Scotch Irish 1.00 1.27 Prussia, Little Morgen.. 0.63 Great Morgen.. 1.40 Russia, Deciatina.. 2.70 0.93 Baden, Morgen or acre... 0.89 Saxony, Morgen. 1.36 France, Arpent. Belgium, Hectare (Fr.)... 2.47 Hectare. Spain, Fanegada.. 1.06 2.47 0.99 Sweden, Tunneland.. Switzerland, Faux. 1.13 1.62 Hamburg, Morgen. 2.38 Acre lius, (ISRAEL,) was sent to take charge of the Swedish congregations on the Delaware, 1749; b. 1714, d. 1800. A'cre, St. Jean d', the biblical Accho, known as Ptolemais in the Middle Ages, is a sea-port on the coast of Syria, not far from the base of Mount Carmel, and contains 10,000 inhabitants. In 1004 it was taken by the Genoese; in 1187, by the Sultan Saladin; afterward it became the chief landingplace of the Crusaders, the seat of a bishop, and of the Order of St. John; next, it fell into the hands of the Egyptians; and in 1517 was captured by the Turks; in 1799 it was besieged by the French for 61 days, but was successfully defended. In 1832 it was stormed by Ibrahim Pasha, son of the Viceroy of Egypt, and continued in his possession till it was taken in 1840 by a combined English, Austrian, and Turkish fleet. A'cri, a town of Italy, in the prov. of Cosenza; pop. 10,717. Acritochro'macy, another name for ACHROMATOPSIA, COLOR-BLINDNESS, DALTONISM, (q. v.) etc. Ac'robat, a word derived from the Greek, and nearly synonymous with rope-dancer. It literally signifies one who walks on tiptoe, (akron, "an extremity," and baino, "I go,") and is employed to designate those who perform difficult feats, vaulting, sliding, tumbling, and dancing on a slack or tight-rope, etc. Acrob'ata, marsupials found in Australia, one species of which, the "pigmy acrobat," resembles the flying squirrel. L. (including tail) 4 in. Acrocerau'nia, a chain of mountains on the W. coast of Greece, the modern name of which is Chimara. The Acroceraunian promontory, extending far into the sea, is called Cape Linguetta. Ac'ro-Corin'thus, the hill near the city of Corinth on which stood its Acropolis, or capitol. It commanded views over a large portion of Greece. Acrog'enous Plants (Gr. "growing at the summit") are plants in which the structure of the stem is acrogenous, i. e., in which the vascular bundles are developed simultaneously, and not in succession, the stem increasing by the coherence of the bases of the leaves and by elongation at the summit. In a transverse section of the stem a circle of vascular tissue is found near the circumference, and the center is composed of cellular tissue, some portion of which frequently disappears, so that the stem, although solid when young, becomes hollow in a more advanced stage of its growth. Acroleine is a colorless, limpid, strongly refracting liquid, lighter than water, and having its boiling-point at about 125°. It constitutes the acrid principle produced by the destructive distillation of fatty bodies, and is in part due to the decomposition of glycerine. It is best prepared by distilling a mixture of glycerine and anhydrous phosphoric acid, the object of the latter being to effect the removal of the element of four atoms of water from the glycerine. In its state of vapor it is extremely irritating to the eyes, nostrils, and respiratory organs a property to which it owes its name. The pungent smell given off by the smoldering wick of a candle just blown out is due to the presence of A. Ac'roliths, (Gr. akron, "extremity," lithos, "a stone,") the name given to the oldest works of Greek plastic art, in which wood-carving is seen in transition into marble statuary. Acron'ycal, in Astron., signifies the passing of the meridian at midnight by a heavenly body. Acrop'olis, the highest point of a city. Many of the im The Acropolis of Athens. Among the most celebrated of the ancient acropole was that of Argos, whose name, Larissa, indicates its Pelasgic origin; that of Messenia, which bore the name of Ithome; that of Thebes, called Cadmea; that of Corinth, known as the AcroCorinthus; but especially that of Athens, which was styled pre-eminently the A. Acros'tic is a Greek term for a number of verses the first letters of which follow some predetermined order, usually forming a word-most commonly a name or a phrase or sentence. Sometimes the final letters spell words as well as the initial, and the peculiarity will even run down the middle of the poem like a seam. In the A. poetry of the Hebrews the initial letters of the lines or of the stanzas were made to run over the letters of the alphabet in their order. Twelve of the Psalms of the Old Testament are written on this plan. The 119th Psalm is the most remarkable. It is composed of 22 divisions or stanzas, (corresponding to the 22 letters of the Hebrew language,) each stanza consisting of 8 couplets; and the first line of each couplet in the first stanza begins, in the original Hebrew, with the letter aleph, in the second stanza with beth, etc. The divisions of the Psalm are named each after the letter that begins the couplets, and these names have been retained in the English translation. Acrote'rion, (Gr. "summit," or "extremity,") a term in Arch. for a statue or other ornament placed on the apex or at one of the lower angles of a pediment. Some understand by A. the pedestal