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Tappan', (LEWIS,) brother of ARTHUR and BENJAMIN T b. 1788, d. 1873; he suffered greatly in consequence of his antislavery sentiments; was prominent in the American Missionary Association and other charitable enterprises. Tappan' Sea, or Tappan' Bay, 12 m. 1. and 4 w., is merely an expansion of the Hudson River. See TARRYTOWN. Tap'ping, an operation usually performed on the abdomen, gives great relief when the abdomen becomes distended with fluid contained in the peritoneal sac, or in an ovarian cyst. A small incision is then made about 2 in. below the navel, through which the cutting surfaces of the trocharthe instrument used in this operation-are passed. The fluid escapes through this instrument. T. of the chest is occasion. ally required for the relief of empyema and other effusions in the cavity of the pleura. T. of the head has been occasion. ally found successful in hydrocephalus.

Tap'ti, a river of the British presidency of Bombay, India, rises in the Saugur and Nerbuddah territories, flows W. through Scindhia's dominions and the districts of Can deish and Surat to its mouth in the Gulf of Cambay. It is 441 m. 1., but can hardly be said to be navigable.

of T. occur, viz., eight true Ts., and two species of Bathrio- above, was b. 1773, d. 1857; he was U. S. senator from Ohio cephalus. The Taniada, or true Ts., may be distinguished 1839-45. from the other families of the order Cestoidea (cestoids or Ts. in the popular sense) by the possession of a small, distinct head, furnished with four simple oval or round suctorial disks, (suckers,) and commonly also wi a more or less strongly pronounced rostellum (proboscis) aced at the summit in the median line. The common T., Taenia solium, derives its Linnæan title from the idea that it is always a solitary worm. Although this is commonly, it is not by any means always, the case. The full-grown T. (strobila) has been known from the earliest times, and is described by Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Pliny; but its organization and mode of development have only been properly understood during the last few yrs. The segments of which it is composed vary in size, and number from 800 to 1,000. From 10 to 35 ft. may be regarded as representing its ordinary length; its breadth at about the widest part being in. The head is very small and globular. How long a T. can naturally exist in an intestinal canal is not known; but there is doubtless a period at which the parasite spontaneously separates from the intestinal mucous membrane of its host-a period probably coinciding with the shedding and non-renewal of the circlet of hooks. When this separation occurs the whole length of the worm is expelled, in the same manner as if the parasite had been first killed by the administration of a vermifuge medicine. The common T. may cause disease, and even death, by its aggressions, either in the adult or in the larval stage of its existence. A mature T. in the intestinal canal may give rise to a series of anomalous symptoms, including vertigo, noises in the ears, impairment of sight, itch-lation of bones employed in preparing bone-black. The dis ing of the nose and anus, salivation, dyspepsia, and loss of appetite, colic, pains over the epigastrium and in different parts of the abdomen, palpitation, syncope, the sensation of weight in the abdomen, pains and lassitude in the limbs, and emaciation. Many cases are on record in which hysterical fits, chorea, epilepsy, convulsions of various kinds, and even mania, have been induced by the irritation excited by this parasite, and have ceased at once on its removal. The other five Ts. infesting man may be passed over without notice, as being of very rare occurrence. Treatment of TThe drugs generally used are turpentine, kousso, kamala, pumpkin seeds, pomegranate root-bark, areca nut, and last, but not least, male-fern. Success depends not so much on the choice of the remedy as upon the mode of administering it, and of observing the results accurately. The patient should fast for a day, taking only milk or soup, and in the afternoon take a dose of castor oil or a dram of compound jalap powder. The next morning take the following mixture: Turpentine, 1 dram; ethereal extract of male-fern, 1 dram; mucilage of gum-arabic, 2 ounces. A half hour later take a dose of castor oil. Have a large vessel of warm water ready to receive the worm. Pelletierine sulphate, 6 grains; tannin, 7 grains; simple syrup, 2 drams; or, Pelletierine tannate, 7 grains; simple syrup, 4 drams, may be used in like manner. Again, pumpkin seeds with hard skin removed, 1 ounce; sugar, 6 drams; milk, 2 ounces, is also highly recommended, used in the same manner as described above.

