in from 10 to 14 days. It is said, on the authority of Magi- the fact that the earth and intervening bodies of water may lot, a French physician who succeeded in 57 out of 62 opera- be employed as part of an electric circuit, were among the tions, that the age of the patient has little effect on the re-most important steps which gradually led to the completion. sult, and that T. of every kind may be drawn and replaced. Tefft, (BENJAMIN F., D.D., LL.D.,) an Amer. man of letters and a minister of the M. E. Church, b. in N. Y. 1813; Pres. of Genesee Coll. 1851-54; was U. S. consul and acting minister at Stockholm 1862. D. 1885. of the present system of telegraphy. There are now, ac cording to the latest statistics of the various countries, 492,573 m. of line in operation in the world, using 1,007,196 m. of wire. The leading principle in the Morse and other allied instruments is that, by the depression of a key or other method, an electric circuit is "closed" or completed, and a Tef'sa, Tadla, or Ted'la, a town of Morocco, 135 m. N.-E. of the city of that name, stands in the fertile, well-signal is transmitted along the wire to the distant station, peopled district of Tadla, on the banks of the Um-er-Beg; pop. 10,500. Tege'a, a town of ancient Greece, destroyed by Alaric, 400 A.D., of which remains are still found. Teg'ner, (ESAJAS,) a Swedish poet of high reputation, was b. in 1782 at Kyrkerud, in the Swedish prov. of Wermland, d. 1846. His collective works were edited by his sonin-law, Prof. Böttiger, and published in six volumes. Tegucigalpa, the cap. of Honduras, Cent. Am. In the N.-W. of the dept. of which T. is the cap. is the mountain of Agalteca, a vast mass of pure magnetic ore. Pop. 12,000. Tehran', frequently spelled TEHERAN, is the cap. of Persia and of the prov. of Irak-Ajemi, 70 m. S. of the shore of the Caspian Sea; pop. 210,000. Teh'ri, a state in the Himalayas under English control; area 5,465 sq. m., pop. 200,000. T. contains sacred shrines at the sources of the Jumna. Tehuacan' de las Grana'das, a Mexican town, in the State of Puebla; pop. 6,000. Tehuantepec', a river port of the S. of Mexico, in the State of Oaxaca, and 10 m. above the mouth of the river Tehuantepec, in the bay also of that name; pop. 7,000. T. is on the line of the proposed Inter-Oceanic R.R. Te i'gitur, one of the service-books of the R. C. Church. It is properly but an extract from the Roman Missal, and contains the canon of the Mass and certain other portions of the Liturgy. where, on its arrival, it reproduces the signal by the action of an electro-magnet or otherwise. Electrically the Morse consists of a transmitting key and an electro-magnet and armature; while mechanically it consists of a lever, with circular wheel or disk attached to the armature, and a clockwork arrangement, by which the paper tape to be printed upon is carried forward under the disk. In the first Morse instruments the marks were made on the paper with a pointed style, (the instrument being thus known as the embosser;) but by the invention of the ink-writer, a form of register now much used in Europe and Asia, the legibility and permanence of the record are secured, besides the advantage that a very light current will serve to make the marks. The instrument most in use in the United States and Canada, as well as in India and to some extent in Europe, is the sounder, which is simply a Morse register stripped of all its parts except the electro-magnet, the lever, and the spring, the operator reading by the clicking sounds caused by the opening and breaking of the circuit. By this method the message is read and copied simultaneously, the speed of transmission is greatly increased, and experience has proven that the proportion of errors is much diminished. The "American Morse Alphabet," used in the United States and Canada, is as fol lows: Teign'mouth, a sea-port, market town, and favorite watering-place on the S. coast of Devonshire, Eng., on the N. F side of the estuary of the Teign; pop. 6,751. G H Teign'mouth, Lord, (JOHN SHORE,) Gov.