But I did not, and I perhaps did not make myself clear, say that this was in any way an agitated group influenced by outside elements or subversive elements; no, sir. Senator STENNIS. Well, in the nature of your testimony, the _subject matter of your testimony, when you mention this agitation down there at Fort Polk, unless we make it crystal clear, there would be an inference, you know, that you attach some significance to the situation without some relation. You didn't mean to do anything like that? Colonel BURNS. No, sir; I did not. On the contrary. My information is only from the New York Times on this particular point, and there was nothing to reflect any outside influence. Senator STENNIS. Yes; I understand. But I just think that is another illustration, though. Sometimes we use illustrations with all the inferences, that leave inferences, at least Colonel BURNS. Yes, sir. Senator STENNIS. Or that leave an impression that a lot of matters are tainted in some way with communism or someone in there has been brainwashed at that time, and those impressions are thrown around. I wanted to give my opinion on Fort Polk based on at least 2 days that I spent there with these men, a great many of them. I found an unusually high quality of leadership there among the enlisted men and noncommissioned officers and regular officers. There was not a thing in the world the matter with those people in my opinion. I thought it was to their great credit that they had been called up without prior notice, gone off and left their families, businesses, and professions and everything. I believe it was said there were 21,000 men down there, all of them reservists and National Guard from generals to privates. So many of them got an excellent rating in their training tests, young fellows just as far from any subversive influences I think as you can get. VULNERABILITY OF SERVICEMAN WITH GAMBLING LOSSES You gave an illustration there about the man with the gambling losses. As I understood it, you were merely illustrating there that he is a special target Colonel BURNS. Yes, sir. Senator STENNIS. Picked for a victim because he was vulnerable in that behavior. Colonel BURNS. That is true, sir. WHETHER SUBVERSIVE GROUPS GET INTO POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS Senator STENNIS. What do you know-you do have a fine knowledge and close observation of these things. What has been your observation or your knowledge about these subversive groups getting into political campaigns at the State level or county level or any level trying to smear the candidates? Do you have in mind anything along that line? Colonel BURNS. Sir, I don't have any information on that at all. Senator STENNIS. Quite a field for activity if they undertake it. I just Colonel BURNS. If I was on the other side of the fence, this would be a target I would not overlook. ACTIVITY OF SUBVERSIVE GROUPS IN PAST 10 YEARS Senator STENNIS. Now, on these subversive groups, did you say you thought their activity was more limited than it was 10 years ago? Colonel BURNS. It was my opinion the front organizations are not per se making their presence felt in name. I feel that the influence is still there but they are not using their names, and are perhaps using other suborganizations. Senator STENNIS. Well, with the Un-American Activities Committee's activities and the Attorney General's list, the Internal Security Subcommittee, and also the passage of this act of 1950-I believe that was when we passed it-those matters have all had their influence, do you not think? Colonel BURNS. Yes, sir. Senator STENNIS. These organizations that you say that per se are not as active, you do think they have gone underground to some extent? Colonel BURNS. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. I don't want to give the impression that the threat is not there, and I feel the threat is there and greater than it was 10 years ago. Senator STENNIS. The threat is greater but the outward activity is less. It is a more subtle, perhaps Colonel BURNS. That is correct. sophisticated approach than it was before. Senator STENNIS. All right. Thank you very much. Senator THURMOND. That is all. Senator STENNIS. All right, Colonel. We thank you very much for your testimony. Colonel BURNS. Thank you, sir. I want to say that I appreciate very much the invitation to come before your subcommittee. Senator STENNIS. Delighted to have you here and we wish you well up at West Point, too. Colonel BURNS. Thank you. Senator THURMOND. I wish you would give General Westmoreland my regards. We think very highly of him. He is from my home State. Senator STENNIS. General Newton? Before you take a seat, General Newton, do you solemnly swear that your testimony before this subcommittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? General NEWTON. I do, sir. NEWTON BIOGRAPHY Senator STENNIS. We have a biographical sketch of General Newton, and we have copies of citations and commendations he received for outstanding service to the Army. Mr. Reporter, put these documents in the record at this place. (The documents referred to are as follows:) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH-BRIGADIER GENERAL HENRY C. NEWTON, USAR (RET) Brigadier General Henry C. Newton was born in Illionis on 7 July 1896. His home is in Los Angeles, California. In the critical period prior to World War II, he was a student in the Advanced Class, The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. Upon