TASTE, ORGAN AND SENSE OF-TAX SALE. 2480 Tauch'nitz, (KARL CHRISTOPH TRAUGOTT,) a famous Ger. printer and book-seller, b. at Grosspardau, near Leipsic, 1761. He was the first to introduce (1816) stereotyping into Ger. many. On his death, in 1836, the business was continued by his son, KARL CHRISTIAN PHILIP T. A nephew of the elder T., CHRISTIAN BERNHARD T., also set up a publishing establishment in Leipsic, combined with printing. Among the most noted of his undertakings is the well-known issue of British Authors, begun in 1842, of which upward of 1,200 volumes have ap Tauler, (JOHN,) a remarkable mystic and preacher, b. at Strasburg 1290, and d. there 1361. Taunton, a city in the W. of England, on the banks of the river Tone; pop. 18,026. heroic record of the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders under the command of Godfrey de Bouillon. Lamartine beautifully describes the mingled motives of the poet: "Urged by piety no less than by the muse, T. dreamed of a crusade of poetic genius, aspiring to equal by the glory and sanctity of his songs the crusades of the lance he was about to celebrate." Later in life he became deranged, and d. 1595. Taste, Organ and Sense of. The principal seat of the sense of taste is the mucous membrane of the tongue, in which dissection reveals a cutis or chorion, a papillary struct-peared; b. 1816, d. 1895. ure, and an epithelium. The cutis is tough, but thinner and less dense than in most parts of the cutaneous surface, and receives the insertions of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. The papillary structure differs from that of the skin in not being concealed under the epithelium, but in projecting from Taun'ton, a flourishing city of Mass., on Taunton River, the surface like the villi of the digestive canal, and it thus 35 m. S. of Boston. The falls of Taunton River and its gives to the tongue its well-known roughness. The epithelium branches furnish water-power to numerous factories. Sev. is of the scaly variety, as on the skin, but is much thinner on eral railways pass through T., and it has also a considerable the tongue than on the skin. It is most dense about the coasting trade, and important fisheries of shad and herrings. middle of the upper surface of the tongue, and it is here that T. manufactures locomotives, printing-presses, silver and in disordered digestion there is the chief accumulation of fur, britannia ware, cutlery, nails and tacks, cotton-machinery, which in reality is simply a depraved and over-abundant forma- cotton-cloth, yarn, copper, oil-cloth, yellow-metal, stoves, fi etion of epithelium. The papillae on the surface of the tongue brick, etc. There are 315 manufacturing establishments, with are either simple or compound. The former, which closely products valued at $5,000,000. There are three national, resemble those on the skin, are scattered over the whole sur-three cooperative, and two savings banks. Pop. 25,448. face of the tongue in parts where the others do not exist, and they likewise participate in the formation of the compound papillæ, which, from their forms, are respectively termed the circumvallate or calyciform, the fungiform, and the conical or filiform. Tate, (NAHUM,) poet and dramatist, son of the Rev. Dr. Faithful T., was b. in Dublin 1652, and educated at Trinity Coll. His writings include nine or ten dramatic pieces, Panacea; or, a Poem on Tea, various birthday odes, and an elegy on the death of Queen Mary. But T. is best known by the metrical version of the Psalms, which he executed in conjunction with Dr. Nicholas Brady. D. 1715. Tate, (THOMAS,) b. in England 1820; author of a series of text-books on Mathematics, which are very popular in England. Ta'tian, one of the early apologists of Christianity against the pagan philosophers, and the founder of a sect which, whether under his own name or under various other appellations derived from its peculiar tenets or practices, attracted considerable notice in the primitive ages. T. was b. in Syria or Assyria about the yr. 130. He is known to have written many works, of which, however, only one is preserved, the Apology. Ta'tius, (ACHILLES,) one of the later Alexandrine authors, of whom nothing is known except that he wrote a romance called Ta Kata Leukippen kai Kleitophōnta, (“The Loves of Leucippe and Cleitophon.") Tat'nall, (JOSIAH,) served in the Revolution; was U. S. senator from Ga. 1796-99, and State governor 1801-2; b. 1762, d. 1803. Tat'ouay, a kind of armadillo found in S. Am., having a round, pointed, and naked tail. See ARMADILLO. Tat'ta, (more correctly Thatta,) a town of Sinde, on the right bank of the Indus, and at the head of the delta of that river; pop. 10,000. Tat'tam, (HENRY, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S.,) b. in Ireland 1788; studied the Oriental languages, and became the chief modern authority in