-Gen. of India I 1793-97; president of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1794; J chief author of the code of laws for Bengal 1793, and first K president of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804-34; b. in England 1751, d. 1834. Teinds, the name given in the law of Scotland to tithes. In Scotland tithes were only paid from the produce of land or cattle. Tejada. See LERDO DE TEJADA. The "International Morse Alphabet" is used in all other parts of the world. The signals, as given below, are ar ranged in the groups, and accompanied by the mnemonic phrases adopted by the British Post-office when, in 1870, the transfer of the Ts. to the government rendered necessary the Tekeli, Count, (more properly Tokely,) (EMERIC,) a cele-rapid training of thousands of operators throughout the brated Hungarian patriot, b. at the castle of Kasmark, in the county of Zips, in 1656, d. 1705. Telamo'nes, statues employed as columns, to support a wall, cornice, etc. See CARYATIDES. Telau'tograph, an instrument invented by Prof. Elisha Gray for transmitting long-distance messages by telegraph in fac-simile handwriting of the sender. Tel'edu, (Mydaus meliceps,) a quadruped of the weasel family, (Mustelide,) a native of the mountains of Java at an elevation of 7,000 ft. and upward; remarkable, like the skunk of Am., for the excessive fetor of a volatile secretion. Teledu. Tel'egram, a communication sent by telegraph. This word, which was coined some years ago by a writer in the London Times newspaper, was objected to at the time by Greek scholars as a barbarous formation. According to the law of Greek compounds grapho, compounded with any thing but a preposition, becomes grapheo; therefore, with tele, it would be telegrapheo, the noun from which would be telegraphēma. Tel'egraph, an apparatus or process for the rapid communication of intelligence between distant points, especially by means of electro-magnetism. The invention of the electric T., as now used in all parts of the world, is due to Samuel F. B. Morse, who, in 1832, during a homeward voyage from France to New York, conceived the idea of writing upon a distant strip of moving paper by means of a pencil worked by an electro-magnet and a single conducting circuit, and who in 1844 completed the first line between Washington and Baltimore, and transmitted the first message May 27 of that year. The invention of the Leyden jar, and the discovery of kingdom: Group 1. E, Earwigs I, infest Group 3. A. A Group 2. Ch, cheerful. Group 4. N, No W, wet D, difficulty J. jacket's B, battles Each figure is represented by five signals, but on busy cir cuits expert clerks adopt the practice of "sending short,* omitting all after the first dash in the figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, and all before the last dash in 7, 8, 9, and 0. It is stated that Prof. Morse founded his alphabet upon information given him by his brother, a journalist, as to the numerical relation of the letters in the English alphabet, the simplest signal (a dot) being given to E, and the next simplest (a dash) to T, those letters occurring most frequently in our language. The international alphabet is considered preferable, as it contains no spaced letters, which sometimes give rise to errors in reading. The process of transmitting more than one communication at the same time over the same line, known as the duplex" method, was first introduced sion by Aristotle. The idea of an end entered into the in the U. S., and afterward in Europe, by J. B. Stearns, of Aristotelian conception of physical science, but more propMass., who made his first successful experiment in 1852. erly into ethical science or morality. All the ancient systems The "quadruplex " method was invented by T. A. Edison, of morality, from Socrates downward, correctly regarded it 1874. Subsequent improvements have been made, and as a practical science. John Stuart Mill, in his Logic, adopts the multiple process, in one form and another, is now exten- the ancient point of view, and observes that there should be a sively used, by means of which the working capacity of science of ends, or a reasoned statement of the final purthe lines is increased at least 25 per cent. An automatic pose of all human action; for this science he suggests the T., in which the message was transmitted from a strip name T., remarking that it corresponds to what the Gerof paper punched with holes representing the letters, mans call the practical reason. There would be comprewas invented in 1846 by Alexander Bain, of Scotland, and hended under it the art of living for happiness, taste for the afterward improved by Siemens, of Berlin; Humaston, of beautiful, morality, and politics. This is in keeping with Conn.; and Wheatstone, of