Tapioca. See MANIOC and CASSAVA.

Tar, a well-known substance, for which it is difficult to frame a definition, since it "aries in composition, color, and consistence, and is derived from all three kingdoms of nature. In various parts of the world it occurs as a natural min. eral product, and is known under the various names of bitumen, asphalt, petroleum, natural T. As an animal prod. uct, a species of T. is obtained from the destructive distiltillate separates into a heavier layer of black animal T.commonly known as bone-oil, or Dippel's Animal Oil-and a lighter layer of watery solution of sesquicarbonate of ammonia, commonly known as bone-liquor, and much employed in the preparation of various salts of ammonia. This animal T. is chiefly used for the lubrication of machinery. The vegetable kingdom is, however, the most important source of T. On submitting wood to destructive distillation in closed vessels, we obtain a large number of products, some of which are gaseous and some liquid, and of the latter one portion is soluble and the other insoluble in water. This insoluble portion constitutes wood-T., and is composed of a mixture of various liquids holding solid matters in solution or in suspen sion. Stockholm T. and American T. are chiefly prepared from the resinous wood of the pine, and especially of the root of the tree. The specific gravity of ordinary T. is about 1.040. Peat yields a T. very similar to wood-T. Coal yields even a larger number of products of distillation than are yielded by wood.

Ta'ra, or Ta'ro, (Colocasia macrorhiza,) a plant of the natural order Araceae, of the same genus with the Cocco or Eddoes, and cultivated for its roots, which are a principal article of food in the South Sea Islands. The roots are 12 to 16 in. l., and as much in girth. They are washed to take away their acridity, and cooked in the same way as bread-fruit, the rind being first

Ta'pir, (Tapirus,) a genus of Ungulata, of the section scraped off. The leaves are used as

Perissodactyla, or odd-toed Ungu-
lates, having a bulky form, with
moderately long legs; the skin
thick, the hair short; the tail
small; the neck thick; the ears
short; the eyes small; the muz-
zle elongated; the nose pro-
longed into a short, flexible pro-
boscis, which, however, does not
terminate in an organ of touch
and prehension, like that of the
elephant. The best-known species is the AMERICAN T.,
(T. Americanus,) which is common in almost all parts of S.
Am., its range extending from Cent. Am. as far S. as the
Strait of Magellan.

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Tappan', (ARTHUR,) a New York merchant widely known as a patron of religious and patriotic organizations, tract, Bible, and other societies; he endowed Lane Seminary at Cincinnati, a professorship at Auburn Theological Seminary, and built Tappan Hall at Oberlin; assisted in founding the Journal of Commerce and the Emancipator; and was first president of the Antislavery Society; b. in Mass. 1786, d. 1865.

Tappan', (BENJAMIN,) statesman, and a brother of the 157 83074

Tara.

Ta'ra Fern, (Pteris esculenta,) a species of brake, the root (rhizome) of which was one of the principal articles of food of the New Zealanders before the settlement of New Zealand by British colonists. This fern comes to perfection only in good soils, and there the plant is 10 ft. h. Plants three yrs. old furnish the best roots, 1 in. in circumference. Tar'antism, a leaping or dancing mania originating in, or supposed to originate in, an animal poison. The name is supposed to be derived from the ground-spider, tarantula, which conveyed the poison into the human body by its bite. The gesticulations, contortions, and cries somewhat resemble those observed in St. Vitus's Dance.

Taʼranto, anc. Tarentum, a town of southern Italy, in the prov. of Lecce, situated on a rocky islet between the Mare Piccolo, (Little Sea,) on the E. side of the town, and the Mare Grande, (Great Sea,) or Gulf of Taranto, on the W. The Mare Piccolo is famous for its immense abundance of shell-fish, and a considerable portion of the population (27,546) derives their subsistence from the oyster and muscle fisheries. Ancient Tarentum was a far more famous and splendid city than its modern representative.