on which such ornament stands. Acs, Hungarian village on the Danube, scene of various battles. Has a fine palace and 3,933 pop. Acroteria. Act, in the Drama, is a division of the general plot or action in order to afford rest to the audience and actors, and its conclusion is usually marked by a fall of the curtain. Act, in Law, has various meanings. In its more general acceptation it is used to denote the solemn accomplishment of some distinctive proceeding, as when a person executing a legal instrument declares it to be his act and deed. And to this day the technical term to signify a plaintiff in Scotch pleading is Actor-hence also Acts of Sederunt. By an A. is sometimes meant an act or proceeding, or rather the record of an act or proceeding, of a public nature, and in this sense it is used when we speak of an A. of Congress. This use of the word appears to be derived from the Romans, who employed Acta to signify special public official transactions, and oftener, perhaps, the records of such transactions. The Germans use Acten, and the French Actes, to signify official or legal documents, or papers generally. The title Acta has been applied in modern times to the journals or records of learned societies. But the word A. has at the present day several precise legal applications, the principal of which we now proceed to explain: A. of Bankruptcy, by which is meant a certain ostensible indication of insolvency on the part of a debtor, sufficient to bring him within the operation 32 ACTA DIURNA-ADAGIO. of the bankrupt laws. (See BANKRUPT.) A. of Congress. The distribution of powers under our Amer. system grants to the National Legislature complete authority to frame all laws for the welfare of the nation; while the legislation of the States within their reserved spheres is not in subordination to the General Government, unless it touches some question arising under the Constitution or laws of the U. S. The general subjects of national legislation are the departments; the judiciary; the army; the navy; the militia; arms, armories, and arsenals; diplomatic and consular officers; seat of government and public buildings; the States; the Territories; Civil lights; citizenship; the elective franchise; the freedmen; Indians; immigration; naturalization; the census; the public lands; duties upon imports; internal revenue; debts due by or to the U. S.; coinage; weights and measures; the currency; the public moneys; legal tender; the public debt; appropriations; the public property; public contracts; public printing; postal service; foreign relations; commerce and navigation; fisheries; merchant seamen; prizes; lights and buoys; coast survey; pensions; public health; patents, trade-marks, and copyrights; bankruptcy; national banks; rivers and harbors; railways; telegraphs; extradition; neutrality; fines, penalties, and forfeitures; insurrection; crimes; slave-trade; guano islands; the Smithsonian Institution. An A. of Congress must be passed by both Houses and approved by the President before it becomes a law. A. of Grace is the name given to an old Scotch A. for the maintenance of poor persons imprisoned for debt. It is usually applied in England to insolvent As., and general pardons, as, e. g., at the beginning of a new reign. A. of Indemnity is an A. passed for omissions on taking the oaths and assurances required by law of persons admitted to any public office or employment. A. of Parliament is a resolution or law passed by all the three branches of the British legislature-the King, [or Queen,] Lords, and Commons. A. of Settlement, a name given to the statute by which the crown was limited to the family of her majesty, Queen Victoria. And at the same time it was enacted that whosoever should thereafter come to the possession of the crown should join in the communion of the Church of England as by law established. This is the last limitation of the crown that has been made by Parliament; and the several actual limitations, from the time of Henry IV. to the present, clearly prove the power of the King and Parliament to alter the succession. A. of Toleration is the statute by which persons dissenting from the Church of England (except R. Cs. and persons denying the Trinity) were relieved from such of the As. against non-conformists as prevented their assembling for religious worship according to their own forms, or otherwise restrained their religious liberty, on condition of their taking the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and subscribing a declaration against transubstantiation; and in the case of dissenting ministers subscribing also to certain of the Thirty-nine Articles. The clause of this A. which excepted persons denying the Trinity from the benefits of its enactments was repealed in reign of George III. The various As. of Toleration operated, however, to the exclusive benefit of Protestant dissenters, and afforded no relief to R. Cs. With respect to the latter, the progress of emancipation was slower and more reluctant. By the Catholic Emancipation A., however, in 1829, R. Cs. were restored in general to the full enjoyment of all civil rights, being only excluded from holding ecclesiastical offices and certain high appointments