sented as dwelling in Ts., probably much the same as the modern Arab Ts., which are large structures, very rude in form, covering a considerable space of ground, but of small height. Among the Nineveh sculptures is a representation of the T. of King Sennacherib, which, like modern Ts., was supported by ropes. The early Greek, and afterward the Macedonian, Ts. were small coverings of skins, under each of which two soldiers slept. The Roman soldiers seem to have used two sorts of Ts.-one, a T. proper, of canvas or some analogous material, and constructed with two solid upright poles, and a roof-piece between them; the other, more resembling a light hut, of a wooden skeleton, covered by bark, hides, mud, straw, or any material which afforded warmth. In Persia there are many tribes who pass their whole time in Ts., which they have brought to considerable perfection. They make them nearly hemispherical, with a wooden framework and covered with felt, while worked hangings close the aperture. The Chinese lower orders make them ordinarily of matting. Modern military Ts. are all made of linen or cotton canvas, supported by one or more poles according to shape, and held extended by pegs driven into the ground. Tentac'ulites, a genus of obscure annulated tapering shells, found abundantly in some strata of Silurian age. They are generally referred to annelids, but the structure of the shell seems to exhibit greater affinities to recent pteropodous mollusks. Ten'terden, an old and picturesque town in the Weald of Kent, Eng.; pop. 3,669. Ten'terden, Lord, (CHARLES ABBOTT,) an Eng. lawyer, b. at Canterbury in 1762. In 1795 he was called to the bar. He joined the Oxford circuit and soon rapidly acquired a large business. He published, in 1802, his treatise On Merchant Ships and Seamen. In 1818 he was knighted, and chosen Chief-Justice of the King's Bench. D. 1832. Tenuiros'tres, a tribe or sub-order of birds of the order Insessores, characterized by a lengthened slender bill, which is sometimes straight, sometimes curved. Some of them feed on insects, some chiefly on the honey of flowers. To this tribe belong the creepers (Certhiada) and humming-birds, (Trochilide.) The promerops, or sun-birds, are a subfamily of T. a Tenuirostres. a, Head of fork-tailed beeeater; nut Ten'ure of Land, in England, was an accompaniment or immediate consequence of the FEUDAL SYSTEM hatch; c, kingfisher. b, European (q. v.) established during the Middle Ages throughout the greater part of Europe. The term denoted the manner of holding lands of a superior. In modern acceptation it has a more general reference to any particular manner of holding real estate, as by ownership, by courtesy, by lease, and the like. Teocal'li, ("House of God,") the name given to the temples of the aborigines of Mexico, of which many still remain in a more or less perfect state. They were built in the form of four-sided pyramids, and consisted for the most part of two, three, or more stories or terraces, with the temple, properly so-called, placed on a platform on the summit. The largest and most celebrated is the pyramid of Cholula, measuring 1,440 ft. each way, and 177 in h. Te'os, an Ionian city of Asia Minor, producing a celebrated wine and containing a splendid temple dedicated to Bacchus. Its ruins are found near the present village of Sighajik. Tephro'sia, a genus of herbs, (ordinary Leguminaceae,) papilionaceous, shrubby, and covered with a gray silky down; found mostly in tropical regions. T. toxicaria is a strong vegetable poison. Tera'mo, anc. Interamna, a town of southern Italy, in the prov. of the same name, at the junction of the Tordina and Vezzola; pop. 10,000; of the province, 246,004. Ter'aphim, (Heb. plural,) a word of uncertain derivation, (connected by some with Serapis,) denoting certain images, idols, or household gods occurring in the O. T. which were consulted as oracles, and probably even worshiped to a certain extent. Many explanations have been given of the nature of the T. by different scholars. A vague but generally prevailing notion is that of their having been a kind of as Tephrosia toxicaria. trological automata, which could be made to move and to ut ter certain sounds. Terashi'ma Müneuo'ri, a member of the Japanese embassy which visited Am. in 1861; spent two yrs. in England, occupied important governmental positions, and in 1873 became minister of foreign affairs; b. in Satsuma 1830. Teratology, (Gr. terata, "wonders," or "monsters,") a term used in Physiology as synonymous with the history of monstrosities or anomalous formations. Terbium, a very rare metal, whose oxide, Terbia, is found in association with the rare earth yttria, the oxide of yttrium. Ter burg, (GERAARD,) a Dutch painter, was b. in 1608. His most famous piece is a picture containing portraits of the 69 plenipotentiaries who drew up the Treaty of Westphalia. D. 1681. Terce, (Lat. tertius, "third,") one of the "Lesser Hours" of the Roman Breviary, so called from the time of