graduation in February of 1941, he was transferred to the newly created Armored Force at Fort Knox, Kentucky. He served with the 1st Armored Division and then was reassigned to the Armored Force Training Center, Fort Knox, as Assistant G-3. After a short period in that assignment, he commanded the 2d Armored Group, consisting of the 8th, 9th, and 10th Armored Infantry Battalions, where he did considerable research and experimental work in the development of armored infantry tactics. Later, he assumed the duties of G-3 of the AFTC with the added mission of organizing and commanding the Armored Force Officers School, organized for the purpose of training officers of all grades in the techniques and tactics of armor. The School, familiarly referred to as "Newton's College," graduated over 3,000 officers to the divisions and separate battalions of the Armored Force. Later, he organized and commanded "Battle Training" in the various combat tank courses followed by command of Combat Command "A" of the 12th Armored Division. In 1944, he served on the staff of the Supreme Commander of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations during the Rome-Arno Campaign and then joined the staff of the Supreme Commander, European Theater of Operations, where he served until the cessation of hostilities. He then joined the planning staff of the U.S. Constabulary (Germany) and organized and commanded the Constabulary School until its close in 1948. He then was assigned to command the Kitzengen Training Center, the largest school and training command in Europe. In 1950, he returned to the United States and was assigned to Fort Holabird, Maryland, reorganizing the Army Intelligence School and serving as Assistant Commandant for two and a half years. He reported to The Armored School in October 1952, where he served, in turn, as Director of Instruction, Deputy Assistant Commandant and Assistant Commandant. He retired 31 July 1956, as a Brigadier General. In January 1958, he was retained as a Consultant to the Secretary of Defense to plan the Military Assistance Institute, which came into being in June of that year. General Newton was designated as Director and still serves in that capacity. The mission of the Institute is to train officers of the four Services for assignment to all U.S. MAAGS and Missions throughout the world. It is significant to note that he has spent the major portion of his military career in the direction of six military schools. He has constructive credit for senior military schools up to and including the National War College. His decorations include the Legion of Merit (with Oak Leaf Cluster), Bronze Star Medal, Army Commendation Medal, and service ribbons covering World Wars I and II. In June 1956, Norwich University awarded him a Degree of Doctor of Laws (Honorary) in recognition of his work in the field of military education. In June 1958, St. Anselm's College, Manchester, N.H., awarded him a similar degree. The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 20, 1942, has awarded the Legion of Merit (First Oak Leaf Cluster) to COLONEL HENRY C. NEWTON, USA for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service: Colonel Henry C. Newton, Armor, United States Army, distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious service as Director of Instruction, The Armored School, Fort Knox, Kentucky, from 12 October 1952 to 31 July 1956. During a portion of this period he served concurrently, with equal distinction, as Deputy Assistant Commandant and Assistant Commandant. Colonel Newton demonstrated discerning comprehensive of the Army School system which enabled him to render assistance of inestimable value in furthering the development of the professional training of officers and enlisted men. His timely recommendations and prompt actions have achieved decisive results. Involved administrative and operational problems were resolved under his capable guidance. Only by constant streamlining, revision of policies, and spirited leadership could Colonel Newton meet the increased training requirements imposed by the period of hostilities in Korea. During this same period the need for training large numbers of officers and enlisted men of forty allied countries gave rise to many complex problems of international significance, involving protocol, national prides, customs, and language barriers. That these complexities were successfully resolved, largely through the efforts of Colonel Newton, is evidenced by the expressed opinions of the Allied graduates, who not only carried away with them valuable professional knowledge, but new understanding and mutual trust as brothers-in-arms; each a new spokesman for the American way of life. Colonel Newton's accomplishments furthered the United Nations' cause and the instructional requirements of the United States Army, reflecting great credit upon himself and the military service. OFFICIAL SEAL Office of the Adjutant General U.S. Army Col. HENRY C. NEWTON, HEADQUARTERS CONTINENTAL ARMY COMMAND, Director of Instruction, Fort Knox, Ky. DEAR HENRY: This would be a regretful retirement salute, indeed, if I thought that the Army would really lose you when you put away the uniform that you have worn with such distinction for so many years. It has been my experience, however, that the men who serve the Army most are always ready to serve it more. Consequently, I cannot look upon your departure from our active ranks as an