in the State; and now R. Cs. and Jews are relieved from all enactments calculated to oppress them, and are thus practically admitted to all the privileges of the Constitution. A. of Uniformity is that statute which enacted that the Book of Common Prayer, as then recently revised, should be used in every parish church and other place of public worship in England, and that every school-master and person instructing youth should subscribe a declaration of conformity to the liturgy, and also to the effect of the oath and declaration mentioned in the A. By this statute 2,000 of the clergy, who refused to comply with its provisions, were deprived of their preferments. Ac'ta Diur'na, a journal published in Rome by authority of Julius Cæsar, containing the transactions of public assemblies. Ac'ta Eruditor'um, ("Acts of the Learned,") the first literary journal of Germany. Founded 1682, discontinued 1782. Actæ'on, a mythical personage, a grandson of Cadmus, was trained as a hunter by Chiron. Having once surprised Diana while bathing in a fountain he was changed by the offended goddess into a stag, and his own dogs, not knowing him, tore him in pieces. Ac'ta Sancto'rum, or Mar'tyrum, (" Acts of Saints, or Martyrs,") the collective title given to several old writings respecting saints and martyrs in the Greek and R. C. Churches, but now applied especially to one extensive collection begun by the Jesuits in the 17th c., and intended to serve as a better arrangement of the material found in ancient works. Actin'ia, a genus of marine animals, belonging to the sub-kingdom Colenterata, and to the class Actinozoa, of which latter group the genus is thoroughly typical. The animals included in this genus are familiarly known as sea-anemones. They are found attached by their bases to rocks and stones, and present the appearance of cylindrical fleshy bodies, possessing a mouth surrounded by numerous tentacles at the free extremity. Act'inism, the property of the sun's rays which produces chemical changes. Actinom'eter, a contrivance, based on various principles, intended to measure the chemical rays of light. Ac'tion, in its large and general sense, means a judicial proceeding before a competent tribunal for the attainment of justice; and in this sense it is applied to procedure, whether criminal or civil. Ac'tium, ancient Gr. town, present name Azio, where the forces of Octavius Cæsar were victorious over those of Mark Antony, 31 B. C. Ac'ton, defensive armor made of leather and iron, the shape of a short-sleeved shirt. Ac'ton, Prince, (JOSEPH,) Prime Minister of Ferdinand IV. of Naples, was the son of an Irish physician; b. in Besançon in 1737, d. 1808. Ac'tor, a performer of plays, a class originating in Greece an considered by the Romans a disreputable class. The first English As. were servants. Monks performed miracle plays in the Middle Ages. Acts of the Apos'tles, the fifth book of the New Testament, the authorship of which is ascribed by tradition, and with the highest probability, to the evangelist Luke. Act'uary. The Actuarii, in ancient Rome, were clerks who recorded the acta of the Senate and other public bodies. In Europe the term A. is applied to clerks or registrars generally, although originally it was used only in courts of civil law jurisdiction. The manager of a joint-stock company, particularly of an insurance company, is also known as an A. In the U. S. the term is chiefly applied to the manager of a life insurance company. Ac'upressure, a mode of arresting hemorrhage from cut arteries. The simplest mode of practicing it may be thus described: The needle is passed through the flaps or sides of the wound, so as to cross over and compress the orifice of the bleeding artery, just as in putting a flower in the lapel of one's coat one crosses over and compresses a flower stalk with a pin pushed twice through the lapel. The middle portion of the needle-the only part of it which is in immediate contact with the fresh surface of the wound-bridges over and compresses the artery at its bleeding orifice, or perhaps a line or two more on its cardiac side. Ac'upuncture, puncturing or pricking with a needle, (acus,) is a very ancient remedy, and one practiced extensively in the East for the cure of headaches, lethargies, etc. In Europe it is principally employed to relieve neuralgic pains, and those of chronic rheumatism. Acute' Diseases are those attended with danger, and likely to terminate favorably or otherwise in a few days or weeks. A'da, a town of the Austrian Empire, in Hungary; pop. 9,344. Adafu'dia, a town of the Felattah country, West Africa, about 400 m. S.-E. from Timbuctoo; pop. about 24,000. It is in lat. 13° 6' N. and long. 1° 3' E., and is situated in a healthy and fertile plain. Ada'gio, a slow movement or measure of time in Mus., between largo and andante. In our more extended compositions of instrumental or chamber music, the second or third movement is generally marked A., and serves as a contrast with the rapid and energetic movement of the preceding and following parts of the sonata or symphony. The A. must be written in a measure of time which will afford scope for a flowing and expressive slow melody with a grace Actæ'a, a genus of the natural order Ranunculacea, the type of the sub-order A., distinguished by the colored imbricated calyx and indehiscent succulent fruit. The genus A. has 4 deciduous sepals, 4 petals, and a single baccate carpel. | fully varied accompaniment. ADAIR-ADAMS. Adair', (JAMES,) for 40 yrs. traded among the North American Indians, concerning whom he composed a treatise, 1775. Adair', (JOHN,) b. in S. C. 1759, d. May 19, 1840; soldier in War of Revolution; removed to Ky. 1786; efficient officer in Indian wars on N.