He returned again to China in 1699 with 10 new missionaries, among whom was the learned Parrenin; d. at Pekin 1732. Bo'vey Coal is a form of wood-coal or lignite, which derives its name from being found at Bovey, in Devonshire. Bovia'num, ancient Ital. city founded by the Samnites, taken by the Romans 311 B.C.

Bo'vidæ, (Lat. bos," an ox,") a family of ruminating mammalia, to which different limits have been assigned by different naturalists, but which is generally regarded as equal in extent to the Linnæan genus Bos, or to what is popularly called the ox tribe. The B. are all large animals, with stout limbs and broad muzzle. The facial outline is nearly straight. Their dentition agrees with that of some of the other ruminants, as sheep, goats, and antelopes; they have eight cutting-teeth in the lower jaw and none in the upper, but instead of them a fibrous and elastic pad, which covers the convex extremity of the anterior maxillary bone; they have no canine teeth, but a large interval between the cuttingteeth and the grinders, which are six on each side in each jaw. In eating they collect and roll the grass together" by means of the long and movable tongue; it is firmly held between the lower cutting-teeth and the pad, the cartilaginous upper lip assisting in this; and then, by a sudden nodding motion of the head, the little roll of herbage is either torn or cut off, or partly both torn and cut."

Bou'vier, (HANNAH M.,) an Eng. writer, author of Familiar Astronomy; b. 1811.

Bovi'no, a town in Foggia, Italy, is the see of a bishop, has a cathedral, churches, and convents; pop. 7,900.

Bow, of a ship, is a general name for the forepart, or that which breasts the waves. Very often the word is used in the plural, the ship being considered to have starboard and port, or right and left B., meeting at the prow or figure-head. A narrow or lean B., and a broad or bluff B., are seamen's phrases for different shapes of B., each of which has its own peculiar advantages at sea: a narrow B. will cut more smoothly through the water, but a broad B. bears up more firmly in a high sea. "On the B.," in sea-language, is the position of a distant object when seen over the B.; it implies a sweep of one quarter of the horizon, embracing about 45° on each side of the prow or head.

Bow and Ar'row. Probably one of the earliest weapons used in warfare and the chase. Stone arrow-heads have been found which prove the great antiquity of the implement; and in biblical and classical literature, and on Egyptian bassreliefs we have unquestionable evidence of its early use. Many of the great battles fought in the W. of Europe, and in the crusades from the 10th to the 14th c., were decided by the B. and A. The long-bow, an enlarged form of the original weapon, often 6 ft. in l., first gained ascendency in England in the 14th c. It was found a dozen arrows could be discharged from this weapon while the arbalestier was winding up his cumbrous cross-bow, and discharging one arrow or quarrel from it. Moreover, the long-bow being held vertically, the bowmen were able to stand in closer array than the arbalesters; they were enabled to take a greater supply of the munitions of war into the field, seeing that the B. and A. was much lighter in weight. In this country the first settlers found that the natives were already familiar with the use of the B. and A., but whether they obtained their knowledge from the Old World, or, being driven by necessity to arm themselves, invented a weapon out of the materials nearest to their hand, is unknown. See ARCHERS AND ARCHERY.

Bow'dich, (THOMAS EDWARD,) an enterprising African traveler, b. at Bristol, Eng., 1790. He was appointed a writer in the service of the African Company. In 1816 he conducted a mission to the King of Ashantee, and published an account of his journey in 1819. To obtain funds for a new expedition in the interior of Africa, he published a translation of Mollien's Travels to the Sources of the Senegal and Gambia, and other works, and in Aug., 1822, sailed from Havre; d. of fever on the river Gambia 1824.

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Mécanique Céleste, to which he added valuable annotations. He was later chosen Prof. of Mathematics and Astronomy in Harvard Coll., but declined, to enter the executive council of the State. He afterward became manager of the Massachusetts Life Ins. Ass., Pres. of the Mechanics' Institute, and Pres. of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston; d. 1838. Bow'doin, (JAMES, LL.D.,) Gov. of Mass. 1785-86; suppressed Shays's Rebellion 1786; b. 1727, d. 1790. Bow'doin, (JAMES, Jr.,) an Amer. philanthropist and statesman; benefactor of Bowdoin Coll.; was sent to Spain to procure the cession of Fla.; b. 1752, d. 1811. Bow'doin College, the oldest in Me., founded 1802, situated at Brunswick, on the Androscoggin River. The library contains over 56,000 volumes.

