36

ADJYGURH-ADRIANOPLE.

In its erect attitude it is about five feet h.; its extended or a dactyl and a trochee; especially adapted to lively wings measure 14 or 15 ft. from tip to tip; its head and poetry. neck are nearly bare; a sausage-like pouch hangs from the under part of the neck; the bill is of enormous size. It is very voracious, swallows a cat or a leg of mutton quite readily, and is of great use in devouring snakes, lizards, and all sorts of offal. It sometimes catches birds upon the wing. Marabou feathers are obtained from the under side of the wings of this bird, and of another very similar species which inhabits Senegal.

Adjygurh', a town of British India, in the prov. of Allahabad. A. was for a Adjutant Bird. short time the cap. of a small Mahratta state, was taken by the British under Lieut.-Col. Martindell, in 1809, after an obstinate resistance, and restored to its previous possessors, who were Rajputs. The fort is 800 ft. above the town, which is 480 ft. above the sea; pop. about 5,000.

Ad'ler, (FELIX,) a well-known lecturer and author; b. in Hesse, Germany, 1851; he was graduated from Columbia Coll., New York, and subsequently studied in Berlin and Heidelberg. In 1874 he was appointed Prof. of Hebrew in Cornell Coll., and in 1876 he founded in New York the Society of Ethical Culture. He is the author of Creed and Deed.

Ad'ler, (GEORG J.,) a Ger. savant, Prof. of Philology in the University of the City of New York; b. in Leipsic 1821, d. in New York 1868.

Adler, (SALVIUS,) famous Swedish embassador and diplomat during the Thirty Years' War; b. 1590, d. 1652.

Ad'lerberg, Count, (VLADIMIR F.,) held important positions of State at the Russian court; Gen. of the army, and Chancellor of the Russian Orders; b. 1793. His sons, ALEXANDER and NICHOLAS, hold positions of trust in the Russian service, Nicholas having been Governor-Gen. of Finland 1866. Ad'lercreutz, Count, (CARL JOHAN,) Swedish general; took action to arrest King Gustavus IV., thus gaining great favor with the people; b. 1757, d. 1815.

Ad lib'itum is a musical term which implies that the part so marked may be performed according to the taste of the performer, and not necessarily in strict time. Ad lib. also indicates that an instrument or voice may be dispensed with thus: "Song with violin ad lib.," the violin part is not obligatory. See OBLIGATO.

Administra'tion, in Politics, in its widest sense, is equivalent to the executive government of a State, as distinguished from its permanent constitution, and embraces not only the political ministry, but all the offices of judicature, etc.

Administra'tor. A person appointed by the probate court to settle the estate of one dying intestate. If the deceased has made a will without appointing an executor, or if the executor or executors appointed refuse to serve, or die leaving the estate unsettled, the person appointed to administer it is called the A. with the will annexed.

Adʼmiral, the title of the highest rank of naval officers. The word is generally supposed to have been derived from the Arabic Emir or Amir, a lord or chief: Amir-al-Mumenim, "Commander of the Faithful;" Amir-al-Omra, "Commander of the Forces." The term seems to have been introduced into Europe during the Crusades. The grades of A. and Vice-A. were abolished in the U. S. by a law passed by the 42d Congress. Succeeding vacancies were not filled, and the grades thus ceased to exist. The rank of A. of the U. S. Navy was last held by David D. Porter.

Ad'miralty Court. This English court, whose functions are now exercised by the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty division of the High Court of Justice, constituted in 1873-75, was created to try and to decide maritime causes. In Am. there is no distinct court for the purpose.

Adʼmiralty Droits are a portion of the hereditary revenues of the British crown, arising from enemies' ships detained in the prospect of a declaration of war, or coming into port in ignorance of a declaration of hostilities, or from such ships as are taken by non-commissioned captors, the proceeds of wrecks, the goods of pirates, and the like.

Admis'sions, certain concessions which are used in Law as evidence against the party making them, or against his partners or his heirs.

Adobe, sun-dried bricks used for house-building in Mexico, Ariz., Calif., and Cent. Am.