-W. frontier. In the Lower House of Ky. Legislature 1793, and for many years frequently Speaker. In War of 1812, as aid to Gov. Shelby, commanded the Kentuckians at the battle of New Orleans; Gov. of Ky. 1820-24; U. S. Senator 1805-6; Representative 1831-33. Adal' and Adel'. The name ADAL is applied by geographers to the flat country lying between Abyssinia and the Red Sea, from Massowa to the Bay of Tajurra. ADEL would seem to designate the coast country from Tajurra to Cape Guardafui, part of which is known as the country of the Somauli. Adalbert', Archbishop of Hamburg and Bremen 1043; papal legate to the North, 1050; formed an ambitious plan for a northern patriarchate composed of Germany and Scandinavia, which was frustrated by Harold of Norway and the Cardinal Hildebrand; d. 1072. Ada'lia, anc. Attalia, the chief sea-port on the southern coast of Asia Minor. The streets rise like the seats of a theater up the slope of the hill behind the harbor; pop. 13,000. Ad'am, the name of the first man, and the father of the human race. Adam', (ADOLPHE CHARLES,) Fr. composer; b. Paris, July 24, 1803; entered the Legion of Honor 1836; member of Institut de France 1844; established Théâtre National 1847; Prof. of Composition in the Paris Conservatoire 1849; d. Paris May 6, 1856. He left no less than 31 operas and 9 ballets, besides 4 cantatas and 2 masses. Le Postillion de Longjumeau is his most successful work. Ad'am, (ALEXANDER, LL.D.,) an eminent scholar, teacher, and author; b. in Rafford, Scotland, 1741; d. 1809. Adam', (MME. JULIETTE,) a versatile and vivacious Fr. authoress, b. 1836. She edited for some yrs. the Paris Nouvelle Revue, and her salon was a literary center. Hers was the personality veiled behind the nom de plume "Count Paul Vasili," whose breezy descriptions of the society of certain European capitals created such a furor. Ad'am, (ROBERT,) a distinguished architect; b. at Edinburgh 1728, d. 1792. Ad'am of Bremen, an old historical writer, whose work, entitled Gesta Hammenburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum, gives a history of the Archbishopric of Hamburg from 788 A.D. to the death of Archbishop Adalbert in 1072; d. 1076. Ad'amites, a sect of fanatics who spread themselves in Bohemia and Moravia in the 15th and 16th c. One Picard is said to have been the founder of the sect. He styled himself Adam, the son of God, rejected the sacrament of the supper and the priesthood, and advocated the community of women. As early as the 2d c. there was a sect of Gnostic tendency, called A., who sought, by abstaining from all indulgence of the senses, to recall the state of innocence men were in before the fall. They therefore rejected marriage, and, in order to exercise the virtue of continence, went naked. They held that for those who had once attained the state of innocence, all actions were alike indifferent-neither good nor evil. This doctrine led directly to the greatest licentiousness. views. Adam'nan, Saint, of the early Irish Church, was a statesman as well as an ecclesiastic. In 679 he was elected Abbot of Iona. His rule over that community was not, however, peaceful and fortunate. He adopted the Romish or orthodox He died in 704. He wrote a life of St. Columba, the converter of the Picts and founder of Iona. Ad'ams, a town in Berkshire Co., Mass., has manufactories of cotton, woolen, iron, paper, etc.; contains Mt. Greylock, the loftiest point in Mass., 3,505 ft. h.; on branch of Boston and Albany R. R., near Fitchburg R. R.; has 7 churches; pop. 9,213. Ad'ams, (CHARLES FRANCIS, LL.D., D.C.L.,) son of JOHN QUINCY A., b. 1807; nominated by the Free Soil party for the office of Vice-President 1848; elected M.C. 1858-60 by the Republicans; Minister to England 1861-68; and one of the arbitrators of the Alabama Claims 1870. His position in England during the civil war was a most difficult one, but the duties were performed with tact and discretion. He was the Democratic candidate for Governor in Mass. 1876. He became eminent both as a statesman and a political economist; d. 1886. Ad'ams, (CHARLES F., Jr.,) b. in Boston 1835, Brig.-Gen. during the civil war, and speaker and writer on social and political subjects. 