England. The autographic proc- Aristotle's employment of the word in physics. When a ess, transmitting a fac-simile of the original dispatch, was natural philosopher assigns the purpose or end of any natfirst brought out in 1848 by F. C. Bakewell, of London, and ural arrangement, as the offensive or defensive weapons of improved by Abbé Casselli, of Florence; Le oir and Meyer, an animal, he is said to give a teleological explanation. of France; and Sawyer, of Washington, D. C. The printing T., for recording messages in Roman characters, was first Sections of Submarine Telegraph Cable. Teleosau'rus, a genus of fossil crocodiles, the remains of which occur in the Oolitic rocks. They are found associated with marine fossils, and the peculiar modification of their skeleton seems to have specially fitted them for an aquatic life. Both surfaces of the vertebrae were slightly concave, the hind legs were large and strong, and the anterior portion of the body gradually tapered into the long and slender jaws. The jaws were armed with numerous teeth, slightly recurved. Twenty species have been described. Teleosts, a sub-class of fishes characterized by the ossified condition of the skeleton, and therefore embracing the great majority of living species, such as the trout, cod, merring, etc. Tel'ephone, an instrument by means of which speaking communication, in an ordinary tone of voice, can be maintained with equal facility between persons separated from each other by a few feet or by many miles, invented and patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. The essential suggested by Alfred Vail, of N. J., in 1837, the first model being made by Wheatstone, 1841. Variou modifications of this instrument by different inventors are now in use for transmitting private dispatches and for the reporting of commercial and financial fluctuations. The first submarine T. was a copper wire insulated with pitch and tar, and laid across the Hooghly, at Calcutta, in 1839. An iron wire, insulated with gutta-percha, was laid across a creek at Newark, N. J., in 1847, and a similarly insulated cable was laid between New York and Jersey City, 1848. The following list includes the principal river, sea, and ocean T. cables to date: 1851, Dover to Calais; 1852, Holyhead to Howth; 1852, Portpatrick to Donaghadee; 1853 and 1855, Orfordness to Holland, (four cables ;) 1854, Sweden to Denmark; 1854, Corsica to Sardinia; 1854, Holyhead to Howth; 1855, Italy to Sicily; 1855, Varna to Balaklava, Balaklava to Eupatoria; 1855, Sardinia to Africa; 1856, Newfoundland to Cape Breton; 1856, Prince Edward's Island to New Brunswick; 1857, Norway across Fiords; 1857, across the mouth of the Danube; 1857, across rivers in India and Ceylon; 1857, Varna to Constantinople; 1857, Sardinia to Bona; 1857, Sardinia to Corfu; 1858, Italy to Sicily; 1858, England to Holland; 1858, England to Hanover; 1858, Dardanelles to Scio; 1858, England to the Channel Islands; 1858, Ireland to Newfoundland; 1859, England to Heligoland and Denmark; 1859, Scio to Smyrna; 1859, Syra to Athens; 1859, Sweden to Gothland; 1859, Folkestone to Boulogne; 1859, Malta to Sicily; 1859, South Australia to Tasmania; 1859, Singapore to Batavia; 1859, Spain to Africa; 1859, England to the Isle of Man; 1859, Suez to Aden; 1859, Liverpool to Holyhead; 1859, Syra to Candia; 1859, Candia to Alexandria; 1860, Aden to Kurrachee; 1860, France to Algiers; 1860, Barcelona to Majorca; 1860, Minorca to Majorca; 1861, Otranto to Corfu; 1861, Toulon to Corsica; 1861, Malta to Alexandria; 1861, Beachy Head to Dieppe; 1862, Pembroke to Wexford; 1862, Lowestoft to Holland; 1863, Sardinia to Sicily; 1864, Carthagena to Oran; 1864, Bassora to Kurrachee; 1865, Atlantic, (1,100 m. immersed, recovered in 1868;) 1866, Atlantic; 1884, Mackay-Bennett Atlantic cable; 1890, Newfoundland to Bermuda; 1892, Florida to Bahamas; 1896, U. S. to Hayti. See ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH, ELECTRICITY, and WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. Telem ́achus, in Myth., son of Odysseus and Penelope, was an infant when his father left home to join the war against Troy, but during the latter's absence of about 20 yrs. grew into manhood. After having vainly endeavored to eject his mother's troublesome suitors from the house he set out in search of his sire. Returning, he found his father in the guise of a beggar. After mutual recognition