the day for which it is fixed. Tercei'ra, one of the Azore Islands, and the second in size of that group, forms one of the central cluster, and lies E. from San Jorge; area 220 sq. m., pop. about 45,000. The chief town of the island is Angra, the cap., (pop. 18,000,) in the fort of which reside the governor and bishop of the Azores. Ter'ebinth, or Tur'pentine Tree, an Old World tree which produces the valuable Chian turpentine, and is noted for its great height and extreme longevity. Terebran'tia, a section of the insect order Hymenoptera, distinguished by the females having an ovipositor. To this section belong saw-flies, (Tenthredinida,) gall-insects, etc. Terebrat'ula, a genus of deep-sea Brachiopoda. The animal is attached to the shell by a pedicle, and the brachial disk is 3lobed, the center lobe being elongated and spirally convoluted. The shell is smooth, with a truncated, perforated beak, the foramen being circular. The shelly loop is very short and simple. The shell of this genus and some of its allies is covered with minute quincuncial perforations, sometimes visible to the naked eye, but usually requiring a lens of a low power to distinguish them. a, b, Terebratulæ. Tere'do, a genus of lamellibranchiate mollusks of the family Pholadida; very much elongated, and worm-shaped; the mouth very delicate, open in front and its lower part, for the passage of the short foot; the shell rather thick, equivalve, destitute of hinge, gaping at both ends. The species are rather numerous, and are generally known by the name of Ship-worm or Pile-worm, because they perforate and live in timber. Its growth is very rapid, and its ravages are often terrible. A piece of deal has been found riddled by ship-worms after 40 days' immer. sion. Ships, piles, and all submarine wood-work are destroyed by it. Terek', one of the largest streams of the Caucasus, rises near the lofty Mount Kasbec, flows N.-W. until, reaching Kisliar, it divides into numerous branches, which form a delta 70 m. w. and 50 m. 1., and falls into the Caspian Sea. It is not navigable. Total 1. about 350 m. Teren'tius A'fer, (PUBLIUS,) the comic poet, was b. at Carthage 195 B.C. By birth or purchase he became the slave of the Roman senator P. Terentius Lucanus, who educated him highly, and finally manumitted him. D. about 159 B.C. Six comedies are extant under the name of T., which are, perhaps, all he produced, viz., "Andria," "Hecyra," "Heauton-timoroumenos," "Eunuchus," "Phormio," and 'Adelphi." His plays have an educational value as dividing, with the works of Cicero and Cæsar, the honor of being written in the purest Latin. 66 Tere'sa, Saint, one of the most remarkable of the female saints of the modern Roman calendar, b. at Avilla, in Old Castile, 1515, was the daughter of Alphonso, of the noble house of Sanchez de Ceyeda. In her 18th yr. she entered a convent of the Carmelite order in her native city, where she continued to reside for nearly 30 yrs. The most notable fruit of the enthusiastic spirituality of T. is the reform of the Carmelite order, of which she became the instrument. T. d. in 1582, and was canonized in 1621. She left a number of works, which have at all times maintained a high reputation among the spiritualists of her own Church. Ter'govist, the former cap. of Wallachia, noted for its glass-works; pop. 2,600. Louviers and Sedan, naturalized Thibetan goats in France, and made shawls in imitation of the Indian ones, known as cachemires-Ternaux. He became a deputy in 1818, was reelected in 1827, and was one of the 221 deputies whose decided stand against the government brought about the revolution of July, 1830. Ternaux, (HENRI,) nephew of the foregoing, Fr. author, known as Ternaux-Campans, b. 1807, d. 1864. His works inInclude two series, in 10 volumes each, of Voyages, relations et mémoires, from inedited Spanish MSS., relating to the dis covery and conquest of Am., and Bibliothèque Américaine. Ternay, de, (CHARLES LOUIS D'ARSAC,) Gov. of the island of Bourbon 1772-79; commanded the French fleet sent to the U. S. 1780; b. 1722, d. 1780. Ter hune, (MARY VIRGINIA,) an Amer. novelist and miscellaneous writer, better known by her pen-name of "Marion Harland," and whose maiden name was Hawes, was b. in Va. 1835; commenced to write at a very early age; her first story was accepted by Godey's Lady's Book when she was only 16; in 1854 she published Alone, which at once created a sensation; and in 1855 she produced The Hidden Path. 1856 she was married to Rev. Edward P. Terhune. In 1857 her Moss-Side appeared, and this was followed in rapid, succession by Nemesis, Husks, Husbands and Homes, Sunnybank and Christmas Holly, Ruby's Husband, Phemie's Temptation, At Last, The Empty Heart, Jessamine, Handicapped, A Gallant Fight. Besides her novels "Marion Harland" has been noted for her counsel to housekeepers. Her Common Sense in the Household had an immediate success. Kindred works have come from her pen, comprising Breakfast, Luncheon, and Tea, The