33 Ad'ams, (GEORGE MADISON,) b. in Ky. 1837; educated at Center Coll.; officer in Union Army 1861-65; M.C. 1867-75; Clerk of House of Representatives 1875-79. Ad'ams, (HANNAH,) one of the first Amer. female writers, and the first person buried at Mt. Auburn, b. 1755, d. 1831. Ad'ams, (ISAAC,) inventor of the popular printing-press known by his name; b. in N. H. 1803, d. 1883. Ad'ams, (REV. JASPER,) Pres. of Charleston Coll., S. C., of Geneva Coll., and professor at West Point; b. 1793, d. 1841. Ad'ams, (JOHN,) the second President of the U. S., b. at Braintree, Mass., October 30, 1735, was descended from a Puritan family which had emigrated from England to Mass. in 1630. Before the Revolution A. had distinguished himself as a jurist. He was sent by Mass. to the Congress which commenced its sittings at Philadelphia in 1774. With Lee and Jefferson he boldly argued for a separation from the mother country; and Lee's proposition of a Declaration of Independence was carried on the 4th of July, 1776. A. and Jefferson had been appointed to draw up the Declaration of Independence, but it appears that Jefferson was the sole author of it. In succeeding yrs. A. was employed on many important negotiations with European powers; among others, he assisted Franklin, Jay, Jefferson, and Laurens, in 1782, in settling the conditions of peace with England. In 1785 he went to London as the first embassador from the Union. He published in London his Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States, (1787.) On his return to Am., in the same yr., he was elected Vice-President of the U. S., and on the retirement of Washington (in 1797) became President. The enmity of the Democratic party, which had already been excited against him, was now increased by the measures which he judged necessary to uphold the national honor against the pretensions of France, and still more by his decided favor for a hereditary aristocracy. In 1801, when his term of four yrs. of office had expired, his adversary, Jefferson, was elected by a majority of eight votes. A. now retired to his estate at Quincy, near Boston, where he occupied himself with agricultural pursuits. After this retirement he received many proofs of respect and confidence from his countrymen. When 85 yrs. old he was still in his place as a member of the convention appointed (1820) to revise the Constitution of Mass. D. on the 4th of July, 1826, on the fiftieth anniversary of the day when he had proclaimed in Congress the Independence of the United States. Ad'ams, (JOHN, LL.D.,) noted educator of Am.; Principal of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.; b. 1772, d. 1863. Ad'ams, (JOHN COUCH,) distinguished mathematician and astronomer, and discoverer, simultaneously with Leverrier, of the planet Neptune, (q. v.,) b. near Launceston, in Cornwall, 1819; appointed Lowndean Prof. of Astron. in Cambridge University in 1858. He made valuable contributions to the theory of the moon's motion, the perturbations of the Nov. meteor-stream, etc. As director of the Cambridge Observatory he devoted himself to the observation and reduction of the stars of one of the zones of Astronomische Gesellschaft, (q. v) D. 1892. Ad'ams, (JOHN QUINCY,) the sixth President of the U. S. and son of the second President, was b. in Mass. July 11, 1767. In his boyhood he accompanied his father on an embassy to Europe, and passed a considerable part of his youth in Paris, at The Hague, and, lastly, in London. When his father was elected President, the younger Adams was sent on an embassy to Berlin, and traveled through Silesia. Of this country he gave a description in his letters, which were first published in the Portfolio, a Philadelphia journal, and afterward translated into French and German. On his return to Am. he was engaged as Prof. of Rhetoric at Harvard University, and chosen Senator for Mass. By Madison he was sent as plenipotentiary to Russia, and afterward to England. On this embassy he took a part in the negotiation of peace with England, and assisted with his counsel the deputies sent from Am. to Ghent. When Monroe was elected President he recalled A. from Europe, and made him Sec. of State. On the retirement of Monroe from office A. gained the Presidency after a hard contest against Jackson, in Feb., 1825, and on the expiration of his term of office retired to Quincy, near Boston, but in 1830 was chosen as representative of his district. He now joined the party of Abolitionists, and frequently raised the whole House of Representatives against himself by his incessant petitions on the slavery question. On one occasion, (in 1842,) in order to assert strongly in the abstract the right to petition, he went so far as to present a petition for the dissolution of the Union! This was misunderstood, and turned against him. He d. at Washington during the session of Congress 1848. 34 1812. ADAMS-ADEN. Ad'ams, (NEHEMIAH, D.D.,) Boston divine and theological writer; b. 1806, d. 1878. Ad'ams, (SAMUEL,) one of the leading men of the Amer. Revolution; b. at Boston, Mass., 1722. He displayed on all occasions an unflinching zeal for popular rights, and was, by the patriotic party, placed in the Legislature in 1766. A. was a member of the first Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776; took an active part in framing the Constitution of Mass., and was for several yrs. Pres. of the Senate of that State. He held the office of Lieut.