father and son proceeded to slay the suitors. Teleoceph'ali, an order of fishes which takes the first 66 The Telephone in Use. features of the T. are a thin disk or diaphragm of iron, ja panned for the prevention of rust, and a powerful permanent magnet, with a soft iron core at one end, which is surrounded by a coil of fine insulated wire. The diaphragm is clamped at its edges between two surfaces of hard rubber, and the magnet is so placed, in relation to the diaphragm, that the end of the soft iron core comes within 8 in. from the disk, or as near as it can be placed without coming into actual contact when the disk is vibrated by the voice. The disk, coil, and magnet are inclosed in a hard rubber case of a convenient shape for holding in the hand, which, on the disk end, is open in the shape of a wide funnel for a mouth-piece. The two ends of the coil are carried along the inside of the handle, and terminate in binding screws by means of which the line wires or call-bell can be connected. The operation slab consists of 13 others. The reptilian nature of this fosof the T. is as follows: When a person speaks into the mouth- sil is evident. piece the diaphragm is caused to vibrate with a considerable Tel'escope, an optical instrument to assist the naked eye in examining distant objects. It does this in two ways-by magnifying the apparent angular dimensions of the object, and by collecting more light than the pupil of the eye could alone do to form the image on the retina. One point should be noted that is often misunderstood. If any object is large enough to be seen distinctly as a surface by the naked eye it cannot be made to appear any brighter in a T.; in fact, it will always be fainter on account of the loss of light by reflection and absorption in the object-glass and eye-piece. If, however, the object is faint and rather small to the naked eye, like a distant clock-face in the twilight, it can be read more easily in a T. This is not because the T. makes the face brighter and more distinct, but because the enlarged image is spread over much more of the surface of the retina, and details can be more easily made out. If the person should approach the clock-face till it subtended the same angular dimensions as its image in the T. he could read it more distinctly; and it would appear more brightly illuminated than in the T. at the first distance, provided he shielded his eyes from surrounding stray light, which is another way in which the T. sometimes helps in seeing faint objects. If, however, the sources of light examined are from points, like the apparent images of a star, which remain practically points under all magnifying powers, then these images will appear more and more bright the larger the aperture of the T., provided the whole of the emergent pencil of rays from the object-glass enters the pupil of the eye. With large Ts. and low magnifying powers the emergent pencils are generally too large for this. Essential Parts.-The essential parts degree of force; as it vibrates it approaches and recedes from the coil of wire surrounding the magnet, and produces in it electric impulses which flow along the wire, and, passing through the coil of the distant T., cause its diaphragm to vibrate in precisely the same manner as the disk of the transmitting T., and consequently to reproduce the same sounds. A simple instrument of this kind, which is known as the "magneto" T., at each end of an ordinary line furnishes all the absolutely essential facilities for speaking communication between the two points thus connected. The magneto T., as above described, does not need any battery to operate it, and in ordinary cases answers every purpose; but for easy and rapid communication in noisy places, over lines where there is much induction, or over long lines, a more powerful form of T., known as the "Microphone," should be used. The above illustration represents a station fitted with a magneto call-bell, a T., and a microphone with its battery, and shows the mode of making connections between these instruments. The microphone has a metallic disk similar to that in the T., carrying a carbon and platinum contact point, which are in circuit with a small battery and induction coil. Its operation is similar in principle to that of the T. previously described, but it transmits the sounds made by the human voice much more loudly and distinctly than the ordinary