matters relating to the Coptic; discovered at the Nitrian Convent the collection of MSS. which have become the basis of research in the Syriac, and which are now in the British Museum; author of valuable philological works; d. 1868. Tat'tler, a name given to birds of many species, and several genera of the snipe family. Tattoo', in military life, is the beat of drum and buglecall sounded at sunset to draw in all stragglers and others on detached duty. Tattoo'ing, a custom, extensively prevalent among savage nations, of marking the skin with figures of various kinds, by means of slight incisions or punctures and a coloring matter. The term is of Polynesian origin, and is said to be derived from a verb ta, which signifies to strike. T. is almost universal in the South Sea Islands, except where Christianity and civilization have put an end to it. New Zealanders' heads, exhibiting T., are among the curiosities to be seen in museums. The operation is performed in youth, and marks the transition from boyhood to manhood. Tau, in Her., a cross of a form somewhat resembling the Greek letter Tau. Taun'ton River, a navigable river formed by the union of the Winnetuxet and Matfield Rivers, in Mass., passes Taunton, and empties into Narragansett Bay. Taunus Mountains. See NASSAU. Tauʼrine, a remarkable substance occurring in the bile and other animal products and tissues. Its name is derived from the Lat. taurus, a bull," because T. was first discovered in the bile of the ox. Taurus, the name of a range of mountains in Asia Minor, which rises to a h. of 10,000 ft. ୪ Tau'rus, "The Bull," the second of the ancient zodiacal constellations. (See ZODIAC.) It is surrounded by Perseus, Auriga, Gemini, Orion, Eridanus, Cetus, and Aries. It contains the celebrated cluster of the Pleiades, and the somewhat scattered configuration called the Hyades, of which the bright reddish star Aldebaran is the brightest, the whole cluster, if such it can be called, forming the head or face of T. There are several interesting variable stars scattered through the constellation. Taurus, and Sign. Tauss, a town of Bohemia, engaged in brewing, distilling, tanning, and manufacture of cotton and linen; pop. 7,382. Tautog', or Black'fish, (Tautoga nigra or Americana,) a fish of the family Labridae, of the section forming the family Cyclo-labrida of Müller. It is found in the N. Amer. seas, and attains a size of 12 or 14 lbs. Tav'ern, a place of entertainment for travelers and others. See INN. Tavernier, (Jean Baptiste, Baron d'Aubonne,) a celebrated Fr. traveler, b. in France 1605, d. 1689. Tavistock, a parliamentary borough and market town of Devonshire, Eng., picturesquely situated on the W. border of Dartmoor, about 35 m. S.-W. of Exeter, in the fertile valley and on the right bank of the Tavy; pop. 8,000. Tavoy', the chief town of a district in Tenasserim, British Burmah, is situated on the left bank of the Tavoy River, about 34 m. from its mouth. Tax'idermy, the art of preparing the skins of animals for the purposes of the naturalist. The chief means employed in preparing the skin for stuffing in the case of small animals is to remove it carefully from the body, and having cleaned away from it any adherent flesh, etc., to anoint it with arsenical soap. This keeps the skin supple, and prevents decay and the attacks of insects. The larger skins are generally prepared with a composition called Preservation Powder. Some skins are prepared with alum only, and others with the oak-bark liquor of the tanners' pits. This, in the case of very large skins, answers very well. Besides the mere preparation of the skin, the art of T. is held to mean also the stuffing and mounting of them. This requires much personal experience, as almost every group of animals must be treated differently. Tax Sale, an official sale of real estate made in conse quence of the non-payment of taxes. The sale having been properly advertised, is publicly held at the time and place designated, and must be conducted in strict accordance with the statutory provision of the State. The highest cash bidder generally receives a certificate entitling him to a deed at the expiration of a certain time, during which the owner or other interested person has the right of redemption. The validity of a tax deed was by the common law made provable by the purchaser, but the tendency of statute law has been to shift the burden of proof upon the former owner, and to give the purchaser immediate possession. Taylor, (ISAAC E.,) physician, was b. in Philadelphia in 1812; was graduated from Rutgers Coll. when only 18 yrs. old, and got his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1834. He removed to New York at once upon graduation, and practiced there. He originated the idea of establishing a medical college in connection with Bellevue Hospital, and carried it out. He was made the president