Bow'ell, (MACKENZIE,) Canadian statesman, b. in Eng. 1823 M. P. 1867 Minister of Crown 1878, of Trade and Commerce 1892 prime minister 1894; leader Conservatives 1896. Bow'en, (FRANCIS, LL.D.,) Amer. author and educator; editor North American Review 1843-54; Prof. of Moral Philosophy, etc., at Harvard 1853; b. 1811, d. 1890.

Bow'en, (HENRY C.,) Amer. editor and author; editor New York Independent; b. 1814, d. Feb. 24, 1896. Bow'en, (RT. REV. NATHANIEL, D.D.,) an Amer. prelate; P. E. Bishop of S. C.; b. 1779, d. 1839.

Bow'er, (A.-S. our, "a chamber,") the "ladies' B.,” a private apartment in ancient castles and mansions, used by ladies both as a parlor and sleeping-chamber.

Bowerbank'ia, a genus of zoophytes of the class Polyzoa or Bryozoa, order Infundibulata, the structure of which has been very carefully studied in the common British species, B. imbricata, one of the most abundant zoophytes on the coasts both of England and Scotland. It grows on seaweeds, corallines, stones, etc., between high and low water mark, or in no great depth of water, and forms branching tufts sometimes 14 in. h. The branches are smooth and transparent, tubular, filled apparently with a granular fluid, and crowded with irregularly scattered clusters of delicate horny ovate or ovato-cylindrical cells, which are so transparent as to permit most easy observation of their whole internal structure.

Bow'er-bird, a name given to certain Australian birds of the Starling family, or Sturnida, remarkable for their habit of making bower-like erections, called runs by the colonists of New South Wales, and for adorning them with gay feathers, rags, bones, shells, and such other white or brightly colored objects as they can pick up. These bowers are not used as nests, but they appear to be places of much resort, at the breeding-season in particular. The use made of them by the birds is very imperfectly understood; but their structure has been carefully examined, and fine specimens of them, transported with no little difficulty, have been deposited in the British Museum by Mr. Gould, in whose work on the Birds of Australia an account of them was first given to the world. Bow'ers, (BENJAMIN F., M.D.,) an Amer. physician, b. in Mass. about 1788; had a medical practice of fully 50 yrs. He was interested in every progressive movement, a member of the Historical Society, New York, and in his 76th yr. passed an examination in medicine and received a diploma; d. 1875.

Bow'ers, (THEODORE S.,) an Amer. officer, Brig.-Gen. U. S. A., served during the civil war; b. 1832, and was killed accidentally 1866.

Bow'ie-knife, an Amer. knife, so called from its inventor, Col. Jim Bowie, a famous fighter with the rifle and other weapons, and one of the most desperate characters in the Southern States. The B. is a sharp-pointed weapon, and is usually carried concealed in a sheath in the breast, or some other part of the person, ready for any encounter.

further a custom in the early Christian Church to bow at the name of Jesus. This is still done in the Church of Rome, at whatever part of the service the name occurs. In the P. E. Church it is customary to bow at the name of Jesus only in repeating the creed.

Bow Isl'and, an island of coral formation in the South Pacific, the largest in the Low Archipelago, being about 30 m. 1. and 5 m. w. The island was first discovered in 1768 by Bougainville, who gave it the name of La Harpe, which Cook, who visited it in the following yr., changed to the name it now bears.

Bowl'der Clay, Dilu’vium Drift, or Till, is a postpliocene bed of a remarkable character and as yet somewhat mysterious history. It usually occurs as the lowest or first of that group of beds which geologists recognize as the posttertiary, post-pliocene, pleistocene, or superficial formation. The only exception is when a bed of sand intervenes-as is rarely the case-over the surface of the subjacent rocks. It consists of a compact clay, blue or red, according to the prevalent character of the subjacent rocks, having bowlders diffused throughout its mass, and with here and there thin lenticular beds of gravel and sand interspersed.

Bowl'ders, Errat'ic, are large masses of rock found at a distance from the formations to which they belong. The term is generally applied when they are found lying detached on the surface; in which case they may either have been washed out of the bowlder clay, or have been carried separately by icebergs, and dropped in their present situations. Bowles, (SAMUEL,) an Aner. editor, b. 1826, d. 1878; became, in 1844, chief editor of the Springfield Republican, one of the most successful of Amer. journals; he published also several books.