Adon'ic Verse, a combination of a dactyl and spondee,

Ado'nis, a mythical personage whose beauty as a youth so attracted the love of Venus and Proserpine that they quarreled about the possession of him. Jupiter, appealed to, settled the dispute by deciding that A. should spend part of the year with Venus, and part with Proserpine, so that he lived eight months of the year in the upper world and four in the under. A. was afterward killed by a boar while hunting, and Venus, coming too late to his rescue, changed his blood into flowers. A yearly festival was celebrated in honor of A.

Ado'nis, a genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculacea, in which the flower has five sepals and five to ten petals without scales as the base, and the fruit consists of awnless pericarps. The species are all herbaceous-some of them annual and some perennial. Several are natives of Europe, but only one, A. autumnalis, sometimes called Pheasant's Eye, is a doubtful native of Britain. Its bright scarlet petals have obtained for it the name of Flos A. their color having been fancifully ascribed to their being stained with the blood of Adonis. See supra.

Adop'tian Controversy, The, was an echo of the Arian Controversy, and originated about the end of the 8th c. in Spain, the country in which the doctrine of Arius had longest held out. Elipandus, Archbishop of Toledo, advanced the opinion that Christ, in respect of his divine nature, was doubtless by nature and generation the Son of God; but that, as to his human nature, he must be considered as only declared and adopted, through the divine grace, to be the first-born Son of God, (Rom. viii, 29,) just as all holy men are to be adopted as sons of God, although in a loftier sense.

Adop'tion, in the stricter sense, in the Roman law, applied only to the case in which a person, in the power of his father or grandfather, was transferred to that of the person adopting him. Where the person adopted was already emancipated from the paternal power, and was regarded by the law as his own master, the proceeding was called adrogation. In Greece, where there was nothing corresponding to the paternal power of the Romans, this distinction did not obtain.

Adour', a river in France, rises near Tourmalet, in the Dept. of the Upper Pyrenees, waters in its course of 200 m. the Dept. of Gers and the fertile part of the Dept. of Landes, and enters the Atlantic below Bayonne. It receives several tributaries, and is navigable to the extent of 80 m. Bagnières-de-Bigorre, celebrated for hot baths, is on the A.

A'dowa, a town of Abyssinia, the cap. of Tigré, has an extensive transit trade, in which gold, ivory, and slaves are articles of importance; pop. about 8,000.

A'dra, anc. Abdera, a sea-port town of Spain, in the prov. of Granada. The ancient Abdera, founded by the Phenicians, was on a hill, at the base of which the modern town stands. Lead mines in the neighborhood give employment to many of the inhabitants; pop. 9,000.

Adramy'ti, the ancient Adramyttium, sea-port town of Asia Minor, on the gulf of the same name, 83 m. N. of Smyrna; pop. 8,000.

Adras'tus, a king of Argos, commander in the war of the "Seven Against Thebes."

A'dria, in the prov. of Rovig, northern Italy, is situated between the river Po and the Adige, contains about 7,642 inhabitants, and is chiefly remarkable as being one of the oldest cities in Europe. According to tradition it was founded by the Pelasgi 1376 B.C.

A'drian, the cap. of Lenawee Co., Mich., noted for fine buildings, mills, and car-shops. Is the seat of Adrian Coll., a leading educational institution. It is an important R.R. center and seat of trade; pop. 8,756.

A'drian, the name of six popes. A. IV., the most noted, was an Englishman, the only one of that nation that ever sat in the papal chair. His name was Nicholas Breakspeare. He was a native of Langley, near St. Albans, became first a lay brother or servant in the monastery of St. Rufus, near Avignon, in 1137; was elected abbot, and in 1154 raised to the papal see. A. was at first on friendly terms with Frederick I., but his high notions of the papal supremacy led to the beginning of that long contest of the popes against the house of Hohenstaufen which ended in the destruction of the dynasty. D. at Anagni 1159. It was in A.'s time that the doctrine of transubstantiation, advanced by Petrus Lombardus, was established.