of the college at the start, and shortly after was named president for life. He was also Prof. of Obstetrics there, and lectured regularly. He was consulting physician for the Bellevue, Charity, Maternity, and Woman's Hospitals, and the New York Infirmary. He was a member of the County Society, Pathological Society, Physicians' Mutual Aid Association, Society for the Relief of the Widows and Or. phans of Medical Men, and the New York County Medical Association. D. 1889. Tay, the largest river in Scotland, draining nearly the whole of Perthshire and pouring into the German Ocean a greater bulk of water than any other Scottish river, has its source in the W. part of the county of Perth. The tide flows up the river to about 1 m. above Perth, to which place it is navigable by vessels of 100 tons, and to Newburgh, about 20 m. from its mouth, by vessels of 500 tons. The navigation up to Dundee is attended with very great difficulty, on account of the numerous and shifting sand-banks. Loch Tay is a long and narrow lake, picturesquely situated in a basin scooped out of the bosom of the mountains, 355 ft. above the sea-level, in 1. about 15 m., and average w. 1 m., Taylor, (JANET,) a teacher in a London nautical and varying from 100 to 600 ft. in depth. Ben Lawers lies on mathematical academy, noted for her scientific acquirements. its W. side. The loch is at times subject to violent and un-She published a long list of mathematical and meteorological accountable agitations. works. Taylor, (REV. ISAAC, M.A.,) vicar of Holy Trinity, Twickenham, Eng., and eldest son of ISAAC T., was b. at Stanford Rivers, March 3, 1829. He is the author of The Liturgy and the Dissenters, and one or two other theological pamphlets; but he best maintained the literary distinction of his family by his works on philology. Taylor, (ANN HINTON,) an Eng. writer; author of Ad- Taylor, (JEREMY,) one of the greatest names in the En vice to Mothers, and books of a similar nature. Her daugh-glish Church, was the son of a Cambridge barber, and was ters, Ann and Jane, became literary celebrities, writing b. in that town Aug. 15, 1613. He was appointed chaplain. Original Poems, Hymns for Infant Minds, etc. D. 1830. in-ordinary to the king, and in 1638 rector of Uppingham. Taylor, (BAYARD,) an Amer. author and traveler, b. at The first notable publication of T.'s was a defense of the Kennett Square, Pa., Jan. 11, 1825. At 17 he began his Church, entitled Episcopacy Asserted, (Oxford, 1642.) Numer. poetical contributions to periodicals, and in 1844 published a ous other works followed. T., sometimes styled "the Modern volume of poems under the title of Ximena. Soon after he Chrysostom" on account of his golden eloquence, has no equal started on a pedestrian tour of Europe, and in 1846 published in the whole series of ecclesiastical writers for richness of Views Afoot; or, Europe Seen with a Knapsack and Staff. fancy. The best edition of T.'s works is by the Rev. C. P. After his return he settled in New York and wrote for the Eden, M.A., Fellow of Oriel Coll., Oxford, (10 volumes, London, Literary World and Tribune. Of the latter he became as- 1854.) D. 1667. sistant editor and shareholder in 1849, and in the interests of that journal, as its correspondent, made extensive travels in various countries. In 1862-63 he was connected with, the embassy at St. Petersburg, and in 1874 he was in Iceland and Egypt. For several yrs. he resided in Germany. He was appointed U. S. minister to Berlin 1878, where he died the same yr. Taylor, (BROOK,) an Eng. mathematician, b. at Edmonton, in Middlesex, Eng., 1685; took his degree of LL.B. in 1709, became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1712, and its secretary in 1714, in which latter yr. he also took the degree of LL.D. Though so young, he had become widely known in Britain and on the Continent for great proficiency in mathematical knowledge and power and versatility of mind, having already written various valuable treatises on capillary action, on the vibration of a string, on music, etc. D. 1731. Taylor, (JOHN,) a writer of curious rhymes of interest in showing the manners of the times, called the "Water Poet;" b. in England 1580, d. 1654. Taylor, (JOHN, D.D.,) b. in England 1694; became a dis. senting minister, and was author of a Hebrew Concordance to the English Bible, published in 1754; d. 1761. Taylor, (JOHN,) a noted publisher and book-seller of Lon. don, b. 1781. He is best known by his attempt to prove that Sir Philip Francis was the author of Junius. D. 1864. Taylor, (JOHN,) statesman; U. S. senator from S. C. 1810-16; State governor 1826-28; b. 1770, d. 1832. Taylor, (JOHN,) third president of the Mormon Church, b. in England 1808, d. in Utah 1887. Taylor, (JOHN W.,) statesman; Speaker of the House 1819-20, during the passage of the Missouri Compromise, and again in 1825-26; U. S. senator