Dinner Year Book, The Cottage Kitchen, and Cookery for Beginners. Terliz'zi, a town of Italy, in the prov. of Bari, 8 m. from the Adriatic; pop. about 19,000. Term, in legal phrase, has several meanings, but that best known is when it denotes certain days of the year for calculating rent between landlord and tenant, and which have been adopted by immemorial usage, owing to the convenience of thus terminating the contract between the parties. Terminator, the bounding line between light and darkness on the surface of a planet or of the moon. On the latter this line is a very ragged one, on account of the rough character of the moon's surface. Ter'mini, anc. Thermo Himarenses, a town on the N. coast of Sicily, at the mouth of the river Termini. It is built partly on a plateau, and partly on the slope and in the hollow beneath. Pop. 20,000. Ter'minus, a Roman divinity, supposed to preside over public and private boundaries. Originally, he appears to have been the same as Jupiter himself, but gradually he was recognized as a separate and distinct god. Ancient Termini. Ter'mite, or White Ant, (Termites,) a genus of insects of the order Platyptera, (formerly Neuroptera,) and of the family Termitida. They live in great communities, chiefly in tropical countries, and are almost omnivorous, in the larva and pupa, as well as in the perfect state. In their communities there are four classes-males, females, workers, and soldiers. The workers and soldiers seem all to be imperfectly developed females. The males and perfect females have four wings, which are long and nearly equal, and which are often suddenly cast off before the termination of their life; but the greater part of the community consists of workers, which are wingless. The "soldiers" are larger than the workers, and have very large mandibles, which they are always ready to use upon any assault. The antennæ of the genus Termes are long and thread-shaped, with about 20 joints; the Ant. eyes are small and prominent, and there Termite, or White are three ocelli; the abdomen has a pair of minute caudal appendages. They are used as food in Africa, and are said to be delicate and pleasant. Some Ts. live in trees, and construct nests of great size of particles of gnawed wood, cemented by a kind of gluten, and so strongly attached to the branches as not to be shaken down even by violent storms. Tern, (Sterna,) a genus of birds of the Gull family, (Larida,) by some made the type of a distinct family, (Sternide,) having the bill as long as the head, or longer, nearly straight; the wings long and pointed; the tail long and forked; plumage very full. They are incessantly on the wing, skimming the surface of the water, and catching small fishes and other small animals from it. The species are numerous, and are found in all parts of the world. Ternant, Baron de, (JEAN CHEVALIER,) officer of the Revolution; b. in France 1740, d. 1816. Ternaux, Baron, (GUILLAUME LOUIS,) a Fr. manufactarer, b. 1763, d. 1833. He established large manufactories at Ter'ni, anc. Interamna, a town of central Italy, on the right bank of the Nera, a little below its confluence with the Velino. It is encircled by a wall, with towers and five gates, is well built, and possesses a cathedral. T. manufactures silk and woolen fabrics. Pop. about 14,000. About 2 m. from the town is the famous cataract of Velino, 500 ft. h. Ancient Interamna, according to classic tradition, was founded only 80 yrs. after Rome. Its chief claim to notice arises from its being regarded as the birthplace of the historian Tacitus. Ternstræmia'ceæ, a natural order of exogenous plants, allied to Guttiferce, and consisting of trees and shrubs, na tives of warm and temperate countries. About 150 species are known. They are most abundant in S. Am. ; a few are found in N. Am. The leaves are alternate, leathery, in many species evergreen, generally undivided, sometimes dotted. The flowers are on axillary or terminal stalks, generally white, sometimes pink or red. Terpan'der, considered the founder of Greek music, gaining the prize in the first musical contest, 676 B.C. Terpsich'ore, (Gr. "delighting in the dance,") one of the nine Muses, who presided over choral song and dancing. Terraci'na, anc. Tarracina, a town of central Italy, situated on the coast at the S.