Adriano'ple, the second city in the Turkish Empire, was founded by the Emperor Hadrian on the left bank of

ADRIATIC SEA-ADVENTISTS.

the navigable river Hebrus, (now Maritza.) Here the Sultans
ruled from 1366-1453, when Constantinople was made the
cap.
The city has now about 100,000 inhabitants, the
half of whom are Turks; 2 palaces, 40 mosques, 24 public
schools, 22 baths, and the numerous gardens laid out on the
banks of the Maritza may be named as the principal features
of A.
Adriatic Sea, a large arm of the Mediterranean Sea, ex-
tending in a N.-W. direction, between the E. coast of Italy and
the W. coast of the opposite continent, being connected with
the Ionian Sea by the Strait of Otranto. In the N. it forms
the Gulf of Venice, and in the N.-E. the Gulf of Trieste;
while on the Italian side it forms the Bays of Ravenna and
Tremiti, and the narrower and deeper Gulf of Manfredonia.
On the other side the coasts of Illyria, Croatia, Dalmatia, and
Albania are steep, rocky, and barren, and begirt with a
chain of almost innumerable small rocky islands.

Adu'le, an ancient town on the Red Sea, was the port of
Axum, (q. v.)

Adullamites. An attempt, in the year 1866, by the government of Earl Russell and Mr. Gladstone, to carry a

The Cave of Adullam.

But

crime in having intercourse with an unmarried woman.
such has not been the prevalent doctrine in Am.; and it
has never been doubted that the offense necessary to justify
the sentence of divorce is committed by unlawful sexual in-
tercourse equally whether the particeps criminis were mar-
ried or single. A. was recognized as a crime even before
Moses, (Gen. xxxviii, 24,) and it is probable that in affixing
A very remarkable law was introduced
to it the punishment of death (Lev. xx, 10) he followed the
prevailing custom.
for the trial of A. by causing the woman suspected to drink
the bitter waters of jealousy, (Num. v, 26.) At the present
day it is punishable in Great Britain only by ecclesiastical
censure; and even this may be regarded as in desuetude.
But when committed by the wife it is regarded as a civil in-
jury, and forms the ground of an action of damages for
criminal conversation (commonly known as an action of
crim. con.) by the husband against the paramour. It has
been held in some cases in the State of N. Y. that a
corresponding action may be maintained by the wife. In
England, Scotland, and in all of the U. S., except S. C.,
A. is a ground for absolute divorce. See DIVORCE.

Advance'ment, a legal term referring to money given to a child in expectation of a future division, and to be deducted from that child's share of the divided estate; expenditure for the child's maintenance and education is not an A.

Advance'ment of Sci'ence, Associa'tions for the, the name of several scientific societies, national in their scope, which meet once a year in the different cities of their respective countries for the purpose of reading scientific papers, giving an opportunity for scientific men and their families to make each other's acquaintance, receiving the reports of committees previously appointed to investigate certain subjects, appointing new committees for similar purposes, and memorializing their governments regarding scientific matters requiring legislative or executive attention. The principai associations of this character are the British and Amer., founded in 1881 and 1847, respectively.

Ad'vent, (Lat. "approach," or "coming,") a term applied by the Christian Church to certain weeks before Christmas. In the Greek Church the time of A. comprises forty days; but in the Romish Church, and those Protestant Churches in which A. is observed, only four weeks. The origin of this festival as a Church ordinance is not clear. The first notice of A. as an appointment of the Church is found in the Synod of Lerida,

beginning of A. until Christmas. The four Sundays of A., as observed in the Romish Church and the Church of England, were probably introduced into the calendar by Gregory the Great.

measure which would have brought about a sweeping reduc-|(524 A.D.,) at which marriages were interdicted from the tion of the elective franchise, gave occasion to a large number of the more moderate Liberals to secede from the Whig leaders and vote with the Conservatives. The designation of A. was fastened on the new party, in consequence of Mr. Bright having, in the course of debate, likened them to the political outlaws who took refuge with David in the cave of Adullam (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2,) a comparison taken up by Lord Elcho, who humorously replied that the band congregated in the cave was hourly increasing and would succeed in delivering the house from the tyranny of Saul (Mr. Gladstone) and his armor-bearer (Mr. Bright.)