Bowles, (WILLIAM LISLE, D.D.,) an Eng. poet, b. 1762 in Northamptonshire; became a prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral in 1803, and Rector of Bremhill, Wiltshire, 1805; d. 1850. His poetical career began with the publication, 1789, of Fourteen Sonnets, written Chiefly on Picturesque Spots during a Journey. This little volume was received with extraordinary favor; the sonnets were fresh and natural, and, to many minds, all the more charming because of the contrast which they presented to the style of poetry which had long been prevalent. Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey were among their enthusiastic admirers; and through the influence which he exercised over them B. may be regarded as the founder of a school of English poetry.

Bow line, in a ship, is a rope fastened near the middle of the perpendicular edge of the square sails by 3 or 4 subordinate ropes called bridles. It is employed to tighten the edge of the sail in a particular direction during head-winds. Bowling Green, a city of Warren Co., Ky. It is an important shipping-point; seat of Bowling Green Presbyterian Female Coll.; pop. 7,803.

Bowls, Game of. This is a favorite English pastime. It is played upon a smooth, flat piece of turf, from 40 to 60 ft. square, surrounded by a trench or ditch about a ft. deep, the object of the players being to send their "bowls" as near as possible to a spherical ball placed at the farther end of the green. The "bowls" are made of lignum-vitæ wood, 6 or 8 in. in diameter, and are biased or weighted on one side that they may reach the "jack" by a curved instead of a straight course.

Bow'man, (SAMUEL, D.D.,) an Amer. prelate, Assistant P. E. Bishop of Pa.; b. 1800, d. 1861.

Bow'man, (THOMAS, D.D., LL.D.,) a bishop of the M. E. Church, b. July 15, 1817, near Berwick, Pa.; united with the Church in 1833; was graduated at Dickinson Coll. in 1837; studied law for 1 yr.; was licensed to preach July, 1838; agent of Pennsylvania Colonization Society for 1 yr. ; entered Baltimore Conference in 1839; served as pastor until 1840, when he became teacher in Dickinson Coll., later a principal of Dickinson Seminary, and in 1858 Pres. of Indiana Asbury University; in 1872 was elected bishop. He was chaplain of U. S. Senate for 1864 and 1865; in 1864 was elected fraternal delegate to the British Wesleyan Conference.

Bow'manville, a port of entry on Lake Ontario, Canada; pop. 3,000.

Bowne, (BORDEN P., LL.D.,) Prof. of Philosophy in Boston University; was graduated at the University of New York; entered ministry M. E. Church; studied in Europe; author of several very able volumes on metaphysics, theism, etc., besides articles in the reviews; b. 1847.

Bow'ring, (SIR JOHN,) an Eng. politician, linguist, and author, b. at Exeter 1792. In 1855 he concluded a commercial treaty between England and Siam, and has given an in

teresting account of his visit in a work entitled The Kingdom and People of Siam; d. 1872.

Bow'sprit is a large boom, or spar, which projects over the stem or head of a ship. Its use is to carry sail forward as a means of counteracting the effects of the after-sails and keeping the ship well balanced. It is also the chief support of the foremast, which is fastened to it by large stays or ropes. See JIBBOOM.

Bowstring. See CAPITAL PUNISHMENT.

Bow'string Hemp, an English name for the fiber produced by Sanseviera Zeylanica, a plant of the natural order Liliacea, tribe Hemerocalleæ, a native of the East Indies. The employment of the fiber for making bowstrings led tc this name.

Bow'yer, (WILLIAM,) an eminent Eng. printer and classical scholar, b. in London in 1699. Appointed in 1729 printer of the votes of the House of Commons, he subsequently became printer to the Society of Antiquaries and to the Royal Society. In 1767 he was nominated printer of the Rolls of the House of Lords and the Journals of the House of Commons; d. 1777.

Box, (Buxus,) a genus of plants of the natural order Euphorbiacea; evergreen shrubs or small trees, with opposite leaves, entire at the margins, and easily split into two plates. The greenish inconspicuous flowers grow in little axillary clusters, the male and female flowers distinct, but on the same plant. The male flowers consist of a perianth of 4 leaves, and of 4 stamens; the female flowers have a perianth of 3 or 4 leaves, and, in addition, 3 small bracts at the base, an ovary surmounted by 3 styles, and 2 honey-secreting glands. The capsule has 3 beaks and 3 cells, and 2 or 3 black seeds in each cell.

