The following day I reported this incident to the naval attaché in Saigon who was the liaison officer for that particular visit.

He, in turn, briefed the commanding officer, and I feel quite certain that an indoctrination program was initiated without delay in respect to this type of activity.

Additionally, I reported it to my next senior in the Navy section of the advisory group, and feel sure that it found its way to the chief of Navy section, and, very likely, to the intelligence staff of the advisory group.

COMMUNIST ANTI-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA IN ENGLISH BOOKS IN VIETNAM

In addition to that, on one occasion a friend of mine was browsing through a bookstore and called my attention to some English primers. They were the only basic English primers on sale. They were printed in the United States, and the reading lessons in these primers were taken almost wholly from the works of John Steinbeck and portrayed the American scene in the most unsavory light, so that a student would certainly obtain a distorted impression of the United States by using such a work.

This I reported to the security officer of

Senator THURMOND. Where did you see those books?

Commander WADSWORTH. These were on sale in the principal, almost the only, large bookstore in town, and I reported this fact to the security officer in the Embassy, and I believe that he made this fact a subject of a report and submitted it through his own channels.

DELAY IN DELIVERY OF LIFE MAGAZINE ISSUE ON HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION

Senator THURMOND. Commander, your report on these instances is important to this committee.

Our mission here is to determine the effectiveness of cold war education of the military, and while even in September of last year I had grave misapprehensions about the efficiency of our cold war training programs, I have been shocked in the last few weeks as witness after witness related the inadequacies of our cold war posture and a lack of readiness to face the immediate demanding tasks of the cold war for which, in my mind, we are totally unprepared.

I want to relate to you another example of these failures. As you know, the Hungarian Revolution broke in late 1956. I have a report here and I shall quote from it-concerning the request of the Military Assistance Advisory Group in Saigon for 10,000 copies of the special Life issue covering the Hungarian Revolution.

I do not know, Commander, whether you remember this. I will let you see this copy I have here. You might just want to refresh your

memory.

Suffice it to say that this Life magazine special report covers all of the most gruesome Soviet repression and brutality of grinding Hungarian freedom fighters into the ground with massive Soviet military power.

Are you familiar with that issue?

Commander WADSWORTH. No, sir, I have never seen this issue, Sen

ator.

Senator THURMOND. Commander, my point is this. This issue of Life magazine was felt to be an excellent example of showing the Vietnamese people in the south, who were still free from Communist oppression, the brutality of the enemy.

The Military Assistance Advisory Group requested a Government agency in Washington to translate this issue on January 7, 1957. Urgency was injected into this request because of the timeliness factor. Nothing happened until April 15, 1957.

Over 3 months later a followup request was dispatched by the Military Assistance Advisory Group, and finally the next month the shipment arrived in Saigon. Four months had elapsed on a priority request for a simple psychological operation which should have taken 2 weeks.

In fact, the Soviet version of the Hungarian Revolution printed in Moscow was in distribution in South Vietnam in early March 1957. The Communists had managed through illegal and unauthorized forms of distribution to get their explanation of the Hungarian Revolution into South Vietnam. We had failed to do a simple job despite our world commercial and logistic ingenuity. Needless to say, the Chief of the Military Assistance Advisory Group inquired as to this failure in competing with the Communists. The local State Department representative told the military members of MAAG that the shipment of magazines, instead of being routed by air, had come across the Pacific in a slow boat and had been transshipped not less than four times in Hawaii, Guam, Japan, and Manila to reach Saigon.

It is embarrassing to us to relate such stories of ineffectiveness of the American cold war activities, but hearing your testimony today brings into focus the fact that all it takes is one clerk along the way to put the wrong label on several crates of publications.

What is your reaction to this?

Commander WADSWORTH. This is the first time I have heard of this particular incident, but I would say that it is probably representative of what we can expect from the Communist conspiracy.

It is typical. I would predict that that is what they would do.