occasion for farewells. To me, it's just another change of assignment for a soldier with many more years of achievement yet ahead. At the same time I feel that I would be lacking in gratitude if I did not tell you how much we appreciate all that you have contributed to the Army in the past. I feel that we have been especially fortunate to have the benefit of your culminating years of active service in a post so important to developing the Army's future combat leadership. By your personal example, your inspiring enthusiasm and your outstanding professional competence, you have left an imprint upon the character and minds of your students that will be invaluable to them and to the Army. Please remember that we are counting on you to continue to give us the benefit of your creative thinking. Knowing you, I am confident that you will always have some constructive thoughts for the Army. No need to wish you success in whatever course of civilian employment you now choose to pursue. To a man of your capacities, I feel that it is already assured. With warm good wishes, I am, CICC-CG 201.22 /s/ W. G. WYMAN, General, U.S. Army, Commanding. HEADQUARTERS, COUNTER INTELLIGENCE CORPS CENTER, Fort Holabird, Baltimore, Md., 8 October 1952. Subject: Letter of Commendation To: Colonel Henry C. Newton, 0-104029, Assistant Commandant, Counter Intelligence Corps School, Counter Intelligence Corps Center, Fort Holabird, Baltimore 19, Maryland. 1. Upon your departure from Fort Holabird for the Armored School, Fort Knox, Kentucky, I wish to commend you for the outstanding manner in which you have performed your duties as Assistant Commandant, Counter Intelligence Corps School, during the period 27 July 1950 to 8 October 1952. 2. Your tour of duty here coincided with the need for a substantial increase in the number and a definite improvement in the training of counter Intelligence Corps personnel which resulted from the rapid expansion of our Armed Forces following the outbreak of the Korean conflict. As Assistant Commandant this additional training mission became your responsibility. 3. Among the measures you initiated to achieve this task successfully were the reorganization of the School through changes in instructional methods and procedures; establishment of the Faculty Advisor System; increase in the length and scope of various courses, and inclusion therein of such realistic training as combat field exercises; installation of an audio-visual language training laboratory; and the introduction of standardized texts and other training literature. 4. Your personal interest in students' welfare is reflected in the many improvements you have effected in the physical facilities of the classrooms, in the enlargement of the CIC School library, and in the course of instruction on leadership delivered by you personally. 5. The lectures you have delivered at other service schools and the active part you have played in the community life of this post, particularly in such causes as the Red Cross and the Community Chest Campaigns, reflect most favorably upon you personally and have substantially enhanced the prestige of the Counter Intelligence Corps. 6. Your inspirational leadership, professional competence and devotion to duty have been in the highest tradition of the service; the results of your efforts and the impact of your personality will reflect to the benefit of the Counter Intelligence Corps for many years to come. You have my very best wishes and those of the entire Corps for continued success and happiness in your new assignment. 7. A copy of this letter will be placed in your 201 file in the office of The Adjutant General, Department of the Army. /S/ P. E. GALLAGHER, Brigadier General, USA, Commanding. TESTIMONY OF BRIG. GEN. HENRY C. NEWTON, DIRECTOR, MILITARY ASSISTANCE INSTITUTE Senator STENNIS. General, we are glad to have you here, sir. I have already looked over with interest the memorandum that is before us entitled "The Military Assistance Institute." I don't know whether you prepared this or not. General NEWTON. Yes, sir, I did. I had notification yesterday morning at 10 o'clock. We prepared it last night. Senator STENNIS. All right. Well, I am sure it is very interesting and I am anxious to hear you testify about it. These military assistance programs are something that within themselves we need to know more about. I understand you once retired and you have been called back to duty for the purpose of handling this. Take your time. Get your memorandums prepared. NEWTON STATEMENT General NEWTON. I just want to get them in order for quick reference inasmuch as my staff is so busy today that I could not have anyone with me. I do have a brief statement I would like to read with your permission, sir, which will give you the background against which we can develop the matter. Senator STENNIS. We want you to do that. I think other members of the subcommittee have copies. All right. Proceed, General. General NEWTON. The Military Assistance Institute operates under the Director of Military Assistance. This officer is directly responsible to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs for all military assistance activities. The institute, which began operation in September 1958, provides a 4-week orientation course for officers of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, selected for assignment to military assistance advisory groups and missions. The course is designed to prepare mili |