from N. Y. 1841-43; b. in N. Y., d. 1854. Taylor, (CHARLES, D.D., M.D.,) minister and educator, Taylor, (MARSHALL W., D.D.,) b. in Louisville, Ky., July b. in Boston 1819; missionary to Shanghai, China, 1848; 1, 1846, of Scotch-Irish and Indian descent on his father's Pres. of Spartanburg Female Coll. 1857-58, and Sunday-side, and of African or Arabian stock on his mother's side; school secretary for the M. E. Church South 1858-62; afterward Pres. of the Wesleyan University, Ky. Taylor, (EDWARD T.,) a noted preacher to seamen, known as "Father Taylor" of Boston; b. in Va. 1794, d. 1871. Taylor, (GEORGE,) a member of the Continental Congress 1776, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence; b. 1716, d. 1781. teacher in Hardinsburg, Ky., under Freedman's Bureau, 1867; entered the ministry of the M. E. Church in Ky. in 1870; preached in Ky., Ind., and O.; fraternal messenger of the M. E. Church to the African M. E. Church in 1880; delegate to Ecumenical Methodist Conference in London, Eng., 1881; elected editor of South-western Christian Advocate 1884; d. Sept. 12, 1887. ber of the native courts, and married a princess of India; was knighted, and received the decoration of the Star of India; author of a number of works on the history and archæology of India; d. 1876. Taylor, (SAMUEL H.,) an Amer, author and educator, b. in N. H. 1807; a justly famous principal of Phillip's Acad. emy, Andover; associate editor of the Bibliotheca Sacra, and author of a number of classical text-books; d. 1871. Taylor, (MEADOws,) b. in Ireland 1810; entered the serv. Taylor, (ISAAC,) a noted independent preacher of En-ice of the East India Company; became connected with a num. gland; author of many useful books, and father of four distinguished literary children; b. in London 1759, d. 1829. Taylor, (ISAAC,) b. at Lavenham, in Suffolk, 1787, d. at Stanford Rivers, in Essex, 1865, eminent as a Christian philosopher, artist, and mechanician, was the third of his name who attained distinction-his grandfather and father (known as Isaac Taylor of Ongar) being both named Isaac, and each in his way distinguished. Charles Taylor, the editor of Calmet, was an uncle, and Jane Taylor (author of the Q. Q. Papers) and Ann Taylor, (Mrs. Gilbert of Nottingham,) joint | authors of Hymns for Infant Minds, were sisters of the subject of this article. His literary career began 1818, in contributions to the Eclectic Review, for which Robert Hall, John Foster, and Josiah Conder then wrote, and ended in 1865, in contributions to Good Words, in which the name of the veteran figured with those of men who were unborn when he was in the height of his reputation. Taylor, (STEPHEN WILLIAM, LL.D.,) educator; Pres. of Madison University 1851; b. in Mass, 1791, d. 1856. Taylor, (Toм,) an Eng. dramatist and author, b. in Bishop-Wearmouth, near Sunderland, 1817, d. at London July 12, 1880. His preliminary education was received at the Grange School, and he subsequently attended two terms at Glasgow University, in the course of which he received two gold medals and other prizes. He was graduated from Trinity Coll., Cambridge, as a Junior Optime, and was elected Fellow of Trinity. For two yrs. he was Prof. of English Literature in University Coll., London; in 1845 he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, and traveled the Northern Circuit. In 1850 he became assistant secretary to the Board of Health, and in 1854 secretary. From 1858 to 1879 he was secretary to the Local Government Act Office, a department of the Home Office, and in the latter yr. retired on a pension. He wrote more than 100 different works. for the stage, chief among which are: "The Unequal Match," ""Twixt Ax and Crown," "Still Waters Run Deep," "The Overland Route," "The Contested Election," "Our American Cousin," and "The Ticket-of-Leave Man." In collaboration with Charles Reade he wrote several other plays. After the yr. 1843 he was a regular contributor to Punch, whose editorial management he at one time conducted. Taylor, (REV. WILLIAM,) a famous Meth. evangelist, elected missionary bishop to Africa 1884. He was b. in Va., May 2, 1821; united with the Baltimore Conference in mander of the U. S. forces in Fla. On March 1, 1845, the U. S. Congress passed the resolution for the annexation of Tex., formerly a province of Mexico, and for some time an independent republic. Gen. T. was ordered to Corpus Christi, which point he occupied in Nov. with a force of 4,000. Gen. Ampudia, the Mexican commander, demanded that he should retire beyond the Nueces, pending negotiations, and on the refusal of Gen. T., his successor, Gen. Arista, crossed the Rio Grande with a force of 6,000. On May 8 he was defeated at Palo Alto by Gen. T. with a force of 2,300. War was declared to exist by the act of Mexico; 50,000 volunteers were called for, T. made major-general, re-enforced, and