WADSWORTH SUGGESTION FOR ANTICOMMUNIST EDUCATION PROGRAM

Senator THURMOND. Now, I would like to develop a little further this lack of purpose.

We pride ourselves that we muddle until our Nation is challenged, but today we have a situation in which the Communists know that we do not recognize their techniques of fighting this cold war.

Our Nation is now challenged.

In fact, it is duped with the sweet lullabies of coexistence, the rift between China and Russia, and all the other propaganda hoaxes which the Communists manufacture in great quantities.

How, Commander, how can we get across to our people the fact that we are at war; that a challenge which would arouse the fighting spirit of our freedom-loving citizens like a "Pearl Harbor" may never come?

Have you any suggestions?

Commander WADSWORTH. I believe that we will be unable to respond to the Communist shifts in tactics unless we have a much broader base of understanding of communism across the Nation. And so

I would say education and a good anticommunism education program throughout the country is in order before we can expect to be able to respond effectively to this sort of thing.

Senator THURMOND. You think this is important?
Commander WADSWORTH. I think it is essential.

Senator THURMOND. I think your testimony is of such importance to us that I wish you would elaborate on your experience in southeast Asia which may help this committee to make decisive plans and recommendations. Do you have anything else in mind? Commander WADSWORTH. No, Senator, I do not.

CASE OF THE CHINESE-AMERICAN EMPLOYEE OF U.S. AGENCY IN SAIGON

Senator THURMOND. General Fitch told us recently in very frank testimony of the techniques of compromise and subversion in which the Communists are experts.

He referred to the methods used to reduce America's defense and security programs, and he referred to the age-old techniques of compromising soldiers with easy women, money, and social degradation. There is a case I want to relate to you. I do not wish to give you the impression that I am criticizing other governmental agencies, because certainly the Armed Forces have failed at times in these areas.

This case deals with the employment of a man born on the Chinese mainland who was employed by a U.S. agency in Saigon. As you know, the Chinese are a minority in Vietnam and have caused the pro-American president considerable problems in integration in this diverse Asian population.

You are familiar with this?

Commander WADSWORTH. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. The Vietnamese rather pride themselves on being an independent nationality.

The MAAG in Saigon had for some time recommended to this U.S. agency to replace its Chinese-born American to avoid the friction which he consistently generated. The problem did not come to a head until September 1957, when this U.S. agency fired the man, not so much because of the antagonism he had generated, but because he had become involved in extracurricular activities which had embarrassed the United States.

Well, several months previous to his discharge, this man had organized contacts with Hong Kong film agencies to bring in the nicest looking Chinese actresses to entertain U.S. officers on duty in Vietnam.

He arranged for American general officers to meet these Chinese women at the Saigon airport on their arrival, to have them escorted by our men in uniform.

Now, I was wondering about the impact on the local population, when they saw women of an ethnic minority wined and dined by American military officers in a country which stands in fear of its powerful Communist Chinese neighbor to the north?

Commander WADSWORTH. I imagine they felt a good deal of despair and must certainly have wondered and been puzzled at what we were up to.

Senator THURMOND. The actions of this Chinese-American official had been brought to the attention of the State Department on numerous occasions but nothing was done.

The MAAG never determined whether this man was finally fired from assignment in Saigon because of the activities detrimental to the Vietnamese Government, or whether, in fact, his alleged compromise in this field was a coverup for other evidence.

I mention this because I feel that often the members of our military missions overseas work with deep dedication and a sense of purpose. They know what a real war is, and they would rather win the cold war.

AWARENESS OF OVERSEAS PERSONNEL TO COMMUNIST THREAT

Many of these military men, and I include you in this, Commander, have dedicated their lives to the destruction of communism. I feel that unfortunately sometimes our diplomatic personnel stationed overseas do not take the time nor the trouble to see the war that is going on around them.

What is your analysis of these comments?