Tarantula, (Lycosa tarantula,) a species of spider, of a genus to which the name wolf-spider is often given, a native of the S. of Europe. It derives its name from the city of Taranto, in Italy, where it is very plentiful. It is one of the largest of European spiders, of a somewhat elongated shape, with rather long legs. Its bite is much dreaded, and has been supposed to cause the disease called Tarantism. Several species of spider nearly allied to the T. are found in different parts of the U. S.

Tarantula.

Tarare, a manufacturing town of France, Dept. of Rhone, 21 m. from Lyons. The muslins of T. are famous for their fineness. Pop. 12,888. Taras'con, a town of France, in the Dept. of Bouchesdu-Rhone; pop. 7,582.

Tarax'acum, or Dan'delion Root, is employed to a considerable extent in medicine. There is no very satisfactory analysis of this juice, but it is said to contain mannite, resin, sugar, gum, caoutchouc, and a crystallizable matter termed taraxicine, on which its active properties depend. Tarbagata'i, a frontier town of Chinese Turkestan. It stands at the foot of the mountains of the same name, in a plain watered by the Imil, and with extensive meadows and pasture grounds in the vicinity. Pop. 4,000.

Tare, (Ervum,) a genus of plants of the natural order Le guminosa, sub-order Papilionaceae, distinguished from Vicia, (see VETCH,) to which it is nearly allied, by a capitate stigma, downy all over. It contains only a few species of weak climbing plants, natives of the temperate parts of the eastern hemisphere. One of these is the Lentil. Two, (E. hirsutum and E. tetraspermum,) generally known by the name of T., are common in corn-fields and hedges. They have very small flow. ers and pods; the leaves are pinnate, and the leaflets small.

Tar'get, in its modern sense, is the mark for aiming at in practicing with the cannon, rifle, or bow and arrow. In its more ancient meaning, a T., or targe, was a shield, circular in form, cut out of ox-hide, mounted on light but strong wood, and strengthened by bosses, spikes, etc.

Targowitz', in Russia, a small town in the Govt. of Kiev, on the borders of Kherson, was the scene (1792) of a confederation of the five Polish nobles (Potocki, Branecki, Bzeureski, and two others of little note) who were adverse to the constitution of May 3, 1791.

Tar'gum, (Chaldee, from tirgem, a word of uncertain origin, meaning "to translate, explain,") the general term for the Aramaic versions of the O. T., which became necessary when, after and perhaps during the Babylonian exile, Hebrew began to die out as the popular language, and was supplanted by "Chaldee," an idiom, or rather a family of idioms. The origin of the T. itself is shrouded in mystery. The first signa

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of it-as an already fixed institution-have been found by some in the Book of Nehemiah, and, according to tradition, Ezra and his coadjutors were its original founders. However this be, there can be no doubt that its beginnings be long to a comparatively early period.

Tari'fa, a sea-port town of Spain, 20 m. S.-W. of Gibraltar. It is the most S. town of Europe. Pop. 8,300.

Tar'iff, (from Tarifa, where, during the rule of the Moors in Spain, duties where collected,) a table or catalogue gener ally drawn up in alphabetical order, of the duties, drawbacks, bounties, etc., charged or allowed on different kinds of merchandise, as settled by authority, or agreed to between different states. The principles of the Ts. of different countries depend on their respective commercial policy, and on the fluctuating interests and wants of the community.

Tar'latan, a thin, gauze-like fabric of cotton used for ladies' ball dresses, etc. It is usually dyed or printed in colors. Tarare, in France, is the chief center of this manufacture.

Tarn, a dept. in the S. of France, bounded on the N. by the Depts. of Aveyron and Tarn-et-Garonne, receives its name from the river Tarn; area 2,217 sq. m., pop. 339,827. Tarn-et-Garonne, a dept. in the S. of France, bounded on the S.-E. by the Dept. of Tarn; area 1,436 sq. m., pop. 200,390. Tarno'pol, a town of Austria, in Galicia, situated on the Sered; pop. 26,097.