ordered to invade Mexico. On Sept. 9, with 6,625 men, he attacked Monterey, which was defended by about 10,000 regular troops. After 10 days' siege and three days' hard fighting it capitu. lated. Gen. Scott, having been ordered to advance on the City of Mexico by Vera Cruz, withdrew a portion of the troops of Gen. T., leaving him only 5,000 volunteers and 500 March, 1843. In 1849 he went as a missionary to Calif. | regulars, chiefly flying artillery, to meet an army of 21,000 He continued his missionary work for seven yrs. on the commanded by President Santa Anna. He took a strong poPacific Coast. He also labored in Australia, Ceylon, S. Am., and founded missions in India. He retired from active work in 1896. Taylor, (WILLIAM M., D.D., LL.D.,) clergyman, b. in Scotland 1829; graduated Univ. of Glasgow 1849; pastor in Kilmaurs and Liverpool; of Broadway Tabernacle, New York, 1871-93; wrote extensively; d. 1895. Taylor, (ZACHARY,) 12th President of the U. S., was b. in Orange Co., Va., Nov. 24, 1784, son of Col. Richard Taylor, an officer of the War of Independence, and one of the first settlers of Louisville, Ky., where T. was taken in early childhood, and grew up to his 24th yr., working on a plantation, with only the simplest rudiments of education. In 1812, with 50 men, two thirds of whom were ill of fever, he defended Fort Harrison, on the Wabash, against a large force of Indians led by the famous chief Tecumseh. Promoted to the rank of major for his gallantry, he was employed during the war in fighting the Indian allies of Great Britain. In 1822 he built Fort Jesup; in 1832 he served as colonel in the Black Hawk War, and in 1836 was ordered to Fla., where he gained an important victory over the Seminole Indians at Okechobee, for which he was appointed brigadier-general, and made com sition at Buena Vista, fought a desperate battle, and won a decided victory. This victory, against enormous odds, created the utmost enthusiasm, and Gen. T., popularly called "Old Rough and Ready," was nominated for President of the U. S. over Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Gen. Scott, and was triumphantly elected over Gen. Cass, the Democratic, and Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams, Free-soil candidates. On July 4, 1850, 16 months after his inauguration, he was attacked with bilious colic and died on the 9th. Taylor's The'orem, so called from its discoverer, Dr. BROOK TAYLOR, (q. v.,) is a general method for the algebraic development of a function of a quantity, x, in powers of its increment, h. Taze'well, (HENRY,) statesman; U. S. senator from Va 1794-99, presiding over the Senate 1794; b. 1753, d. 1809. Taze'well, (LITTLETON W.,) statesman; U. S. senator from Va. 1824-33; State governor 1834-36; b. 1774, d. 1860. Tchad, Lake, a large lake in North Africa, is bounded on the N. by the kingdom of Kanem, and on the S. by those of Baghirmi and Bornu. It is 200 m.-by some accounts upward of 300 m.-1., 140 m. w., and has an elevation of 800 ft. above sea-level. Tcha'o-Nai'man-Soo'me, or Dolon-Noor, a large, about an hour, or rather more, they are well dried, and their dirty, irregular town of Mongolia, celebrated among the Buddhists for its foundries of bells and idols. Tcherka'si, a town of Russia, in the Govt. of Kiev; pop. 14,433. Tcherkask, Staroi, (Old Tcherkask,) a town of South Russia, formerly the cap. of the country of the Cossacks of the Don, stands on the right bank of the Don, 12 m. S. of New Tcherkask, the present capital; pop. 15,000. Tcherni'gov, the name of a govt. of Russia; its area is 20,231 sq. m., pop. 2,321,900. Tcherni'gov, cap. of the govt. of the same name, contains educational institutions and several churches, one of which is 800 yrs. old; pop. 17,096. Tchook'tchees, a well-grown, vigorous people, variously estimated at from 6,000 to 13,000, of the same family as the Esquimaux, living in the N.-E. corner of Siberia. Tchoo'room, or Tcho'rum, a town of Turkey in Asia; pop. 76,000. Tea-plant. Tea, (Thea,) a genus of shrubs of the natural order Ternstræmiaceae, very nearly allied to the genus CAMELLIA, (q. v.,) and distinguished from it only by the not deciduous calyx, and by the dissepiments remaining connected in the center of the capsule after it opens. The genus seems to derive its importance entirely from a single species, the dried leaves of which are the T. of commerce, one of the most important articles of commerce in the world, and yielding the most esteemed and extensively used of all non-alcoholic beverages. This species, the T.