Commander WADSWORTH. I would say that there are a number of people overseas who are unaware of the Communist threat, principally because they are more than likely totally ignorant of communism.

I think that if they understood communism, they could not help but see the threat. I believe they are laboring, with this void of knowledge, they are laboring under the impression that the Communists are rational human beings with whom we can deal if we can only gather around the table and talk things over.

They do not realize that communism can only be accepted by a person who is at least in some respects totally irrational, so that this promotes a good deal of wishful thinking and foggy thinking on the part of many people.

COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA IN "THE STORY OF DEMOCRACY AND

HOW IT WORKS"

Senator THURMOND. I would like to get your reaction to one other report on a situation in Vietnam. In April of 1957 the USIS had distributed 10,000 copies of a book entitled, "The Story of Democracy and How It Works."

You know of the work of the United States Information Service? Commander WADSWORTH. Yes.

Senator THURMOND. These books contained derogatory comments about Americans of oriental birth or origin. It included erroneous statements about the fact that orientals could not become citizens of the United States, and that only people born in Europe, in Africa, or of African descent, and natives of the Western Hemisphere could become citizens of the United States.

The book included many other inaccuracies and slants that were detrimental to the people in southeast Asia.

The discussion of the treatment of Americans of oriental background gave the impressions that we do not have anything in common with Asians. In fact, let me read one short paragraph from this book because I think it is very significant.

It reads this way:

To be eligible for naturalization, a person must be white or be born in Africa or of African descent or be a descendent of a race native to the Western Hemisphere. Further, the person must have been legally admitted to the United States and have lived in the country for 5 consecutive years. If these conditions are met, the alien can apply for naturalization, provided there is no criminal conviction in his record and he is not an anarchist.

Now, Commander, I wish you would look at this reproduction of the cover of this book, "The Story of Democracy and How It Works." You will note reference is made to 55 men, referring to the opening passage of this book, which asserts that 55 men signed the Declaration of Independence. As a matter of fact, of course, it is incorrect-56 men signed the Declaration of Independence. Now, have a close look at the configuration of the "55." If you do not see what I mean, turn the slide upside down and cover the tails of the "5's" and tell me what you see.

Commander WADSWORTH. I already have it upside down and there are two sickles with the hands crossed. The hands are in the position that the hammer generally is when you see the hammer and sickle, so that it would be a dead giveaway to anyone who was alert to this type of thing as to its source.

Senator THURMOND. Now, Commander, American military personnel assigned to MAAG first noticed this book because of the strange artwork on the cover. Then they studied the material and found the detrimental comments made about America, which indicate to any man who is trained in techniques of propaganda that there is a specific slant conveyed here. Even the cover has the message of cold-war infiltration and subversion by the Communists.

You could write the entire book by explaining what is on the cover. As you noted, when you hold it upside down, covering the tails of the "5's," there are the clasped hands reaching through the sickle forming a hammer and sickle emblem.

Commander WADSWORTH. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. The top hand reaches out of an area which is blue on the top, which, as you notice, has the imprint of the English text, "The Story of Democracy and How It Works." It clasps the hand out of the red area on which in Vietnamese it says, "Democracy and How It Works."

Now, all we need to do is to remind ourselves of the comments made earlier about the "stay-behind" Communists, who remained in the free area of Vietnam to clasp hands with the Communists of the free world, to pull us into the Red orbit through the Communist conspiracy, signified by the hammer and sickle.

I wish you would give us your reaction to this subtle propaganda. Commander WADSWORTH. I Would say that the cover is probably so subtly done that if a person were not alert to it, the entire message would be missed.

In other words, it is only with the knowledge of communism that a person would be able to identify this sort of thing, and it could pass unnoticed by the majority of people.

Senator THURMOND. It is a subtle way, though, of disseminating Communist propaganda; is it not?

Commander WADSWORTH. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. You agree?

Commander WADSWORTH. Yes, sir, it is.