Hungary; pop. 9,625. Arol'sen, a town of Germany, cap. of Waldeck, on the river Aar; a library of 30,000 volumes is here, belonging to the Prince of Weldeck; pop. 2,620. Aro'ma, a term sometimes employed to designate those substances the extremely minute particles of which are supposed to affect the organs of smell so as to produce particular odors, and frequently as synonymous with odor. The particles diffused through the atmosphere and affecting the olfactory nerves-if the theory of particles of matter so diffused be correct-must indeed be extremely minute, as odoriferous substances such as musk, the smell of which is felt at a considerable distance, continue to diffuse their odor, and, according to this theory, these particles, for yrs. without any sensible diminution of weight. The term A. is usually employed only with reference to particular kinds of odors, not easily defined or distinguished in words. Thus we talk of the A. of roast meat, and of the A. or aromatic smell of hyssop, mint, and other plants. Aromatic smells are very characteristic of some natural orders of plants, as Labi. ate (mint, etc.) and Composite, (milfoil, etc.) They have been very generally supposed to depend upon essential oils, but resins are often equally aromatic. Aromat'ics constitute a class of medicines which owe their properties to the essential oils, to benzoic and cinnamic acids, to volatile products of distillation, or to odorous glandular secretions. The plants that contribute to this class of medicines yield essences, camphor, or odorous resins. In some cases the aromatic matter is diffused through all parts of the plant, but it is usually condensed in particular organs, such as the root, in the case of ginger and galanga; or in the bark, in the case of cinnamon, canella, and cascareĦa ; or the flowers, as in the case of cloves; or the fruit, as in the case of anise and vanilla; or the wood, as in the case of sandal-wood and aloes-wood; or the leaves, as in the case of most of the Labiata, Umbelliferæ, etc. Aromat ́ic Vin'egar differs from ordinary vinegar (which is acetic acid diluted with water) in agreeable fragrance. It is generally prepared by adding the oils of cloves, lavender, rosemary, and Acorus Calamus, (and sometimes camphor,) to crystallizable acetic acid, or by distilling the acetate of copper in an earthen retort and receiver, and treating the liquid which passes over with the fragrant oils mentioned above. A. V. is a very pleasant and powerful perfume; it is very volatile, and when snuffed up by the nostrils is a powerful excitant, and hence is serviceable in fainting, languor, headache, and nervous debility. A. V. is generally placed on a sponge in a smelling-bottle or in a vinaigrette; it can also be purchased as a liquid in vials, and a drop or two allowed to evaporate in a sick-room overpowers, but does not destroy, any unpleasant odor. The liquid must, however, be cautiously dealt with, as it is a very corrosive substance. Aroos'took, a river which rises in the N. part of Me., and falls into the St. John, in New Brunswick, after a course of about 120 m. Ar'pad, the national hero of Hungary, was the son of Amos, the leader under whom the Magyars first gained a footing in Hungary. He was chosen duke on his father's death in 889, and by a course of incessant and mostly successful warfare with the Bulgarians, Wallachians, Moravians, etc., extended the first conquests of the Magyars on all sides. He d. in 907, leaving his son in possession of the supreme command. The A. dynasty became extinct in the male line with Andrew III. in 1301. Arpeggio, in Mus., a chord of which the notes are given, not contemporaneously, but in succession. From any one chord several forms of A. may be produced. Basschords thus treated form an Alberti Bass, so named from Domenico Alberti, (1730-40,) a popular singer and player, who often played the bass in this style. Ar'pent, an Old French land-measure, corresponding to our acre. Arpi'no, the Arpinum of the ancients, a town of southern Italy, the birthplace of Cicero and Caius Marius. Many remains of the ancient structures are still to be seen, especially a cyclopean wall which runs along the N. brow of the hill occupied by the present town, and extending to the ancient citadel; pop. 11,629. Arquà', a village in the prov. of Padua, Venice: pop. 1,200. Petrarch's furniture is here preserved in the house in which he d. July 18, 1374. Arquebuse. Ar'quebuse, or Har'quebus, was the first form of hand-gun which could fairly be compared with the modern musket. Those of earlier date were fired by applying a match by hand to the touch-hole; but about the time of the battle of Morat, in 1476, guns were used having a contrivance, suggested by the trigger of the arbalest or cross-bow, by which the burning match could be applied with more quickness and certainty. Such a gun was the A. It was sometimes supported on a forked rest when in use. Being fired from the chest, with the butt in a right line with the