T. It will transmit the faintest whisper with perfect distinctness, and by its aid conversation between distant points can be carried on. The longest T. now in use is between Bangor, Me., and Marinette, Wis. Teleph'orus, a genus of coleopterous insects of the suborder Pentamera, and section Serricornes. The body is long, narrow, depressed, soft, and somewhat flexible. The species are numerous, and abound chiefly in meadows and pastures. The larvæ dwell in moist earth, and devour insects and larvæ. Teler'peton, a remarkable genus of fossil reptiles, the relics of which have been found in fine-grained whitish sandstone quarried at Cummingston, Eng. A single specimen is all that as yet has been detected. It exhibits the skeleton complete, with the exception of the termination of the tail, but the bones have disappeared and left only the casts as dark-colored cavities in the pale-gray rock. There were 26 vertebræ between the skull and the sacrum, the two of a T. are (1) either a concave mirror or a system of sacral vertebræ, and the portion of the tail preserved on the lenses, called the objective, for bringing to a point in the focal plane the cone of rays which proceeds from each point much shorter. The relative merits of reflectors and refract. ors have formed a large topic for discussion, and can only be summarized here in the briefest way. Reflectors are cheaper, easier to construct, and are perfectly achromatized, (see ACHROMATIC,) so that they are equally good for optical, photographic, and spectroscopic work. Here their superiority ends. They are awkward to handle and use, their reflecting power constantly diminishes by tarnish so that they must be frequently repolished or resilvered, they require more accurate figuring at first, (imperfections of this kind make three times as much distortion of the image as the same imper. fection on the surface of the lens,) they do not give so much The Eye-end of the Lick Telescope, showing mechanism for working same. server at the eye-piece has the whole instrument under his con- | light for the same aperture, even in their best reflecting con. trol, and works as he would at a microscope, having, more- dition, and, most important of all, any distortion through over, this end inclosed in a warmed room built round the eye- flexure-they are very heavy-or through local effects of piece end if he so desires. Reflectors and Refractors.-temperature, causes almost infinitely more distortion in the Two principal forms of astronomical T. are in use to-day, re-images than the same degree of flexure or distortion of a lens ; flectors and refractors. In the first the rays are brought to a for when a lens bends, one side becomes more convex and focus by falling on a concave mirror, in the second by pass- the other more concave, and these nearly counterbalance each ing through a system of lenses. In this connection it is other, while the effect of bending or distorting a mirror is to worth noting that in French the word telescope generally refers deflect the rays just twice the whole amount. This is why a to reflectors, lunette denoting refractors. Although refract- reflector has to be humored and handled in the most careful ors were first invented, no very important astronomical dis- manner, and special precautions taken in the mounting and coveries were made, as we look at telescopic discoveries to- support of the mirror; while a refractor, once finished, can day, till the invention and use of reflectors by Herschel. be abused, neglected, banged about, so long as the lenses are His remarkable skill both in the construction and use of not cracked or pinched in their cell, and roughly used gen. these instruments made an epoch in the history of astronom-erally, and still it will give better definition than the average ical discovery. There are several forms of reflectors, the reflector. Nevertheless, any one who has the time, skill, and Herschelian, in which the mirror is tipped a little in the patience to make his own mirrors, re-silver them himself, and tube, so that the rays are brought to a focus at the upper end study all their peculiarities and humors will sometimes be near one side, the observer looking down the tube; the New- able to produce results, especially in photography, that have tonian, in which a small plane mirror is introduced at an an- as yet hardly been obtained by refractors; and an astrongle of 45°, and