Tar'now, a town of Austrian Galicia, near the Dunajee, a navigable tributary of the Vistula; pop. 21,800.

Tarpaulin, a large sheet of the coarsest linen or hempen cloth, saturated with tar to render it waterproof. It is used for covering loaded wagons, the hatchways of ships, etc., as a temporary protection from wet.

Tarpe'ian Rock, (Lat. Rupes Tarpeia, or Mons Tarpeius)

the name originally applied to the whole of the Capitoline Hill, Rome, but latterly confined to a portion of the S. part of the hill. In the time of Romulus, Tarpeia, (a vestal virgin,) the daughter of Sp. Tarpeius, governor of the Roman citadel on the Capi

View of Tappan Sea, at Tarrytown, N. Y.

toline, tempted by their offer to give her what they wore on their left arms, opened a gate of the fortress to the Sabine king, Titus Tatius, who had come to revenge the rape on the Sabine women. The Sabines crushed Tarpeia to death beneath their shields, and she was buried in the part of the hill which bears her name. Subsequently, persons condemned of treason to the state were sometimes hurled from the T. R.

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Tar'pon, or Tar'pum, a fish which has its habitat in the western Atlantic and in the Gulf of Mexico, ranging N. to Cape Cod and S. to northern Brazil; it is somewhat abundant in the West Indies, and stragglers have been taken as far to the E. as the Bermudas. The T. is the "silver-fish" of Pensacola, the Grande Écaille or Grandy Kye" as it is pronounced, ("large scale fish,") and the Savanilla of Tex. It is known to naturalists as the Megalops thrissoides, ranging from 50 to 200 lbs. in weight, and from 4 to over 6 ft. in l.-not unlike a cross between a huge herring, to which family it belongs, and a huge blue-fish in its general proportions. It has large protuberant eyes, and an ugly mouth that opens on the fish's nose, covered on either side with a hard, bony, semicircular flap, that gives the effect of a jowl. Behind, and contiguous to the dorsal fin, is a sort of bony bayonet called "the feather," some 8 or 9 in. in l., that protrudes into the air in

the direction of the tail, forming an acute angle with the line of the back. The body is covered with brilliant silver scales, ranging in size from a silver dollar to a small saucer; the flesh is sometimes eaten. Of late T.-fishing with rod and line has become an established sport, the fish being famous for gameness.

Tarquin'ius, the name of two kings of Rome, with the legends regarding whom the fortunes of the city are closely interwoven. Demaratus, a Corinthian noble, emigrated from Greece, and settled in Tarquinii, in Etruria, where he mar

ried an Etruscan wife, by whom he had two sons, Aruns and Lucumo. Aruns died during his father's life-time, but Lucumo married into one of the noblest Etruscan families. By the advice of his wife, Tanaquil, Lucumo set out for Rome, accompanied by a large train of followers, and was hospitably received, and soon after admitted to the rights of citizenship, whereupon he took the name of L. Tarquinius Priscus. The Roman monarch, Ancus Marcius, appointed him guardian of his chil dren, and on the death of the former the Senate and the citizens unanimously elected him to the vacant throne. His reign was a glorious one, but after a reign of 38 yrs. he was assassinated at the instigation of the sons of Ancus Marcius. L. TARQUIN THE PROUD, SON of the preceding, having murdered his father. in-law, Servius Tullius, at the instigation of his wife, is represented in the legend as usurping the vacant throne. After a reign characterized by tyranny and cruelty T. was deposed, and with his sons was obliged to flee. D. 495.

Tarragona, a sea-port of Spain, chief city of the modern prov. of the same name, stands on the Mediterranean shore at the mouth of the Francoli; pop. 19,500.