Box El'der, or Ash-leaved Ma'ple, (Negundo aceroides,) a beautiful tree growing in the S. and W. of the U. S. Its sap is used as that of the sugar maple.

Box-haul'ing is a particular mode of turning a ship, when the swell of the sea renders tacking impossible, or when the ship is too near the shore to allow room for veering.

Of

Box'ing, or Puʼgilism, (Lat. pugilatus,) fighting with the fists. It was practiced as a manly exercise by the ancients, among whom it was an art so highly esteemed that Pollux, Hercules, and some of the other gods were represented as having excelled in it. The pugilists of the ancient games had leather thongs on their hands, sometimes loaded with lead or iron; this armature of the hand was called the castus. course, their combats were not unfrequently attended with fatal consequences, as in many instances of modern pugilistic encounters, though no armature of the fists is allowed. Among the Greeks the practice of B. was at first permitted only to freemen, no slave or person attainted with crime being considered worthy of the privilege of exposure to such beating and disfigurement. Gradually, however, B. was taken up as a profession, and its character deteriorated. B. was a favorite amusement of Englishmen for centuries; it is even said to have had such distinguished patrons as King Alfred and Richard III. But the golden age of pugilism as a profession in England commenced with the accession of the House of Hanover; then men calling themselves professors publicly announced their intention of giving lessons in "the noble art of self-defense." One professor challenged another to combat in the most bombastic language. About 1830 one Figg had an "amphitheater" in Oxford Road, wherein fights were held; and a larger one was erected in the same locality, 1742, for one Broughton, the funds being subscribed by some 80 noblemen and gentlemen. The pugilistic encounters here were patronized by many of the nobility. Some faint protests against the brutality of the pastime began to be made by the press, with little effect. Toward the end of the last c. fights were patronized by princes of the blood-royal; and the Prince of Wales, afterward George IV., was present at one at Brighton, in which one of the combatants was killed. When the allied sovereigns and their generals came over to England, 1814, Lord Lowther treated them to a series of B.matches in his drawing-room, which were so highly relished that they were repeated a few days afterward. One of the pugilists, called Jackson, became quite a hero, and made enormous sums by giving lessons to young noblemen, among whom was Lord Byron. In 1817 the Czar Nicholas of Russia witnessed a prize-fight at Coombe Warren. At the close the victor was presented to him, with whom he shook hands. The character of the prize-ring, or, as it is called in the slang of its supporters, "the P. R.," had been for many yrs. declining. But the yr. 1860 witnessed a strange revival

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translations of the Scriptures, and also by his bequest for the foundation of the "Boyle Lectures," in the defense of Christianity; d. 1692.

Boyle Lect'ures, so called from the founder, the Hon. Robert Boyle, who settled an annual salary, charged upon his dwelling-house in St. Michael's, Crooked Lane, London, for 'some preaching minister who shall preach eight sermons in the yr. for proving the Christian religion against Atheists, Deists, Pagans, Jews, and Mohammedans, not descending to any controversies among Christians themselves." The first series of lectures, A Confutation of Atheism, was preached in 1692 by Richard Bentley. In 1704 Dr. Samuel Clarke preached the lectures, entitled A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God. In 1709 Dr. Lilly Butler lectured on Religion no Matter of Shame. In 1846 the course of lectures was preached by the Rev. F. D. Maurice, and published under the title, The Religions of the World. The more eminent lecturers of recent yrs. whose courses have been published are: Merivale, the historian, who lectured on The Conversion of the Roman Empire and the Northern Nations; Prof. Plumptre, Prof. Stanley Leathes, and Dr. Hessey. Boyle's Fum'ing Liq'uor is the term applied to a concentrated solution of ammonia, saturated by a stream of hydrosulphuric acid, which, combining with it, forms the sulphide of ammonium. Exposed to the air, it fumes, and evolves a very disagreeable odor, resembling ordinary bilge or sewerage water.

Boyl'ston, (ZABDIEL, F.R.S.,) an Amer. physician who first practiced inoculation for small-pox in Boston; b. 1680, d. 1766.