Ad'ventists, a Christian sect in the U. S., which Mr. Miller taught that in 1843 had its origin in the teachings of Rev. William Miller just prior to 1843. Christ would make his second advent into this world. He preached these views, elaborately illustrated by diagrams and charts, all through the country, drawing after him large masses of hearers, very many of whom adopted Adul'tery (Lat. adulterium) has been well defined as his opinions. After the failure of the main issue in re"the voluntary sexual intercourse of a married person with gard to Christ's coming, and the death of Mr. Miller a person other than the offender's husband or wife." By soon after 1843, his followers continued to advocate the Roman law there was no A. unless the woman was mar- the doctrine of Christ's speedy appearance, joining with It was in this it other ideas, which gradually grew into theories conOut of ried, and the same was the rule in Athens. cerning the sleep of the dead, the non-immortality of the soul, the annihilation of the wicked, etc. Advent Christians," these tenets there came to be divisions and subdivisions, The following bearing the name "Evangelical A.," ""Church of God," etc. "Seventh Day A.,"

limited form also that A. was recognized by the Mosaic law.
By the canon law the husband and wife were placed on the
same footing; and this view has been adopted by all the
In the State of N. J. it has
nations of modern Europe.
been decided that a married man does not commit this

Ministers. Churches. Communicants.

are the latest statistics of the denomination for the year be- Court, either for the purpose of review or that the cause ginning 1896: might be conducted in the Court of Session. Advoca'tus Diab'oli, i. e., 64 the Devil's Advocate." In the Romish Church, when it is proposed that a deceased person shall be canonized, an examination of his past life takes place. In this process one party holds the office of accuser, or A. D., and it is his duty to bring forward all possible objections against the proposed canonization; while, 647 on the other side, the Advocatus Dei (“ God's Advocate ") 1,018 undertakes the defense. Hence the term A. D. has been applied to designate any person who brings forward malicious accusations.

2. Advent Christians.

1. Evangelical

3. Seventh Dav.

4. Church of God.

5. Life and Advent Union..

6. Churches of God in Jesus

Christ.

Total.

34

912

30 610

253

1,201

19

29

1,147 26,500 41.128

2,872

73,312

Ad'verb. As an adjective is joined to a noun, so is an A., for analogous purposes, to a verb, an adjective, or another A. From the frequency with which As. are joined to verbs they get their name. As. may be divided into (1) Adverbs of Place, as where, toward; (2) of Time, as ever, immediately; (3) of Degree, as very, almost ; (4) of Manner, as thus, wisely; (5) of Belief or Doubt, as perhaps, no, etc. As. in general may be looked upon as abbreviations of phrases; thus, here, in this place; then, at that time; wisely, like a wise man. Combinations of words that can thus be represented by a single A., and all combinations that are analogous, though they may have no single word equivalent to them, are called adverbial expressions.

Ad'verse Posses'sion. In Law, the occupation of land, or the use of an easement, under claim and color of title hostile to that of another. Such occupation or use, continuous and uninterrupted for twenty years, ripens into a possessory title, which is good, even as against the true owner, unless infancy or some other disability has prevented the statute of limitation from running against him.

Advow'son, the right of presentation to a church or ecclesiastical benefice in England.

Ad'ytum, the inner shrine of an ancient temple, where the deity was especially supposed to be present.

E'diles, Roman magistrates who had the care of public buildings, (ædes,) especially the temples, and also attended to the cleansing and repairing of the streets, the preparations for funerals, public games and spectacles, the inspection of weights and measures, the regulation of markets, etc.

'don, in classic myth., wife of Zethus of Thebes, who was changed into a nightingale as punishment for crime. Ege'an Sea, or Gre'cian Archipelago, an arm of the Mediterranean, 400 m. 1., 200 m. w., between Asia Minor and Greece, filled with fertile and picturesque islands.

Egid'ius Colon'na, Prior-General of the Augustinian Order 1292; tutor to Philip the Fair; Archbishop of Bourges 1296; b. at Rome 1247, d. 1316.

Ægi'na, or Egi'na, an island forming part of the kingdom of Greece, of about 40 sq. m. in area, in the ancient Saronicus Sinus, now the Gulf of Egina. It is mountainous, with deep valleys and chasms; and the coast affords only one haven on the N.-W. The modern Egina stands on the site of the ancient town, at the N.-W. end of the island; pop. 7,000. Egi'na, Gulf of, part of the Egean Sea, where lie the islands of gina and Salamis.