-Governor from 1789 to 1794, and of Governor from that time till 1797; d. at Boston 1803. Ad'ams, (JOHN R., D.D.,) Amer. Presb. and Cong, clergy- Wiltshire, 1672. He was originally intended for the Church, man, teacher in Phillips Academy, and chaplain during the but various circumstances conspired to draw him aside into civil war; b. 1821, d. 1866. literature and politics, the principal of which were his acAd'ams, (JULIUS WALKER,) Amer. military and civil engi-quaintance with Dryden, who honored the young poet with neer; Pres. Amer. Society Civil Engineers; Chief Engineer his patronage, and his intimacy with Lord Somers, whose faof Brooklyn, and writer on scientific subjects; b. in Mass. vor he gained by dedicating a poem to him on one of King William's campaigns. The battle of Blenheim, which occurred in 1709, presented a brilliant opportunity to him, which he did not fail to make the most of. The ministry wished the victory commemorated in verse, and A. was appointed to do it. Lord Godolphin, the treasurer, was so excessively delighted with the first half of the triumphal poem that before the rest was finished he made A. a Commissioner of Appeals. He accompanied Halifax to Hanover; became Under-Sec. of State in 1706, and in 1709 went to Ireland in the capacity of secretary to the Lord-Lieut., where he also obtained the office of Keeper of the Records, worth £300 a yr. In the same yr. his friend, Steele, commenced The Tatler, to which A. soon became a frequent contributor. On the 1st of March, 1711, appeared The Spectator, the most popular and elegant miscellany in Eng. literature. With an interruption from Dec. 6, 1712, to June 15, 1714, during part of which time The Guardian, a similar periodical, took its place, The Spectator was continued to Dec. 20, 1714. A.'s fame is inseparably associated with this periodical. The quality of his genius is now determined by it, rather than by the artificial rhetoric of his Cato. He was the animating spirit of the magazine, and by far the most exquisite essays which appeared in it are by him. In 1713 appeared The Tragedy of Cato; in 1716 he married the Dowager-Countess of Warwick, and in the following yr. was appointed Sec. of State. For neither of his new positions was he at all suited. D. at Holland House 1719. Ad'dison's Disease, a constitutional malady, characterized by great weakness and anæmia, with deposits of pigment in the skin and some other parts of the body, and accompanied by or depending on a specific morbid change in the suprarenal capsules. There is little hope of curative treatment, but the progress of the disease may be retarded and the patient made comfortable by rest, careful diet, and appropriate tonics. Ad'ams, (STEPHEN,) the nom de plume of Michael Maybrick, an Eng. baritone and ballad composer, author of Nancy Lee, etc.; b. in Liverpool 1844. Ad'ams, (WILLIAM, D.D., LL.D.,) Presb. clergyman, religious writer, and Pres. of Union Theological Seminary, New York; b. in Conn. 1807, d. 1880. Ad'ams, (WILLIAM T., "Oliver Optic,") a popular writer and editor in the field of literature for children; b. in Mass. 1822; d. March 27, 1897. Ad'am's Bridge, a chain of shoals extending across the Gulf of Manaar, between Ceylon and the peninsula of Hindu stan. Ad'am's Peak, the name given by Mohammedans, and after them by Europeans, to a mountain summit in the S. of Ceylon, 7,420 ft. h. The native name is Samanhela. The cone forming the summit is a naked mass of granite, terminating in a narrow platform, in the middle of which is a hollow 5 ft. l., having a rude resemblance to a human foot-step, said to be the foot-print of Adam or of the Hindu god Siva. Multitudes of devotees frequent the spot. Ada'na, a Turkish eyalet or prov. in the S.-E. of Asia Minor, derives its name from its chief city, containing 45,000 inhabitants. The city is distant almost 30 m. from Tarsus, on the way to Aleppo, commands the pass of the Tarsus Mountains, and carries on a considerable trade between Syria and Asia Minor. Adanson, (MICHEL,) a celebrated Fr. botanist and savant, b. at Aix 1727, d. 1806. Adanso'nia, a genus of the natural order Sterculiacea, sub-order Bombaceae, named by Linnæus in honor of the botanist Adanson, and distinguished by a simple deciduous calyx, a very long style with numerous stigmas, and a woody capsule containing a farinaceous pulp. The only known species, 4. digitata, the Baobab, also called the monkey-bread tree, is a native of the tropical parts of western Africa, but now introduced into the East and West Indies. It is the largest known tree-not, indeed, rising to a very great h., but exceeding all other trees in the thickness of its trunk, (20-30 ft.) Even its branches (60-70 ft. 1.) are often as thick Baobab Tree. A'delaar, (CORD SIVERTSEN,) one of the greatest naval commanders of the 17th c.; b. in Norway in 1622, and in his 20th yr. was employed in the naval service of Venice against the Turks. In 1674, under Christian V., he took command of the whole Danish naval force against Sweden, but d. suddenly at Copenhagen before the expedition set out. Ad'elaide, the cap. of the colony of South Australia, is situated on the Torrens, seven m. from Port A., with which it is connected by railway. The first settlement was made in 1836. Its port (Port A.) has a safe and commodious harbor; pop. 133,252, with suburbs. It has an astronomical and meteorological observatory, but very little astronomical work has been done there, the director's time being mostly taken up with meteorological studies. Adel'phia, flower-stamens collected in a bundle; the prefixes mon, di, etc., mark whether there is one bundle or more. Monadelph. ས་་་ ར་ Adelphia. Polyadelphia. Diadelphus. A'delsberg, a district and town in Carniola, Austria, in the vicinity of which is a large stalactite cavern called the A. Grotto, through which flows a rapid stream. This cavern, the largest in Europe, is divided into the Old and the New grottoes; the former is 858 ft. in l., the latter, 8,550 ft. in 1., contains some most remarkable stalactites. A. is 22 m. S.