Boyne, a river in the E. of Ireland, rises in the Bog of Allan, and empties into the Irish Sea, 1. 65 m. In 838 Turgesius the Dane sailed up the B. and plundered Meath. But this river is chiefly famous for the battle which took place on its banks on the 1st of July, 1690, and in which William III. defeated James II. An obelisk, 150 ft. h., marks the spot. Boys. In nautical language, all the young or green hands on board a ship are called B.; but in recent times arrangements have been made to give a more precise meaning to the term, by engaging B. or lads as part of the crew. The enlistment of B. in the merchant marine of this and other countries is now so regulated that most of the abuses which formerly disfigured the service are no longer possible. In the national marine England and the U. S. have taken the lead in providing school or training ships, which are not in any sense reformatory institutions, for the proper nautical education of such as desire it, and for the purpose of furnishing a contingent from which the national service may be recruited.

Boz'rah, an ancient city of Edom often mentioned in the Bible, situated at the S.-W. end of the Dead Sea.

Bozza'ris, (MARCOS,) a Greek patriot who distinguished himself in the early part of the struggle for Greek independence, b. at Suli, in the mountains of Epirus, toward the close of the 18th c. He d. in battle while successfully leading a body of 1,200 men against the Turco-Albanian army, 4,000 strong, Aug. 20, 1823. His body was interred at Lesolonghi. He was honored with the title of the "Leonidas of Modern Greece." Bra, a town in the prov. of Cuneo, Italy, 25 m. N.-E. of Coni; pop. 10,500.

Braban'çonne, the patriotic song of the Belgians, originally sung by the insurgents during the revolution of Sept., 1830. A young French player, by name Jenneval, at that time connected with the theater at Brussels, was the author of the song. It was set to music by a singer named Campenhout.

Brabant' was the name formerly given to an important prov. of the Low Countries, extending from the left bank of the Waal to the sources of the Dyle, and from the Maas and the plain of Limburg to the Lower Scheldt. In the time of Cæsar B. was inhabited by a mixed race of Germans and Celts; it afterward came into possession of the Franks; and in the Middle Ages it formed a duchy by itself. After many changes, B. was made a part of Holland, at the Congress of Vienna; but at the revolution of 1830 South B. separated from Holland and became part of Belgium. Old B. is now divided into 3 provs.: (1) North or Dutch B., containing 1,980 sq. m., and 519,022 inhabitants; (2) The Belgian prov. of Antwerp, which contains 1,093 sq. m., and 726,233 inhabitants; (3) South B., also Belgian, containing 1,268 sq. m., and an extremely dense pop. of 1,136,827.

Brac'cio, (FORTEBRACCI,) Count of Montone, a celebrated condottiere, b. at Perugia in 1368. He became the champion of the Perugian nobles who were driven into exile in 1393. In 1416 B. obtained the sovereignty of his native city, when

the banished nobles, after an exile of 24 yrs., were restored. In 1417 B. got possession of Rome by capitulation, but was soon obliged to evacuate it. Entering the Abruzzo, he surprised Capua, and, having relieved Naples, then besieged by the queen's enemies, was created by her Count of Foggia and Prince of Capua. In 1423 B. was, by her order, crowned at Perugia as Prince of Aquila and Capua. Aspiring to the throne of Naples, he overran Campania and Apulia with a considerable army, took Bari, and advanced into Calabria. In a battle which ensued for the relief of the strong town of Aquila, besieged by him, B. was wounded and taken prisoner. After lingering for 3 days, refusing food, he d. 1424.

Brace. (1) The name given on shipboard to the ropes attached to the yard-arms, and employed to shift the sails in a horizontal direction round the masts, so as to receive advantageously the wind that may be blowing at any particular moment. (2) In Carpentry, a curved handle of iron or wood for holding a bit. See BIT.

Brace, (JULIA,) a celebrated blind deaf-mute, b. in Hartford, Conn., 1807, who became a highly educated woman; d. 1884. Her case was only paralleled by that of LAURA BRIDGMAN.

Oriental Bracelet.

Brace'let, an ornament worn on the arm, generally at the wrist. Bs. and armlets have been used by every nation, both savage and civ. ilized, from the earliest periods to our own. They are frequently mentioned in Genesis as worn both by men (xxxviii, 18) and by women, (xxiv, 30;) both by the Hebrews and the surrounding nations, (Num. xxxi, 50.) Similar ornaments were worn round the ankles, but they are stigmatized by Isaiah as marks of luxury, (iii, 16.) The Medes and Persians were remarkable, even among Asiatics, for their love for ornaments of this class. The Gauls wore them, and the Sabines, as early as the foundation of Rome, had ponderous golden armlets on the left arm. The same was the case with the Samians about the same period. It does not appear that armlets were worn by men during the historical period of Greece, but ladies wore both armlets and Bs. of the most various materials and forms. Roman ladies wore Bs., not only for ornament, but also for the purpose of containing amulets, which were supposed to effect miraculous cures.