barrel, it was difficult to bring the eye down low enough to take good aim; but the Germans soon introduced an improvement by giving a hooked form to the butt, which elevated the barrel, and the A. then obtained the name of the haquebut. Soldiers armed with these two kinds of weapons were designated arquebusiers and haquebutters; the former were common in the English army in the time of Richard III., the latter in that of Henry VIII. Arraca'cha, (Arracacha esculenta,) a plant of the natural order Umbellifera, a native of the elevated table-lands in the neighborhood of Santa Fé de Bogota and Caraccas, and of regions of similar climate in other parts of tropical Am. It is much cultivated in its native country for its roots, which are used as an esculent. When boiled they are firm and tender, ARRACK-ARSAMAS. with a flavor not so strong as that of a parsnip. The plant is very like hemlock, and has a similar heavy smell. By rasping the root and washing a starch similar to arrowroot is obtained. There is another species of the same genus, A. moschata, a native of the same regions, the root of which is inedible. Arrack', Rack, or Ra'ki, is the East Indian name for all sorts of distilled spirituous liquors, but chiefly that procured from toddy or the fermented juice of the cocoa and other palms, and from rice. The palms in other tropical countries furnish a fermented beverage similar to the toddy of India, and in a few instances also it is distilled, but A. essentially belongs to India and the adjacent countries. The cocoa-nut palm (Cocos nusifera) is a chief source of toddy or palm wine, and is obtained from trees ranging from 12 to 16 yrs. old. Ar'ragonite, a mineral essentially consisting of carbonate of lime, and so agreeing in chemical composition with calcareous spar, but differing from it in the form of its crystals. 187 gen, where he worked till his death in 1875. He is best known for his cometary discoveries and investigations, his computation of the ephemerides of many of the small planets, the discovery of nebulæ and investigation of their spectra, and as a conscientious and skillful instructor. He was a member of the principal scientific societies of northern Europe and the author of valuable works on the special subjects mentioned above. Arrest' of Judg'ment, an expedient after verdict on the part of an unsuccessful defendant to get the judgment arrested or withheld, on the ground that there is some error which vitiates the proceedings. Arrhenathe'rum, a genus of grasses allied to Holcus and Avena, and distinguished by a lax panicle, 2-flowered spikelets with two glumes, the lower floret having stamensonly, and a long twisted awn above the base, the upper floret perfect, with a short, straight bristle below the point. In France it is very much cultivated for fodder. Arrhidæ'us, (PHILIP,) an imbecile half-brother of Alexander the Great, proclaimed king at Babylon after his brothAr'rah, a town in the district of Shahabad and the Pres-er's death. His wife, Eurydice, having intrigued for the deidency of Bengal, India; pop. about 39,000. During the struction of rival claimants, both were confined in a narrow mutiny of 1857 A. became in variety and intensity of interest dungeon, where they committed suicide 317 B.C. second only to Cawnpore, Delhi, and Lucknow, connected as it was with an heroic defense, a heavy disaster, and a brilliant victory. The defense was that of an isolated house, for 8 days, against 3,000 sepoys with 2 field-pieces, the garrison consisting of less than 20 whites, all civilians, and 50 Sikhs, whose fidelity perhaps was doubtful till proved by trial. Arraign'ment, in the practice of the Criminal Law, means calling a prisoner by his name to the bar of the court to answer the matter charged upon him in the indictment. Having the presumption of innocence in his favor it is the law that he is entitled to stand at the bar in the form and garb of a free man, without irons or any manner of shackles or bonds, unless there be evident danger of his escape or of violence at his hands. Arʼran, an island at the mouth of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. Here is a cavern in which Robert Bruce hid himself; pop. about 6,000. Arʼrian, (FLAVIUS,) a native of Nicomedia, in Bithynia, b. 100 A.D.; became a disciple of Epictetus, the Stoic philosopher. Under Antoninus Pius he was promoted to the consulship, but shortly after retired from public life, and devoted himself to literature; d. 170. Arri'ghi di Casano'va, (JEAN T.,) Duke of Padua, a Corsican general; served in the French army; b. 1778, d. 1853. Arro'ba, a weight used in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, and in the principal Spanish and Portuguese colonies. There are as many as 10 varieties of A. for weight, 11 for liquid measure, ranging from 21 to 31 lbs. for the former, and from 2 to 9 gallons for the latter. The Spanish A. (now abolished). was 4 gallons. 