Advertisement, (Fr. avertissement,) the public notification of a fact. This is now commonly effected either by means of the ordinary newspapers, or of newspapers, printers' lists, and other publications specially devoted Ægine'tan Sculpt'ures. The small island of Egina to the purpose. As. by public carriers, railway com- holds an important position in the history of Grecian art. panies, etc., are equivalent to offers whereby the advertiser On an eminence in the E. of the island stand the ruins of a will be bound to those who send goods on the faith and in temple, usually called the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, accordance with the terms of the A. By advertising a but now generally believed to have been a temple of Pallas general ship for a particular voyage, the master places him- or Minerva. Among these ruins a series of statues belongself on the footing of a public carrier, and is bound to re-ing to the two pediments were excavated by a company of ceive goods for the port to which the vessel is advertised to Germans, Danes, and Englishmen, and in 1811 were purchased sail. A merchant, in such circumstances, can insist on his by Louis, then Crown-Prince of Bavaria. They are now the goods being received, unless the ship be full or the entire most remarkable ornaments of the Glyptothek at Munich. freight engaged. Unfortunately they were restored by Thorwaldsen, and lost in the process something of their authentic value. Casts of these sculptures are in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Egi'ra, an ancient Grecian city, one of 12 forming the Achæan Confederation, noted for numerous and fine temples. Its site is doubtful.

Ad'vocate, (Lat. advocatus.) An A. is generally defined "the patron of a cause," though it does not appear that the patrons" who in ancient Rome assisted their clients with their advice and pleaded their causes were ever called by that name. The office of the A. or barrister who conducted the cause in public was in Rome, as in England, altogether distinct from that of the procurator, or attorney, or agent, who represented the person of the client in the litigation, and furnished the A. with information regarding the facts of the case. The distinction between these two occupations does not prevail in many of the States of Germany, in Geneva, the U. S., or Canada. In England and Ireland As. are called barristers. In Scotland, as in France, the more ancient name has been retained. In France the avocat and avoué correspond very nearly to the barrister and attorney in England. The French A. is simply a free man, who has graduated in law, and possesses the privilege of addressing the tribunals. The As. who practice in each court form a separate college, admission to which can be obtained only with the approval of those who are already members.

Ad'vocate, Lord. The L. A. for Scotland, called also the King's or Queen's A., is the public prosecutor of crimes, senior counsel for the crown in civil causes, and a political functionary of very great importance in the management of Scottish affairs. He is appointed by the crown, and his tenure of office ceases with that of the administration of which he is a member.

Ad'vocate of the Church, one who assumed the protection of a particular church, bishop's see, or monastery. The office was sometimes hereditary, but more often was held by one appointed to defend the interest in a court of law, whose duties were to administer justice and to collect tithes and revenues in the name of the Church.

Advoca ́tion, a form of process in the law of Scotland to remove a cause from an inferior court to the Supreme

'gis, the shield of Jupiter, which had been fashioned
by Hephæstus, (Vulcan.) When Jupiter was
angry he waved and shook the E., making a
sound like that of a tempest, by which the
nations were overawed. The E. was the
symbol of divine protection, and became, in
course of time, the exclusive attribute of
Jupiter and Minerva.

Egis'thus, a mythical Greek, the para-
mour of Clytemnestra, and her instigator to
the murder of her husband, Agamemnon; he
met his fate at the hand of Orestes.
'gium, a city of Greece, cap. of the
Achæan Confederation, 373. Visited by an
earthquake 1817.

Ægis.

Æ'gle, a genus of plants of the natural order Aurantiacea, distinguished by a five-toothed calyx, linear elongate mucronate anthers, and a many-celled fruit. E. Marmelos, the tree which produces the bhel fruit of India, has ternate petiolate, ovato-oblong leaves, and the flowers in panicles. It is found from the S. of India to the base of the Himalaya Mountains. The fruit is delicious, fragrant, and nutritious. In an imperfectly ripened state it is an astringent of great effect in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery. The root, bark, and leaves are also medicinal. E'gle, a name in classic myth. of several characters: (1) The most beautiful of the Naiads, daughter of Jupiter and Neæra, by whom Helios begat the Charites. (2) A sister of Phaeton, and daughter of Helios and Clymene. In her grief at the death of her brother she and her sisters were changed into poplars. (3) One of the Hesperides, (q. v.) (4) A

ÆGLE-ÆSCHYLUS.