Brachiop'oda, (Gr. "arm-footed,") or Palliobranchia'ta, (Gr. "mantle-gilled,") a class of shelled worms, having bivalve shells, formerly placed among the Mollusca, but differing in important points from the vast majority of recent mollusks with bivalve shells, the Lamellibranchiata, in having two spirally coiled arms provided with ciliated tentacles, between which is the mouth. The chief differences existing in the shelly covering itself have been already pointed out in the article on bivalve shells, but those of internal structure are still more important. The mantle or pallium in the B. consists of two broad expansions or lobes, covered by the valves of the shell, and inclosing all the other soft parts of the animal; while respiration or the aeration of the blood is carried on by the surface of these lobes themselves, traversed by minutely ramifying blood-vessels, extended into processes, and furnished, especially along the edge, with vibratile cilia which create a continual current in the surrounding water, and thus keep up a fresh supply, from which the necessary air may be obtained.

Brachyp'teræ, Brachyp'teres, (Gr. "short-winged,") in Ornith., that section of the order of Palmipedes, or web-footed birds, in which the wings are short, and the feet are placed so far back as to compel the birds to assume a nearly erect posture when on land. They are all very aquatic in their habits, and excel in diving, so that the name Divers is sometimes used as equivalent to B.; but that name is also not unfrequently applied to other aquatic birds, and is sometimes restricted to the genus Columbus. Brack'et, an ornamental projection from a wall, used for the purpose of supporting a statue, a bust, or the like. B. may be either of stone or wood, and they are sometimes elaborately designed and carved. The term B. is also employed in joinery, etc., to designate supports, in the form of a bent knee, of shelves, galleries, etc. B. is also generally applied to such gas and other lights as project from the wall.

Black Diver.

Brack'ett, (ALBERT GALLATIN,) an Amer. soldier, b. 1829; Lieut.-Col. U.S.A.; served during the Mexican and civil wars, and wrote some descriptive works; d. 1896.

Bracquemond, (FELIX,) a distinguished Fr. etcher, was b. at Paris in 1833.

Bract, or Brac'tea, in Bot., a leaf from the axil of which a flower or a floral axis is produced instead of an ordinary leaf-bud or branch. Bs. are sometimes called floral leaves. The term B. is not, however, generally employed when, as is often the case, there is no marked difference from the ordinary leaves of the plant; but the flowers are said to be axillary, or in the axils of the leaves. On the other hand, the term B. is very frequently applied

Calyculate Bracts.

to all altered leaves interposed between the ordinary leaves and the flower or flowers. In this case they are sometimes very small and scale-like. The ordinary leaves often pass, by imperceptible gradations, into Bs., diminishing in size, becoming more simple, and often also scariose. Bs. are generally entire, even when the ordinary leaves are divided. Bradbury, (WILLIAM B.,) composer of sacred music, and compiler of books for choirs and Sunday-schools; b. in Me. 1816, d. 1868.

Brad'dock, a borough of Allegheny Co., Pa., on Pa., B. and O., and Pittsburg and Lake Erie R. Rs., 10 m. S.-E. of Pittsburg. Here Gen. Braddock was defeated and killed, 1755; has extensive steel and iron works; pop. 8,561.

Brad'dock, (EDWARD,) a British major-general, b. 1715; commander against the French in Am. in 1755; arrived in Feb. of that yr. at Richmond, Va., and with a force of 2,000 British regulars and provincials reached the Monongahela, a branch of the Ohio, on July 8. On the 9th his force moved forward to invest Fort du Quesne, now Pittsburg, Pa.,

when the troops, in passing through the deep forest ravine, fell into an ambuscade of Indians, while they were attacked in the front by the French, and half of them slain. The rest effected a hasty retreat under Col., afterward Gen., Washington, B.'s aid-de-camp, the only one of his officers who escaped with life. B., mortally wounded, was carried on a tumbrel 40 m. to where the baggage had been left, and there he died.