-E. of Trieste. A'delung, (JOH. CHRISTOPH,) a distinguished Ger. linguist and lexicographer; b. 1732 in Pomerania, and d. 1806 at Dresden, where he had held the office of chief librarian. A'den, a peninsula and town on the S.-W. coast of Arabia. In a small valley which forms the crater of a submarine volcano stands the town of A., which is also named from the neighboring promontory, Bab-el-Mandeb, or the Gate of Mandeb. It was styled by the native Arabs Aden, or Eden (Paradise) on account of its fine climate and great commerce, for which it was celebrated from the oldest times. It enjoys al ADENITIS-ADJUTANT BIRD. most perpetual sunshine; a cloudy day is of rare occurrence; the heat is pleasantly tempered by the sea-breezes, and the inhabitants are generally healthy. A. is of great importance in a mercantile and nautical point of view, having a position between Asia and Africa like that of Gibraltar between Europe and Africa. The population and resources of the place have rapidly increased since 1838, and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 gave it a great impetus; pop. 44,079, gathered from every nation under heaven. The place is a British possession. Adeni'tis and Angeioleuci'tis are the terms employed in Medicine to indicate inflammation of the lymphatic glands and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels respectively. Although there is plenty of evidence from the examination of the dead body that inflammation of the lymphatics may occur internally, it is only observed in the living subject in connection with the skin, or an ulcerated surface. The disease usually originates in an open wound directly infected by some morbid matter; but more commonly by some irritating or poisonous matter from without, or some gaseous matter. The inflammation that is thus set up in the lymphatics always extends upward from the wound, and may be traced by lines of redness following the course of these vessels, and not of the veins, and terminating where the inflamed vessels enter a gland. The constitutional symptoms attending an attack of acute inflammation of the lymphatic vessels (angeioleucitis) are often severe. Many of the ordinary duties of life perpetually expose manual laborers and others to this painful affection. In the way of prevention the practice of smearing the hands with oil or grease before touching noxious fluids is found to prevent the mischief which might arise from absorption by a cut or sore, and is a useful precaution in dissection and in post-mortem examinations; and there can be no doubt that the timely application of a layer of collodion or of courtplaster might avert many attacks of inflamed absorbents. When symptoms of this form of inflammation supervene, the wound should be thoroughly cleansed, by being laid more open if all its parts are not freely exposed, and then put under a stream of water, syringed, or soaked in a hot bath, as may seem most suitable. If recent or punctured, it should be sucked, and then freely touched with a pencil of nitrate of silver; if flabby, it should be treated with a stimulating lotion of sulphate of zinc or of copper; if fetid, it should be wrapped in a solution of Condy's Fluid, or in chlorinated lotions; and if sloughy, it should be covered with Peruvian balsam and a poultice of linseed meal, charcoal, or yeast. A lotion of lead-water and laudanum on lint kept constantly wet should be applied over the inflamed lymphatic, as shown by the lines of redness. Due attention must at the same time be paid to the general condition of the system, and especially to the condition of the intestinal secretions. Ade'nocele is the term now employed in Surgery to indicate a kind of new growth in the female breast, the tissue of which closely resembles the breast-tissue itself. It is synonymous with the terms "Chronic Mammary Tumor," " Hydatid Disease of the Breast," "Serocystic Sarcoma," etc. The diversity of names indicates the diversity of the outward forms seen in these growths. Ader'no, anc. Adranum, a town of Sicily, situated at the base of Mount Etna; pop. 20,163. A'dersbach Rocks, a remarkable labyrinthine group of sandstone rocks, situated near the village of Adersbach, in Bohemia. Adhe ́sion is the species of attraction that is manifested between separate bodies when their surfaces are brought to a considerable extent into close contact. It is nearly allied to cohesion. A. is seen in the case of two solid bodies when their polished surfaces are laid on one another; but it acts more powerfully between solids than fluids, owing to their intimate contact. We have instances of this in the film of water adhering to any body dipped in that fluid, and in water running down the side of an inclined vessel from which it is being poured. Adhe ́sion, in Pathology, is when two surfaces of a living body become united. If they have been separated by the cut of a sharp instrument, and are immediately and accurately placed in apposition to each other, they may adhere at once without any apparent bond of union. But generally the bloodvessels of the part pour out, between the surfaces, a fluid, consisting of the watery part of the blood, holding fibrine in solution. The liquid part of this is re-absorbed or escapes from the wound, leaving the fibrine, in which cells are first developed and then blood-vessels; it is now a living tissue, and forms a uniting medium between the sides of the wound. 