-shrub or Chinese T., (T. Sinensis,) is 20 to 30 ft. h., but in a state of cultivation only 5 to 6 ft. h., with numerous branches and lanceolate leaves, which are 2 to 6 in. l. The flowers grow singly or two or three together in the axils of the leaves; they are rather large, white, and fragrant, with 5-parted calyx, six to nine petals, and many stamens. By cultivation for many centuries numerous varieties of this plant have been produced in China, some of which have been reckoned as distinct species, particularly T. viridis, formerly supposed to yield green T.; T. Bohea, formerly supposed to yield black T.; and T. stricta. Of these the first-named has the longest and the last has the shortest leaves. The Assam T., which has been called T. Assamensis, appears also to be a mere variety of the same species. The cultivation of T. in China is chiefly confined to the regions between N. lat. 24° to 35°, and E. long. 115° to 122°. T. for domestic use is, however, cultivated both in more S. and more N. regions. The plant is to be accounted subtropical, but bears a tropical climate well, and can also accommodate itself to cold winters. In the neighborhood of London it often endures all the frost of winter without protection. In few of the countries into which it has been introduced, however, is the flavor of the dried leaf such as it is in China. The use of T. is said to have been introduced into China itself from Corea about the 4th c. of the Christian era, and to have extended to Japan about the 9th c. The Chinese cultivate it chiefly on the S. slopes of hills. A new plantation is made by sowing the seed in holes at proper distances, two or three seeds being put into a hole to secure a plant. The first crop is obtained in the third yr., when the shrub is by no means full grown. When about seven yrs. old it yields only a scanty crop of hard leaves, and is cut down, when new shoots rise from the root and bear fine leaves in abundance. This is repeated from time to time, till the plant dies at about the age of 30 yrs. For a description of the specific processes for obtaining the green and the black Ts. generally, it is sufficient here to remark (1) that in the process of drying the leaves are roasted and scorched in such a way as necessarily to induce many chemical changes in them, the result of such changes being to produce the varieties of flavor, odor, and taste by which the different kinds of Ts. are distinguished; and (2) that the different colors of green and black Ts. are due to the mode in which the leaves are treated. For green Ts. the leaves are roasted in pans almost immediately after they are gathered. After about five minutes' roasting, during which they make a cracking noise, become moist and flaccid, and give out a good deal of vapor, they are placed on the rolling-table and rolled with the hands. They are then returned to the pans and kept in motion by the hands; in color, which is a dull green, but becomes brighter afterward, has become fixed. The essential part of the whole operation is now over, nothing more being required than to sift and re-fire it. For black Ts. the leaves are allowed to be spread out in the air for some time after they are gathered; they are then further tossed about till they become flaccid; they are next roasted for a few minutes and rolled, after which they are exposed to the air for a few hours in a soft and moist state; and, lastly, they are dried slowly over charcoal fires till the black color is fairly brought out. Hence the dark color and distinguishing flavor of black Ts. seem due to the long exposure to the atmosphere in the process of drying, and the oxygen of the air acting rapidly upon the juices of the leaf, and especially upon the astringent principle during this exposure. For the purpose of giving special scents to different varieties of T., numerous odoriferous plants are employed in different parts of China. The fol lowing are the principal kinds of T.: GREEN TS.-Chinese: (1) Gunpowder sorts-viz., Shanghai, Pingsuey or Pin'shead, Moyune, Imperial Moyune, and Canton; (2) Hyson sorts-viz., Shanghai, Shanghai young, Moyune, Moyune young, Canton young, and Twankay or Imperial Hyson. Japanese: Gunpowder and Young Hyson. Java: Gunpowder. BLACK Ts.-Chinese: (1) Congo sorts-viz., Canton, Foo-chow-foo, Hung-muey, Oopack, Kaison, and Oonam; (2) Pekoe sorts-viz., Plain Orange, Foo-chow, Scented Orange, Canton Scented Orange, and Flowery Pekoe, Oolong, and Souchong. Assam: Congo, Orange, Pekoe, and Souchong. Java: Congo and Imperial. The latter is made up into little balls about the size of a pea, and is rather rare. The use of the infusion of the leaves of T. as a beverage is general in the S.