reflects the beam out at the side of the tube; omer who has this degree of ability and skill can work either and the Gregorian, or Cassegranian, in which the large mir optically, spectroscopically, or photographically equally well ror is pierced in the center and the rays are reflected back in the same focal plane of the mirror for all kinds of work. through it from a second flat, concave, or convex mirror part A refractor corrected for optical work cannot be used with way up the tube. In the first two forms the observer must good results for photography unless a third lens is attached work in an awkward position at the top of the T.; in the lat-in front of the objective, or one of the lenses of the objectter he works at the bottom, as in a refractor, and the T. is ive turned over and their distance changed; and, with any constructed by Clark & Sons for the University of Southern construction whatever in a refractor, the spectroscope must A refractor one meter (nearly 40 in.) in aperture has been Tel'fair, (EDWARD,) statesman; member of the Continental Congress 1778 and 1780-83; Gov. of Ga. 1786 and 1790-93; b. in Scotland 1735, d. at Savannah 1818. Tel'ford, (THOMAS,) an eminent engineer, b. in Westkirk, Eng., 1757. Some of his works are the two bridges over the Severn, a large number of minor bridges, the Ellesmere Canal, the Gotha Canal, the road from London to Holyhead, includ ing the erection of numerous bridges, and the St. Katha rine's Docks in London. D. 1834. Tell, a district in the extreme N.-W. of Africa, compre hending the corn-growing tracts extending S. from the Mediterranean to the Atlas Mountains, and from W. to E. through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis. Tell, (WILLIAM,) was, according to Swiss tradition, a pa triot who, in the 14th c., rescued his native district from the tyranny of the House of Austria. The version of his story which has found the widest currency is the following: In the beginning of the 14th c., Albert I. of Austria was striving to annex the three Waldstädte, Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, to his family estates. Hermann Gessler, his bailiff, (or landvogt,) lived at the castle of Kussnacht, and perpetrated on the people of the district the most atrocious cruelties. A league was formed of the principal men of the Wäldstadte to resist the Austrian pretensions, and to it belonged Walter Fürst and William T., his son-in-law. Among other acts of tyranny Gessler placed the ducal hat of Austria on the top of a long pole erected in the market-place of Altorf, and gave orders that no one should pass without uncovering his head. T. and his little boy one day took no notice of the hat, and were at once dragged before Gessler. He, hearing that T. enjoyed a great reputation as a cross-bowman, resolved to make his skill a means of punishing him. He was ordered to shoot an apple from his son's head, and told that if he missed it he should die. To the amazement of all present he hit the apple without injuring the child. Afterward, in revenge, T. shot Gessler through the heart. This was followed by the great Swiss war with Austria, in which, how. ever, T. took no prominent part. T. was drowned in 1350. Tel'ler, (HENRY M.,) statesman, b. in New York, May 28, 1830; was the first U. S. senator from Col. 1876-82; Sec. of the Interior 1882-85; U. S. senator 1885-1903. Tellez, (BALTHAZAR,) b. in Portugal 1597; became provincial of the Order of Jesuits in Portugal, and was a leading educator at Lisbon, Braga, Coimbra, and Evora, and author of a very exact and copious history of Abyssinia; d. 1675. Tellez, (GABRIEL,) better known by his literary pseu donym of Tirso de Molina, a Span. dramatist, was b. at Madrid in 1585, became a monk in 1620, and d. in 1648. Besides Cigarrales de Toledo (1621) he wrote several Interludes, a great number of Autos Sacramentales, an Acto de Contricion en Verso, and a Genealogia de los Condes de Sástago. Telliche'ry, a sea-port town and military station of Brit ish India, in the district of Malabar; pop. 20,504. Tellin'idæ, a family of lamellibranchiate mollusks, hav. ing the mantle widely open in front; the foot tongue-shaped; the siphons separate, long, and slender; the shell usually equivalve and shutting close, the hinge toothed. The species are very numerous, and are found in almost all seas, living in sand or sandy mud. The fossil species are also numerous, 1 L |