General CARROLL. I certainly agree with both of those statements. I believe that considerable effort is being expanded at all levels of government, by the House and the Senate of the Congress of the United States and by other areas of activity, to bring this information home to the public. I certainly subscribe to the need for its being done in an adequate fashion, and its being continued on a full and comprehensive basis. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MILITARY IN PUBLIC COLD WAR EDUCATION Senator THURMOND. We have received testimony from outstanding military officers that the military services can be of aid in informing the civilian population in seminars, in study groups and so forth. Do you feel that this could be helpful? General CARROLL. Yes, sir. The Department of Defense is charged with developing and maintaining a superior military preparedness in the defense of this Nation and its people. I believe that this responsibility is perhaps more critical today than it ever has been in our prior history, because of international communism and the threat that it poses to this country and its people. I believe it is the responsibility of the Military Establishment to assist in bringing the nature of this threat and the problem it poses to the American people, not only because it is their right to know, but also because in this arena of conflict in which we find ourselves, our greatest strength is in enlightened and determined citizenry. Senator THURMOND. And our citizens can be of more benefit in helping to cope with the enemy in this problem if they understand the enemy; can they not, General? General CARROLL. That is correct, sir. AIR FORCE PUBLICATION "COMMUNISM SPEAKS" Senator THURMOND. General, we have used the Air Force publication, "Communism Speaks," as an example of what propaganda analysis of Communist doubletalk can do to educate the military. Did you have a hand in the production of this? General CARROLL. That is correct, sir. It originated while I was the Director of the Office of Special Investigations back in 1954, and was refined in 1955 to the particular format as indicated in the publication you have before you. Senator THURMOND. I just want to say that we feel that this is an excellent publication. General CARROLL. Thank you, sir. Senator THURMOND. We regret that it is not currently produced. PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND PURPOSE OF DIA BULLETIN General, could you tell us the manner in which the new secret DIA bulletin, which is distributed daily, came into being? General CARROLL. Yes, sir. Earlier in my testimony, Senator Thurmond, I mentioned that DIA is responsible now for the production of all current intelligence. This particular bulletin to which you have reference is one of two that we put out daily for distribution to appropriate levels of civilian and military authority within the Department of Defense both here in the Washington area and around the world at our senior command levels. Senator THURMOND. And this should be of great benefit, should it not, General? General CARROLL. Yes, it is, but, as I mentioned earlier, the primary purpose of this particular publication to which you refer is to provide timely information to our planners, decisionmakers, commanders, and staffs relative to events occurring around the world which have an actual or potential impact on the Defense Department mission. FEASIBILITY OF PRODUCING UNCLASSIFIED BULLETIN Senator THURMOND. Colonel Burns, the G-2 at West Point, told us yesterday that he put this secret bulletin to good use. I am wondering if any thought has been given to the production of an unclassified bulletin along the lines of "Communism Speaks"? General CARROLL. Well, I do not believe that it would be appropriate, Senator, to discuss these two publications in the same context. Senator THURMOND. I understand. One of them is a secret publication? General CARROLL. Yes, sir. Senator THURMOND. And is classified, and this is an unclassified publication? General CARROLL. That is correct. Senator THURMOND. What we are interested in seeing done is that as much unclassified information about the enemy and about what is going on over the world that pertains to communism and its moves and its techniques and how they are operating, its penetration and so forth, is made available. General CARROLL. I believe that kind of information should be made available on a widespread basis, else I would not have undertaken to provide it. At the present time, concerning the question as to whether that type bulletin should be recontinued, it would be necessary, Senator, for me to make a review and analysis before I could formulate a judgment as to the kind of materials which information and education programs are now disseminating, to see if the desired benefit is being achieved through that medium. If not, I do believe it could be helpful. Senator THURMOND. As much information, unclassified information, as can be made available to the troops, to the people in uniform, should be helpful; should it not? General CARROLL. Yes, sir. COLD WAR BATTLE FOR MEN'S MINDS Senator THURMOND. The question which keeps recurring in our discussions with witnesses is whether it is appropriate for conscientious Americans to challenge any ideas of fellow citizens when these ideas happen to fall either wittingly or unwittingly into patterns of current Communist propaganda. This question of the propriety of challenging ideas comes up almost daily. We have gathered the distinct impressions from some of the witnesses that you cannot fight this war for men's minds without challenging any and all, witting and unwitting, expressions or actions which do, in the final analysis, give aid and comfort to our cold war enemy. It has been brought out clearly that "isms" of any and all kinds are foreign to our way of life. "Isms" can be generated only when blanket rules and decisions are made which suppress individual and public responsibility. Nazism, communism, socialism-all forms of extremism-are basically foreign to this Nation because they thrive on someone else doing the thinking and talking for the individual. Collectivism is the root of this evil. We feel that anticommunism, as such, is not the entire answer to challenging ideas which may be pro-Communist and actually support Communist cold war objectives. But if this is a cold war, and if this is a battle for the minds of men, then words are a key weapon in determining the outcome. We would, without fail, stop and question the soldier who had wittingly or unwittingly shot a fellow soldier because he had mistaken him for the enemy in the dark of night. We must also stop and question people and their ideas, whether they are military or civilian, who are "shooting" other Americans in this battle for men's minds because they could not identify the outline and image of the enemy. The key to the cold war challenge of ideas is the fearless and tenacious expression of our own traditional ideas and concepts, without fear of intimidation on the one hand, and without "witch hunts" on the other. I presume you are in agreement with that? ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL CITIZEN IN COLD WAR Senator THURMOND. The job of identifying hard-core Communists is primarily the responsibility of the Federal agencies. On the other hand, the responsibility of maintaining untarnished our basic concepts, through freedom of speech, without fear of intimidation or compromise, is the responsibility of the individual citizen, is it not, General? General CARROLL. Yes, sir. Senator THURMOND. General Carroll, do you agree that this is the proper role for the individual citizen in combatting the cold war which the Communists are waging against us? General CARROLL. I believe the individual citizen has got to participate in it to the fullest extent of which he is capable. This is, in the final analysis, an attack upon the citizens of the United States, and it is they, also, in the final analysis who are going to determine whether we shall prevail in resisting this attack or not, and the way that that is going to be accomplished is through a fullfledged participation on their part in the conduct of the affairs of their Nation. Senator THURMOND. The people must speak out in a responsible manner to guard against loss of the basic concepts of our Govern ment, the principal one being maintenance of liberty, if we are going to preserve our liberty and freedom? General CARROLL. Yes, sir. EXPRESSION OF APPRECIATION TO CARROLL Senator THURMOND. General Carroll, I want to thank you very much for your presence here and for your helpful testimony. General CARROLL. Thank you, sir. Senator THURMOND. Mr. Chairman, I have no more questions. Mr. Kendall, do you have any questions of General Carroll? Senator STENNIS. General Carroll, I want to thank you for your attendance before this subcommittee and also to commend you for what I believe is a very fine start you have made in your new and highly important role in the Pentagon. General CARROLL. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Senator STENNIS. We cross your track, so to speak, in some of our meetings in the Armed Services Committee when we have briefings on some highly important matters. General CARROLL. I understand, sir. Senator STENNIS. And we feel like you are on your way to making a very distinct contribution in this highly important field. General CARROLL. Thank you, sir. Senator STENNIS. Is there any other point that you wish to make or bring out? General CARROLL. No, Mr. Chairman, other than that I appreciate having been accorded the privilege of appearing before this committee. Senator STENNIS. It is our privilige to have you, General. General CARROLL. Thank you, sir. Senator STENNIS. We certainly wish you well, and, with our thanks again, that will be all. The subcommittee will take a 5-minute recess, if we may. Lt. Duane Thorin, you come around and have a seat at the witness table, please. (At this point a short recess was taken after which the hearing was continued.) Senator STENNIS. The subcommittee will come to order, please. Lieutenant, will you stand and be sworn, please? Do you solemnly swear that your testimony here before this subcommittee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? Mr. THORIN. I do, sir. Senator STENNIS. All right, sir, have a seat. Lieutenant Thorin, we are glad to have you here, sir. I have read most of your prepared statement already. THORIN BIOGRAPHY Mr. Reporter, you will put in the record the biographical sketch here of Lt. Duane Thorin. (The biographical sketch referred to is as follows:) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF LT. DI ANE THORIN, USN (RET.) Born in Nebraska in 1919. Veteran of 22 years naval service, now retired. Enlisted as apprentice seaman in 1939. Advanced to grade of chief petty officer and designated a naval aviation pilot (enlisted pilot) in 1943. Flew in scouting squadron and as test pilot in the Pacific theater during remainder of World War II. Duty in China and the Far East immediately following World War II. Qualified as helicopter in 1949, 216th Navy pilot so qualified. Served in helicopter rescue units during Korean war, operating from shipboard and island bases. Effected more than 100 rescues from enemy territory during Korean war. Shot down in enemy territory, North Korea, during rescue mission in February 1952. Escaped from prison camp in July 1952, recaptured after several days of evasion while attempting to reach friendly forces. Repatriated following Korean armistice, during Operation Big Switch in September 1953. Personal decorations: Silver Star, three Distinguished Flying Crosses, Air Medal, and Combat Commendation Medal. Since repatriation: Lectured and written extensively, both within the naval service and in private enterprise, on subjects of Communists' objectives and goals in handling of war prisoners; Communist strategies and tactics in psychological and political warfare; requirements of training and education for immunization against the various Communist techniques of persuasion and subjugation; comparative examination of American and Marxist principles of government and economics; lectures, texts, and courses of study on leadership training and development. Authored book, "A Ride to Panmunjom," first published in 1956 by Henry Regnery Co. Special paperbound edition for the Armed Forces in 1957, distributed as supplement to Armed Forces training in code of conduct. Also has published several articles on Communist cold war tactics. Received Freedom's Foundation Award for article titled: "Solitary Comfort" which appeared in U.S.A. Magazine in 1958. Presently free-lance writer, lecturer, consultant on subjects mentioned above, and on current developments and events particularly those directly associated with the cold war in general and the Marxist movements in particular. THORIN STATEMENT Senator STENNIS. Lieutenant, do you desire to read your statement or have it put in the record and summarize it or speak to some special points of it and then have questions? What is your pleasure? Mr. THORIN. At your pleasure, sir. It is of no consequence to me. Either way that you wish it. Senator STENNIS. We want every witness to read their statement, if they wish. This one is well prepared, and I have had a chance to read it. Senator Thurmond, have you had a chance to read it? Senator THURMOND. Yes. I think it might be well if he would read it. It is a right important statement. Senator STENNIS. Very fine. Lieutenant, you will proceed in your own way. Then, as you know, we will have questions. TESTIMONY OF DUANE THORIN, LIEUTENANT, U.S. NAVY (RETIRED) Mr. THORIN. It is an honor and a privilege for me to appear before this committee. Since before it was formed-even before the con |