Tar'rytown, a village of Westchester Co., N. Y., on the E. bank of the Hudson River, 27 m. N. of New York. It is beautifully situated on a lake-like expansion of the river, called the Tappan Sea, surrounded with fine scenery, and filled with elegant residences. It has six churches and four academies, contains:

| "Sunnyside" and the burial-place of Washington Irving, and is noted as the scene of the capture of Major André, Pop. 3.562.

Tar'shish, probably the same as Tartessus, a city and emporium of the Phoenicians in Spain, somewhere near the mouth of the Guadalquivir. It is frequently mentioned in Scripture.

Tar'sia-work, a beautiful kind of marquetry made in Italy. It is produced by inlaying pieces of colored wood se as to represent figures and landscapes.

Tarsi'idæ, a family of mammals, distinguished in some particulars from the Lemurids. Only one species, (Tarsus) about the size of a rat, is found in Borneo and Celebes.

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Tarsus.

Tarsiped'idæ, a family of marsupial mammals, about as large as a mouse, feeding on insects and honey, and found in western Australia.

Tar'sus, anciently the chief city of Cilicia, and one of the most important in all Asia Minor, situated on both sides of

the navigable river Cydnus, in the midst of a beautiful and productive plain, and about 18 m. from the sea; pop. 30,000. Tar'sus, the part of the foot articulating with the leg. See FOOT, STRUCTURE OF.

Tar'tan, a small vessel carrying but one mast, its large sail extended by a lateen yard; much used in the coasting trade of the Mediterranean.

Tar'tan, Plaid, a pattern woven in cloth, in which bands of different colors are woven or printed side by side, both the warp and weft way of the material, thus giving the well-known checkered pattern. This is probably the oldest pattern ever woven. The plaid pattern admits of a very great variety of modifications by the introduction

Tartan.

of different colors, and by varying the amount of each color employed. These colored plaids were in great favor in the Highlands of Scotland, where each clan wore a particular kind as its distinctive dress.

Tar'tar, a mixture of bitartrate of potash and tartrate of lime, is a deposit formed from wine, and known in its crude form as Argol.

Tartar, Cream of. See TARTARIC ACID.

Tar'tar, Fo'liated Earth of, an old name for acetate of potash, in consequence of the foliated, satiny masses in which that salt occurs.

Taschereau, (ELEAZAR A., D.D.,) prelate; R. C. Archbishop of Quebec 1871; Cardinal 1896; b. 1820, d. 1898. Taschereau, (JULES A.), a Fr. journalist, b. in France 1801; was made Director-Gen. of the National Library 1858, and superintended the publication of its catalogue; d. 1874. Tashkand', till recently a town of Independent Turkestan, but now in the possession of Russia, is situated in the khanate of Khokan, 92 m. N.-W. of Khokan, the cap.; pop. 156,414. Tas'man, (ABEL JANSSEN,) circumnavigated the Australian continent in 1642-43, of which voyage an account was published in 1722; b. at Hoorn, Holland, in 1600, d. 1644, while on a second voyage of exploration.

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Tar'tar, Sol'uble, a term applied by some chemists to neutral tartrate of potash, and by others to borotartaric acid. Tar'tar Emet'ic, a soluble double tartrate of antimony and potash. It is a poison in large doses, but cases of poisoning by it are not very common. The emetic properties of the salt generally insures its speedy rejection from the stomach. Two grains have proved fatal to an adult. Treatment.-If vomiting has not been produced it should be brought about by tickling the fauces and administering copious draughts of warm water. Astringent infusions, such as of galls, oak bark, Peruvian bark, act as antidotes, and should be given promptly; powdered yellow cinchona bark may be used until the infusion is prepared.