Es'chines, an Athenian orator, second only to Demosthenes, whose contemporary and rival he was. After retiring from Athens he established a school of eloquence in Rhodes, which enjoyed a high reputation; b. 389 B.C., d. 314. A'erated Bread is prepared by placing the flour in an Es'chylus, the father of Greek tragedy; b. at Eleusis, in inclosed iron box and moistening it with carbonic acid water | Attica, 525 B.C.; we have but scanty notices of his life. He

40

ESCULAPIUS-AFFINITY.

fought in the battles of Marathon, Salamis, and Platea, witnessed the fall of Darius and Xerxes, and shared in the exulting sentiments which afterward pervaded liberated Greece. Of the 70 or 90 tragedies ascribed to E. only seven have been preserved-Prometheus Bound, The Seven Against Thebes, The Persians, Agamemnon, The Choephora, Eumenides, and The Suppliants. These are sufficient to prove that E. was the creator of the Greek drama in its higher form. He introduced action in place of the perpetual chorus, and dramatic dialogue to supersede the long narrations of his predecessors, Thespis and Choerilus. Scenic effects, masks, and dresses were other improvements introduced in the plays of E.; d. at Gela 456 B.C.

Escula'pius appears in Homer as an excellent physician of human origin; in the later legends he becomes the god of the healing art. The accounts given of his genealogy are various. According to one story he was the son of Coronis and the Arcadian Ischys. Apollo, enraged by the infidelity of Coronis, caused her to be put to death by Diana, but spared the boy, who was afterward educated by Chiron. In the healing art E. soon surpassed his teacher, and succeeded so far as to restore the dead to life. This offended Pluto, who began to fear that his realm would not be sufficiently peopled; he therefore complained to Jove of the innovation, and Jove slew E. by a flash of lightning. Esculapius. After this he was raised to the rank of the gods by the gratitude of mankind, and was especially worshiped at Epibaurus, on the coast of Laconica, where a temple and grove were consecrated to him.

'sir, the beneficent gods of the Norse myth., ten in

number.

to the realization of which the finer portion of our nature aspires, and to trace which through the whole sphere of art is the work of æsthetic philosophy. Kant subsequently, from his point of view, carried out this theory of the aesthetic faculty in his critical treatise on the power of the judgment. Passing over Schelling's transcendental speculations, which are couched in a style not very intelligible to the English mind, we come to the theory of Hegel. Like that of Schelling, it also proceeds from the so-called metaphysics of the beautiful. It is the absolute ideal realizing itself. Nothing is truly beautiful except this. Nothing, therefore, which exists can be termed such. Out of the sphere of the pure reason we have only an eternal aspiration. In the finite mind the absolute ideal is always striving to realize itself, but never completely succeeds. There is only a ceaseless approximation. Hegel then traces the growth and development of the beautiful, the first form of whose existence is natural beauty, and, as Vischer justly adds, the beauty unfolded in history. But this beauty, whether of nature or history, is rare, accidental, fugitive, and tarnished by intermixture with the not-beautiful. This deficiency, or limitation, arises from its being unconscious of itself. The beautiful is, so to speak, as yet in its infancy. It does not know either that it is or what it is. It first passes into self-recognition in the dawn of human intelligence, and its conscious realization of itself increases in proportion to the culture of the race or the individual. Sir Joshua Reynolds maintained a theory of the beautiful which he borrowed from Père Buffier and illustrated at great length. Beauty was conceived to be the mean between two extremes. This doctrine is open to the fatal objection that the most ordinary is therefore the most beautiful, and that, consequently, the greatest poem or the finest landscape must be that which is the most commonplace. Burke's Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful has little depth. In France the founder of the Eclectic School of Philosophy, Victor Cousin, has eloquently expounded the Platonic view of E., and Hippolyte Adolph Taine's works on art form a series of essays on the productions of almost all the schools. Speculations on this subject in Britain have been mostly limited to the beautiful in form and color, as in Ruskin's works, though Hamilton considers in the abstract the philosophy of the beautiful. Among Amer. writers on E. may be mentioned H. N. Day, of New Haven, and Prof. Bascom, of New York.