-E. extremity of the Pontine Marshes. It possesses a cathedral, a palace of Pius VI., and the ruins of a palace of Theodoric, King of the Goths. Pop. 7,600. Tarracina was originally a Volscian town, and was called by the Volscians Anxur, a name which is often applied to it by the Latin poets. Ter'ra Cot'ta, an Ital. term signify. ing baked clay. It is applied chiefly to manufactures of brick-earth used for ornamental purposes, especially those used architecturally. Terpsichore. Terra del Fuego. See TIERRA DEL FUEGO. continental land as distinguished from islands. But it was at one time more specially applied, (1) to all the main-land of Italy which acknowledged the supremacy of Venice-viz., to the duchy of Venice, Venetian Lombardy, the March of Treviso, the duchy of Friuli and Istria; and (2) to that extensive tract of S. Am. bounded by the Pacific Ocean, Peru, the silvas of the Amazon, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Isthmus of Panama, which mostly belonged to the Spaniards during the last century. Terrano'va, a sea-port town on the S. coast of Sicily, in the prov. of Caltanisetta; pop. 14,974. T. is believed to occupy the site of the ancient Gela. The town now standing was built by Frederick II. in the 12th c. Ter'rapin, the popular name of many species of freshwater tortoises, of the family Emydae, natives of tropical and the warmer temperate countries. The neck can be wholly retracted within the shell; the head is flat, and the jaws prolonged into a beak. They feed partly on vegetable food, but also devour fish, reptiles, and other aquatic animals. They swim very well, and even on land move with much greater swiftness than land-tortoises. Their flesh is generally much esteemed. Several species are natives of N. Am. Terre Bonne, a village of Quebec, Canada; seat of a R. C. college, and noted for its stone-quarries; pop. 1,050. particularly prevalent, known as Scotch and English Ts.-the former with long, rough, wiry hair, with which even the face is much covered; the latter with smooth, short hair. The ears are either erect and pointed or have pendent tips. Territories are erected as future States from unsettled public lands by Congressional enactment. The President appoints the governor and other public officers, but certain powers are intrusted to a territorial legislature. A population sufficient to send a representative to Congress entitles a T. to admission into the Union as a State. Ter'ry, (ALFRED HOWE,) soldier, b. in Conn. 1827; clerk of Superior and Supreme Courts 1854-60; Col. of Conn. Militia 1860; Col. of Volunteers 1861; brigadier-general 1862; major-general 1865; brigadier-general in the regular army 1865. For his efficient services at the capture of Fort Fisher a vote of thanks to him and his command was passed by Congress. D. 1890. Terschelling, one of the chain of islands to the N. of Holland, lies in 53° 24′ N. lat., the principal villages being Oosterschelling, Westerschelling, and Midsland; area about 45 sq. m., pop. 3,128. T. was the birthplace of William Barentz, the celebrated Arctic explorer. Ter'tian, (Lat. tertius," the third,") a term applied to a form of intermittent fever, in which the paroxysms return on the third day, or at an interval of about 48 hours. See MIASMA. was under St. Francis and the mendicant orders generally that the institute of T. reached its full development. Terre Haute, a city of Ind., cap. of Vigo Co., on the left bank of Wabash River, and about equidistant (175 m.) from Ter'tiary, (Lat. tertiarius, "a third part,") a name given St. Louis, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville, nine R.RS con- by church writers to a class in the R. C. Church who, withnecting it with these and other places. The city is on a out entering into the seclusion of a monastery, aspire to pracplateau 60 ft. above the river, here crossed by three bridges. tice in ordinary life all the substantial obligations of the It contains a U. S. government building, court-house, opera-scheme of virtue supposed to be laid down in the Gospel. It house, hotels, banks, 33 churches, 18 schools, the Indiana State Normal School, St. Mary's Institute, Coates Coll., Rose Polytechnic Institute, Rose Orphans' Home, and St. Anthony Hospital. There are 87 manufacturing establishments, including machine-shops, rolling-mills, flour-mills, railway-car works, piano factories, stave-mills, hominy-mills, distilleries, etc. The city is surrounded by coal-fields, and has three oil-wells; sulphur-water is supplied by artesian wells, and there are 30 m. of electric railway. Pop. (1890) 30,217, est. (1897) over 37,000. Terre-plein, in Fortification, is the flat surface of the rampart, on the front portion of which the parapet and banquette are formed, and of which the rear slopes down to the general level of the inclosure. Terres'trial Mag'netism. T. M. acts differently at different places; what are called the magnetic elements of a place are the direction of the needle in regard to the points of the horizon, (variation, or declination,) its direction in regard to the vertical, (inclination, or dip,) and the force that keeps it in these positions, (intensity.) For the first two elements, see DECLINATION-NEEDLE and DIPPINGNEEDLE. The element of intensity is more difficult to determine. The relative horizontal intensity is measured by the number of oscillations that a needle of unit size and strength, when disturbed, makes in a given time, the intensities of two places being as the squares of the oscillations. The total intensity is got by dividing the horizontal intensity by the cosine of the angle of dip. The magnetic elements have been ascertained with great care