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Tartar'ic Acid. Ordinary T. A. is usually seen in the form of colorless, transparent, oblique, rhombic prisms, which are not affected by the action of the air, have an agreeable acid taste, and are soluble in water and alcohol. On heating T. A. to about 340° it fuses, and at a slightly higher temperature it becomes successively changed, without losing weight, into two metameric acids, metatartaric and isotartaric acids, the former of which is bibasic, and the latter monobasic. At about 374° two atoms of the acid lose one equivalent of water, and tartralic acid is formed. If the same temperature be maintained a little longer half the basic water is expelled, and tartrelic acid is formed; and, finally, all the basic water is driven off, and anhydrous tartaric acid, or tartaric anhydride, remains in the form of a white, porous mass, insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether.

Tar'tar of the Teeth is a deposit of salts of lime and organic matter from the saliva, and usually occurs most abundantly on the inferior incisors. If it is suffered to accumulate it causes inflammation and absorption of the gum, and gradual loosening of the teeth. The accumulating of this substance may usually be prevented if due attention is paid to the cleaning of the teeth.

of 40° 41′ and 43° 40′ S. lat., and between 144° 30' and 148° 30' E. long., lying to the S. of and separated from Australia by Bass's Strait, and belonging to Great Britain. Its greatest I is 240 m., and its greatest w. from E. to W. 200 m.; its area, including the adjacent islands, about 26,215 sq. m. The capital is Hobart Town, with a pop. of 24,905, situated at the base of Mount Wellington. The second chief town is Launceston; pop. 17,108. Total pop. 146,667. There are 2,505 m. of telegraph. The first line of R.R., 45 m. 1., was opened 1871. There are now 495 m. open for traffic. Since 1854 authority has been invested in a Parliament, consisting of the governor as the queen's representative and two elective Houses-the Legislative Council of 16 and the Assembly of 32 members. The island was first discovered by Tasman on Dec. 1, 1642, and named by him "Van Diemen's Land," in honor of his patron, the then governor of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies. During the next century no visit is recorded. In 1803 Lieut. Bowen was dispatched from Sydney with a few soldiers and convicts to form a settlement in the S. of T., which was finally fixed on the spot where Hobart Town now stands. From 1817 commenced a rapid increase in the number of free settlers, who received grants of land in proportion to the capital which they brought into the colony. In 1825 T. was declared independent of New South Wales. It has a warm, equable, subtropical climate; prevalent winds N.-E. and S.-W.

Tar'tars, or, more properly, Ta'tars, was originally a name of the Mongolic races, but came to be extended to all the tribes brought under Mongolic sway by Genghis Khan and his successors, including Tungusic and Turkic races. Tar'tarus, (Gr. Tartaros; the name is probably onomatopoetic, the reduplication being designed to express something terrible or disagreeable, like Barbaros, Karkaron, and many other words,) according to Homer, is a deep and sunless abyss, as far below Hades as earth is below heaven, and closed in by iron gates. Into T. Zeus hurled those who rebelled against him, as Kronos and the Titans. Afterward the name was sometimes employed as synonymous with Hades or the under world. Tar'tary, (prop. Tatary,) the name under which, in the Middle Ages, was comprised the whole central belt of Central Asia and eastern Europe, from the Sea of Japan to the Dnieper. Tartralic Acid, Tartrelic Acid. See TARTARIC ACID. Tartuffe', the name of the chief character in Molière's most celebrated comedy, which has become a synonym in all languages for a hypocritical pretender to religion.

Tasman'nia, a genus of shrubs of the natural order Magnoliaceae. T. aromatica is an evergreen bush of Van Diemen's Land. Every part of the plant is highly aromatic and pungent. The fruit is occasionally used as pepper.

Tas'ses, skirts of iron to cover the thighs, worn as an appendage to the ancient corselet.

Tassisu'don, a city and the cap. of Bhotan, stands on the right bank of the Godadda, an affluent of the Brahmaputra. Tas'so, (BERNARDO,) an Ital. poet of considerable distinction, but most famous as the father of the illustrious TORQUATO; was b. at Bergamo 1493, d. 1569.

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Tasses, or Taces.

Tas'so, (TORQUATO,) one of the greatest poets of Italy, and son of the preceding, was b. at Sorrento 1544. His great work was the Gerusalemme Liberata, an

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