Estiva'tion, in Bot., (from the Lat. aestivus, belonging to summer,) a term employed to denote the manner in which the parts of the flower are disposed in the flower bud prior to its opening.

'sop, an ancient Greek writer, whose name is attached to the most popular of the existing collections of fables. His history is very uncertain, and some critics have even denied his existence. We are told, however, that E. lived in the latter half of the 6th c. B.C.; that he was a slave at Samos; that, on receiving his freedom, he visited Croesus and Pisistratus, by the former of whom he was commissioned to distribute some money among the citizens of Delphi, and that, on his refusal to pay it, in consequence of a dispute, he was thrown over a precipice by the infuriated mob. We are further informed that the Athenians erected a statue to him from the chisel of Lysippus. Whether this person was the author of the existing Esopian collection or not, we know, E'thra, a daughter of Pittheus, King of Troezen, and from Aristophanes and other authorities, that fables bearing mother of Theseus by Ægeus. When Castor and Pollux reshis name were popular in the most brilliant period of Athe-cued their sister Helena from Attica, whither she had been nian literature. carried by Theseus, they also took E. captive and made her the slave of Helena, and she afterward accompanied her to Troy when abducted by Paris. On the fall of Troy she visited the camp of the Greeks, was recognized by her grandsons, the sons of Theseus, and was set at liberty.-The above name was given to the 132d Asteroid, discovered by Watson, at Ann Arbor, June 13, 1873, his 14th discovery of this char

Eso'pus, (CLODIUS,) fl. 75 B.C., actor of tragedy at Rome, and the instructor of Cicero in oratory. He is said to have thrown himself so completely into the part he acted that he once killed a stage attendant with his truncheon.

Ae'tians, an Arian sect considered heretical by both Arians and orthodox Christians, and condemned 359 A.D.

Ae'tius, Roman general, 400 A.D.; served against the northern barbarian hordes; conquered Attila in the great battle of Chalons, but was killed by Valentinian III. on suspicion of treason 454 A.D.

Eto'lia, a district of ancient Greece, lying on the N.-E. of the Gulf of Corinth.

Afanasieff', (ALEXANDER NIKOLAIEVITCH,) author of Russian Popular Tales, etc., b. in Moscow 1826, d. 1871.

Affida'vit, an oath in writing, or a written declaration made before a magistrate or other person legally authorized to administer an oath.

Esthet'ics, a term invented about the middle of the last c. by Baumgarten, a professor of philosophy in the University of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, to denote the science of the beauti-acter. ful, particularly of art, as the most perfect manifestation of the beautiful. It has the merit of being at once comprehensive and clear, and has therefore been pretty widely adopted, of late yrs., by critics both in France and England. The beautiful (Gr. to kalon) was a favorite subject of contemplation among the ancients. The name of Plato is inseparably associated with it, but in his philosophizings he nowhere separated the beautiful from the good. Aristotle, again, from the immense acquaintance which he possessed with the objects of art, deduced the most admirable laws and rules, (canons of criticism,) so that his Poetics, according to Schiller, constitute a true Rhadamanthine tribunal for poets. But the results he arrived at are regarded by the a priori school of æstheticians as empiricism rather than science. Baumgarten they hold to be the first who considered the subject from the true scientific point of view, and therefore entitled to be called the founder of the philosophy of art. All sensuous apprehension, not in one form or manifestation only, but in every possible form or manifestation, was included in his view of the subject, and this conception he expressed by the word E., from the Gr. aisthanomai, "I feel," indicating, not absolute or objective knowledge of things, but such as is conditioned subjectively by the play of our sensibilities. The term is thus not confined to the limits of the beautiful, though in point of fact we employ it in this partial signification. Beauty was, with Baumgarten, the result of the highest and purest æsthetic perception,

Affin'ity. Chemical A., or chemical attraction, is the force which produces all chemical phenomena. It differs from the attraction of gravitation in acting, not between masses, but between atoms, and only when the atoms are at insensible distances. It differs also from cohesion, which unites the particles of the same substance, while A. unites atoms of different substances. The compounds thus formed are new bodies, often bearing no resemblance in appearance or other properties to the elements which combine to produce them. Thus water results from the combination of two gases.

Affin'ity, in Biol., a close relationship of organisms dependent on some essential correspondence.