26 Arron'dissement, the subdivision of a French dept. The A. is divided into cantons, and these latter into communes. Ar'roo, or Arʼru, Islands are in Australasia; the largest is 70 m. 1. and 20 m. w. Some of the natives have Arʼran, South Isles of, three small islands at the entrance to Galway Bay, about 4 m. off the W. coast of Ire-adopted Christianity. Amer. goods are imported here annuland. On these islands are remains of forts and other structures, of unhewn stone, supposed to have been built by the Belge in the 1st c., besides those of oratories, etc., of the 6th and 7th c.; total area 11,287 acres, pop. 3,500. Arrang'ing, a term in Mus. which means the adapting of a piece of music so as to be performed on an instrument or instruments different from those for which it was originally composed, as when orchestral or vocal compositions are set for the piano, or the reverse. Arras', the anc. Nemetacum, a fortified town and cap. of the Dept. of Pas-de-Calais, in France; pop. 27,041. The corn market of A. is the most important in the N. of France. Its principal manufactures are iron-ware, woolen and cotton goods, hosiery, lace, pottery, and leather. Its trade, which is considerable, is in corn, flour, oil, wine, and brandy, with the industrial products of the city. Arras'tre, a mill used in Spain and the Spanish colonies for grinding gold and silver ores. It consists of a circular basin of granite or hard rock, in the center of which a vertical wooden shaft revolves, with four horizontal arms to which large flat stones are attached. The ore is broken into small fragments before entering the A. Ar'rawak In'dians, a race or aggregation of tribes of Guiana, much improved by the Moravian missionaries; they are noted for their friendliness and a euphonious language. Array'er, a title given to certain military officers in England in the early part of the 15th c. Their duties consisted in the furnishing and care of the soldiers' armor under their charge. Arrery', or Arreoi', a Society Island tribe pledged to kill all their children as soon as born, described by Capt. Cook. Arrest' is a legal term used both in criminal and civil process. Criminal A. has already been considered under the word APPREHEND, (q. v.,) and in civil procedure it may be simply defined to be the execution of a judicial or prerogative order, by which the liberty of the person may be restrained and obedience to the law compelled. ally to a small amount. The exports are pearls, trepang, and birds of paradise; pop. 13,000. Ar'rowhead, (Sagittaria,) a genus of plants of the natural order Alismacea. They are aquatic plants, natives of very different climates, from the tropics to the cold regionsof the world. The common A. (S. sagittifolia) is a beautiful aquatic, a native of England, .with arrow-shaped leaves which rise above the surface of the water. It is one of those plantswhich have enjoyed an undeserved reputation as cures for hydrophobia. The corms, dried and powdered, have sometimes been used for food, but have an acrid, unpleasant taste.. The Chinese A. (S. Sinensis) has long been cultivated in that country and Japan for its edible corms, which, in a fresh state,. are somewhat acrid, but abound in starch. Ar'row-poison. This differs with different tribes of Indians. By some the poison capsicum and infusions of a strong kind of tobacco and of euphorbiacea are mixed together with the poisonous emmet, and the teeth of the formidable serpent called by the Peruvian Indians Miuamaru, the Jergon-Lachesis picta of Tschudi. (See CURARE.) The A. of Borneo is called there dajasksch; that obtained by Dr. Kirk of the Zambesi expedition manganja. Ar'rowroot, is a variety of starch extracted from the roots of certain plants growing in tropical countries. It is a fine starchy farina, much valued as a delicacy and as an easily digestible food for children and invalids. It is obtained from the tuberous roots-or, more correctly, the rootstocks (rhizomes)—of different species of the genus Maranta, belonging to the natural order Marantacea, and characterized by solitary ovules, a fleshy style curved downward, branching stems, and white flowers. The species chiefly yielding it is M. arundinacea, a native of tropical Am., cultivated in the West India Islands, and growing about 2 ft. h. Arro'yo Moli'nos, a village in Estremadura, Spain, noted as the scene of Gen. Girard's complete discomfiture by Lord Hill on Oct. 28, 1811. Arsa'ces, a name common to several Parthian and Armenian kings. A. I., 3d c. B.C., was the founder of the Parthian monarchy. A. VI. lived about the middle of the 2d Arrest', d', (HEINRICH LOUIS,) a Ger. astronomer, b. at Berlin 1822; about 1845 appointed assistant to Encke in the Berlin Observatory; in 1848 observer in the Leipzig Observa- c. B.C., and greatly enlarged the territories of Parthia. tory, and soon after Prof. of Astronomy in that University; in 1857 appointed director of the new observatory at Copenha- | sia, on the river Tiosha, 240 m. E. of Moscow; pop. 10,517. Arsamas', a town of the prov, of Nizhni-Novgorod, Rus |