-E. parts of Asia, and has become prevalent also among the British-at home, and in all their colonies-the Americans, and the Dutch. In Scandinavia T. is also much used by all who can afford it. In other parts of Europe the use of T. is much less general, and is chiefly confined to maritime districts, towns, and the wealthy. The importation of T. overland through Russia is inconsiderable, and the sea trade is chiefly to Britain and N. Am. Much has been written regarding the dietetic and medical uses of T. While some physicians have over-praised its value, others have regarded it as the source of numerous diseases, especially of the nervous system. Old and infirm persons usually derive more benefit and personal comfort from T. than from any other corresponding beverage. In fevers T., in the form of a cold, weak infusion, is often of great service. In persons of a gouty and rheumatic tendency, and especially in such as are of the lithic acid diathesis, weak T., taken without sugar and with very little milk, is the best form of ordinary drink. In some forms of diseased heart T. proves a useful sedative, while in other cases it is positively injurious; a cup of strong green T., especially if taken without sugar or milk, will often remove a severe nerv. ous headache. It is nearly as powerful an antidote in cases of opium-poisoning as coffee; and very strong T. has been the means of preserving life in cases of poisoning by tartar emetic, the tannin being in these cases the active agent. It is impossible to speak too strongly against the habit occasionally adopted by students of keeping off their natural sleep by the frequent use of strong T. The persistent adoption of such a habit is certain to lead to the utter destruction of both bodily and mental vigor. Tea, Paraguay. See MATÉ. Teak, the name of two kinds of timber, valuable for ship. building and other purposes, one of which is known as Indian T., and the other as African T. The trees which produce them belong to very different orders. Indian T. (Tectona grandis) is a tree of the natural order Verbenaceae. It is found Tecum'seh, a Shawnee chief who was engaged in continual warfare with the early settlers of the West, b. 1770; organized a confederacy of the Western Indians, whose forces, under the command of his brother, "The Prophet," were defeated by Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe, 1811; became an ally of the British in the War of 1812, and was made a brigadier-general; killed in battle 1813. In the mountainous parts of Malabar and elsewhere in Hin-1 ft. in 1., and was in former times an object of superstitious dustan, and in the Eastern Pendread. insula, Ceylon, Java, etc. It has been introduced in some parts of India, in which it is not indigenous. Dr. Roxburgh introduced it in the low grounds of the Circars as early as 1790. It has been planted in some parts of Ceylon, but not yet with much result, as it takes 60 or 80 yrs. to grow to a large size. African T., sometimes called African Oak, is a timber similar to East Indian T. It is now believed to be the produce of Oldfieldia Africana, a Branch of Teak-tree. tree of the natural order Euphorbiacea; but the leaves of many different trees have been brought to botanists as those of the African T. Teal, (Querquedula,) a genus of ducks (Anatidae) with very slightly lobed hind-toe, narrow bill, as long as the head, the sides nearly parallel, or widening a little at the end, the wings pointed, the tail moderately large and wedgeshaped. Some naturalists divide the genus into twoNettion, in which the bill has parallel sides and a small nail at the tip; and Querquedula, in which it is widened and has a larger nail. The species are numerous, the smallest of the ducks, and widely distributed over the world. They generally frequent rivers and lakes, feeding principally at night on aquatic insects, worms, mollusks, seeds, etc. The Common T. (Q. or N. crecca) is plentiful in Britain and in most parts of Europe. It is occasionally but rarely seen in N. Am. Its whole 1. is about 14 in. Tears, a secretion of the lachrymal gland, intended to assist in moistening and lubricating the eye-ball. In the human species T. are an indication of grief, and it is said that some of the lower animals possess the same peculiarity. Certain strong smelling plants possess the property of exciting T. Tea'sel, (Dipsacus,) a genus of plants of the natural order Dipsacea or Dipsacaceae. This order consists of herbaceous and halfshrubby exogenous plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and flowers In heads or whorls, surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. About 150 species are known, natives of the temperate parts of the Old World. In the genus Dipsacus the flowers are separated from each other by long, stiff, prickle-pointed bracts. Tebes'sa, an Algerine town, containing many interesting ruins; pop. 15,000. Te De'um, (Te Deum laudamus, Te Dominum confitemur,) a well-known hymn (so-called from its first words) of the R. C. Church, sung on all occasions of triumph and thanksgiving, and a theme upon which the most celebrated composers have from time immemorial exercised their musical genius. The hymn is one of the most simple and at the same time the most solemn and majestic in the whole range of hymnology of the R. C. Church. Its authorship is uncertain. An ancient