Brad'don, (MARY ELIZABETH,) now Mrs. Maxwell, popular Eng. novelist, was b. in London in 1837. In 1860 she wrote a comedietta called The Loves of Arcadia, which was brought out at the Strand Theater. Her first success came with the publication, in 1862, of Lady Audley's Secret, which instantly attained popularity, which has been followed by numerous works of the same order, such as, Aurora Floyd, Eleanor's Victory, Lovels of Arden, Dead-Sea Fruit, Weavers and Weft, Cloven Foot, Mount Royal.

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to have worked iron mines here, Roman coins having been found in foundry refuse near the town. The Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyans have colleges near B.

Brad'ford, town in Essex Co., Mass., on the S. side of the Merrimac River, 18 m. from the sea. Being opposite Haverhill, and connected with it by a bridge, it naturally forms with that flourishing place one consolidated center of population and trade, both having the same R.R. and steamboat connections. B. enjoys the advantages of an old and popular academy for young ladies, whose educational facilities are of a high grade. Manufacture of shoes is the leading business; pop. 3,720.

Brad'ford, a city of McKean Co., Pa. It is one of the largest oil-producing cities in Pa., there being numerous firms engaged in this business, several establishments manufacturing oil-well supplies, and various tank factories, in addition to the oil refineries. Beside its rail facilities it has two seaboard tank lines for the transportation of its productions. B. has also several boiler shops, saw-mills, nitro-glycerine factories, torpedo and sucker-rod factories. The city has various churches, good graded schools, an opera-house, national and State banks, a paid fire department, and daily and weekly papers. There are natural gas-wells, also, which supply the city with excellent gas at a nominal cost. B. is a growing city; pop. 10,514. Brad'ford, (ALEXANDER WARFIELD, LL.D.,) prominent New York lawyer, surrogate, and editor Protestant Churchman; b. 1815, d. 1867.

Brad'ford, (ANDREW,) in 1719 began the American Weekly Mercury, the first newspaper in Philadelphia, and in 1723 he employed Benjamin Franklin; b. about 1686, d. 1742. Brad'ford, (JOHN,) chaplain to Edward VI.; b. 1500, burned at the stake 1555.

Brad'ford, (JOSEPH M.,) an Amer. naval officer; FleetCapt. South Atlantic Blockading Squadron 1863-65; b. 1824, d. 1872.

Brad'ford, (WILLIAM,) passenger in the Mayflower and first Gov. of Plymouth Colony; b. 1588, d. 1657.

Brad'ford, (WILLIAM,) appointed by Washington U. S. Attorney-Gen. 1794; b. 1755, d. 1795.

Brad'ford, (WILLIAM,) an Amer. painter of marine subjects; b. 1827, d. 1892.

Brad'ford, (WILLIAM,) the first printer in Pa., about 1682; later moved to New York, and began the New York Gazette; b. in Eng. 1658, d. 1752.

Brad'ford, (WILLIAM H.,) an Amer. Presb. minister, for 17 yrs. assistant editor New York Evangelist; b. 1814, d. 1861. Brad'ford, Great, (Sax. Bradanford, "broad-ford,") a town in the county of Wilts, Eng.; pop. 4,992. The remains of a monastery, founded in the 7th c. by St. Aldhelm, are here.

Brad'laugh, (CHARLES,) Eng. agitator, b. 1833. He became a street orator when 14 or 15 yrs. old, and his atheistic opinions date from the same period. Expelled from home on this account, he supported himself in various ways. He edited a journal called the Investigator in 1858, and a yr. later became editor of the National Reformer. In 1873 B. visited the U. S. and delivered lectures in the prominent cities. He was elected M. P. for Northampton 1880, but for refusing to take the parliamentary oath he was expelled the House of Commons. He again appealed to his constituents in 1882, and was re-elected by a small majority, but was not allowed to take his seat. In 1885, no opposition being raised to his taking the oath, he took his seat in Parliament. He d. 1891.

Brad'lee, (NATHANIEL,) after Richardson the best known architect in Mass., was b. 1829, d. 1888. He was a native of Boston, and in 1846 began the study of architecture. He achieved wonderful success, having been the architect of over 500 prominent buildings in the city of Boston. In 1869 he made a national reputation by moving bodily the large brick structure known as the Hotel Pelham, now standing at the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets. The work attracted wide attention, both in this country and in Europe. B. subsequently superintended the removal of the Boylston

Market.

Brad'ley, (EDWARD,) "Cuthbert Bede," Eng. novel writer and humorist; b. 1827, d. 1889.