35 Adiaph'orites, those who agreed with Melanchthon in submitting to an imperial edict called the Interim, 1548. A'dige, after the Po the most important river in Italy, rises in the Rhætian Alps. It is rapid, and subject to sudden swellings and overflowings, which cause great damage to the surrounding country. During the Italian wars its banks were repeatedly the scenes of bloody engagements. Its 1. is about 250 m.; its b. in the plain of Lombardy, 650 ft.; its depth, from 10 to 16 ft. It is navigable as far as Trent, but the navigation is rendered extremely arduous on account of the swiftness of the current. Adip'ic Ac'id is a dibasic acid of the oxalic series, and is obtained in the form of white, opaque, hemispherical nodules (which are probably aggregations of small crystals) by the oxidizing action of nitric acid on oleic acid, suet, spermaceti, and other fatty bodies. Adipocere', (Lat. adeps, "fat," and cera, wax,") a substance resembling a mixture of fat and wax, and resulting from the decomposition of animal bodies in moist places or under water. Ad'ipose Tis'sue is a peculiar kind of animal membrane or tissue, consisting of an aggregation of minute spherical pouches or vesicles filled with fat or oil. The tissue itself is organic and vital, the vesicles secreting the fatty matter from the capillary blood-vessels with which they are surrounded; the secreted product, or fat, is inorganic, and devoid of vitality. The A. T. differs from cellular or filamentous tissue in having the vesicles closed, so that the fat does not escape even when fluid. A dropsical effusion, which infiltrates the filamentous tissues, does not affect the A. T. There is a considerable layer of A. T. immediately under the skin; also around the large vessels and nerves, in the omentum and mesentery, around the kidneys, joints, etc. Adirondack Mount'ains, in the northern part of N. Y., famous for fish and game, for picturesque scenery, and numerous romantic lakes, are a favorite summer resort greatly frequented by tourists. Highest peak, Mt. Marcy, 5,370 ft. above sea level. Ad'it, a passage horizontally into a mine. See MINES AND MINING. Ad'jective is the name of one of the classes into which grammarians have divided words. An A. is so called, not so much from its being added to a substantive, as because it adds to the meaning, or more exactly describes the object, than the simple substantive or general name does. Languages differ much in their way of using As. In English the usual place of the A. is before the noun. This is also the case in German; but in French and Italian it comes after. In these languages, again, the A. is varied for gender, number, and, in the German, for case. In English it is invariable, and in this simplicity there is a decided superiority, for in modern languages these changes in the A. serve no purpose. The only modification the English A. is capable of is for degrees of comparison. Adjourn'ment, postponement till another time; especially applied to legislative bodies as distinguished from prorogation. Adjudica'tion is a technical term used to denote the judicial determination at a certain stage of proceedings in bankruptcy. Adjust ́ment, in the law of insurance, is the ascertaining the exact amount of indemnity which the party insured is entitled to receive under the policy, and fixing the proportion of loss to be borne by each underwriter. The nature and amount of damage being ascertained, an indorsement is made on the back of the policy, declaring the proportion of loss falling on each underwriter, and, on this indorsement being signed by the latter, the loss is said to have been adjusted. Ad'jutant, as the derivation of the word implies, (adju vare, to help,") is the title of an officer who assists the commanding officer of a garrison or regiment in all the details of duty. He receives orders and promulgates them to the several companies; he inspects escorts and guards before proceeding on their duty; attends to the drill of recruits; is accountable for the keeping of the regimental books, and ought to note every infraction of established rules. An A.-Gen. performs analogous duties for the general of an army. He keeps an account of the strength of each regiment, distributes the order of the day, and sees the troops drawn up for action. Ad'jutant Bird, (Ciconia Argala,) a bird closely allied to the stork, made by some naturalists the type of a separate genus, Argala. It is a native of the warmer parts of India. |