chronicle (long posterior, however, to the supposed date of the composition of this hymn, and otherwise destitute of authority) describes the T. D. as the joint production of St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, into which they both burst forth by a common inspiration on occasion of the baptism of Augustine. From this supposed origin the T. D. is commonly called the Ambrosian Hymn. Its use is very ancient. It is universally admired by Protestants as well as Roman Catholics, and exhibits none of the peculiarities of R. C. theology. Ted'la, a town of Morocco, engaged in the manufacture and export of fine woolens and shawls; pop. 11,000. Ted'si, an agricultural and trading town of Morocco; pop. 12,000. Tees, a river in the N. of England, is 90 m. 1., flows E., forming the boundaries between the counties of DURHAM (q. v.) and YORK, (q. v.,) and falls into the North Sea 10 m. below Stockton, to which town it is navigable for vessels of 60 tons burden. a Teeth. a, a, incisors; b, ca. nine cuspid, or dog tooth; c, c, bicus pids; d, d, d, molars, or great molars. Teeth, The. Hard bodies attached to the mouth or commencement of the alimentary canal, partially exposed when developed. True T. consist of two tissues, differing in their chemical composition and in their microscopical appearance. "Dentine" forms the body of the tooth, and the "enamel " is the smooth, hard substance which covers the crown or visible part of the tooth, overlying the dentine. The dentine, which is divided by Prof. Owen into hard or true dentine, vaso-dentine, and osteodentine, consists, according to that physiologist, of an organized animal basis, disposed in the form of extremely minute tubes and cells, and of earthy particles; these earthy or calcareous particles being either blended with the animal matter of the interspaces and walls of the tubes and cells, or contained in a minutely divided state in their cavities. The tubes and cells contain, beside the calcareous particles, a colorless fluid, which is probably transuded blood plasma, or liquor sanguinis, and contributes to the nutrition of the dentine. In hard or true dentine the dentinal tubes proceed from the hollow of the tooth known as the pulp cavity, in a slightly wavy course, nearly at right angles to the outer surface. The hard substance of the tooth is thus arranged in hollow columns, perpendicular to the plane of pressure, and a certain elasticity results from these curves; they are upright where the grinding surface of the crown receives the appulse of the opposing tooth, and are horizontal where they have to resist the pressure of contiguous T. The enamel is the hardest of all the animal tissues, and contains no less than 96.4 per cent. of earthy matter, (mainly phosphate of lime,) while dentine contains only 72 per cent., and cement and ordinary bone only 69 per cent. of earthy matter. The formula expressing the number of the different kinds of T.-viz., the incisors or cutting T.; the canines or dog T., the premolars, and the molars or true grinders-commonly known as the dental formula, is described in the article DENTITION, in which the milk or deciduous T., and the order in which they appear, Tectibranchia'ta, an order of gasteropodous mollusks, are also described. The experiment of substituting sound for having the gills arranged only on one side, resembling pinnat- decayed T. in the human jaw has been successfully accomifid leaves, and covered by the mantle and a small shell. plished, both by extracting and after a certain time re-insertThe T. feed mostly on sea-weeds, but some of them also eating, and by drawing from one mouth and inserting in another. animal substances. To this order belongs the SEA-HARE (q. v.) The accompanying disturbances were entirely local, and but of the Mediterranean, (Aplysia depilans,) which is sometimes slight and temporary, the healing process becoming complete Common Teasel. Têche Bayou, a tract of shallow water and uncovered flats, forming one of the ricnest sugar regions of La., was once the lower portion of the Red River, extending from the Bayou Courtableau to the Gulf of Mexico. Technology, (Gr. techne, "art;" logos, "discourse," the name given to the science or systematic knowledge of the industrial arts. In its widest sense it would embrace the whole field of industry, but it is restricted in usage to the more important manufactures, (spinning, weaving, metallurgy, brewing, etc.) T. is not an independent science, having a set of doctrines of its own, but consists of applications of the principles established in the various physical sciences (chemistry, mechanics, mineralogy, etc.) to manufacturing processes. Teck, a mediæval duchy in Suabia, transferred in the 11th c. to the House of Hapsburg, and thence in the 14th c. to the dukes of Würtemburg. The ruins of the old castle of T. are still in existence. |