at different portions of the earth's surface. The knowledge thus obtained has been embodied in magnetic charts, in which the points at which the declination is the same are joined by lines, and similarly those where the dip and intensity are alike. The lines of equal declination are called isogonic lines; those of equal dip, isoclinic; and those of equal intensity, isodynamic lines. As the magnetism of the earth is subject to a slow secular variation, such charts are only true for the time of observation. The discovery of the change of declination at different places is generally accredited to Columbus, and was one of the many important observations of his memorable voyage across the Atlantic. Robert Norman first discovered the dip of the needle in 1576. Gilbert (1600) gave the first theory of T. M., that of the single magnet. Halley, the astronomer-royal, published his theory of the four poles in 1683. In 1722 the diurnal variation was discovered by Graham, the instrumentmaker of London. Barlow (1831) suggested the electric origin of T. M. In 1831 Capt. Ross discovered the N. magnetic pole. In 1837 Col. Sabine published an isodynamic chart of the whole globe. Terrier, a small kind of dog, remarkable for sagacity, vivacity, courage, and eagerness in the pursuit of "vermin," which it readily follows into burrows, whence apparently the name T., from Lat. terra, "the earth." The courage of the T., however, is such that it will readily attack animals much larger than itself. The varieties of T. are numerous; two are Tertiary, the term applied in the science of Geology to all the strata of the earth's crust above the cretaceous rocks, with the exception of those superficial beds which have recently been raised to a distinct group, under the title of the Quaternary System, or Recent Period. There is a difference of opinion as to the division line between the two systems, some including the bowlder-clay and its associated beds in the one, and some in the other group. T. is synonymous with Cainozoic, and is divided into the Pleiocene, Miocene, ar.d Eocene periods. Tertullian, a father of the Church, and one of the earli est who used the Latin language in written compositions. He was born in Carthage and brought up a heathen. He became a presbyter in the Church, and in middle age became a Montanist. Some place his birth at 145 or 150 A.D., and his death 220 or 240, but these are mere conjectures. He possessed considerable culture, and was well versed in Roman law, in ancient philosophy, history, and poetry, but was narrow, bigoted, and uncharitable. His works are interesting, throwing much light on the internal circumstances of the Church, on the social questions which perplexed Christians, on the opinions of heretics, and on the development of doctrine. Teruel', an old Moorish town of Spain, engaged in the manufacture of leather; pop. 10,500. Tesch'en, a town of Austrian Silesia, on the Olsa; pop. 9,779. Here in 1779 a treaty of peace was concluded between Maria Theresa and Frederick II., by which the dispute of the Bavarian succession was brought to an end. Tes'sellated Pave'ment, a pavement composed of Tes'seræ, the small square tiles or cut stones used in this symptom, or very soon after it, the muscles concerned forming tessellated pavements. Test Acts, otherwise called Corporation Acts, the popular name given to two English statutes imposing certain oaths on the holders of public offices. Testament. See BIBLE and WILL. Testament'ary Guard'ian, one appointed to the care of the persons and property of his infant children by the last will of a father. An English statute gave a father power to appoint such a guardian for a specified time, or till the children were 21 yrs. of age. The N. Y. Legislature in 1861 restricted this power by making the mother's written consent necessary. Testa'tum is one of the clauses of an Eng. deed, wise called the witnessing, or operative part. Tes'ter, or Testoon', in Arch., a flat canopy over a tomb, pulpit, etc. Testic'ulate Root, in Bot., a root having two ovate, solid tubers. Testimonium, in an Eng. deed, otherwise called the Attestation Clause, is that part which states that the party signed the deed. Tes'timony in Law is distinguished from evidence by being an oral statement under oath of witnesses present at the trial of a civil or criminal action. English law formerly required the presentation of the witnesses before a jury, but by the U. S. laws generally a deposition is equally valid, except in criminal trials. Test'ing, as a term in Chem., may be regarded as equivalent to qualitative analysis. See ANALYSIS. Testiculate Root. in swallowing become affected; and in a short time there comes on what is often the most distressing part of the dis order, an acute pain at the lower part of the sternum, pierc ing through to the back. This pain depends, it can scarcely be doubted, upon cramp of the diaphragm, and is subject to aggravation in paroxysms. The spasm extends to the muscles of the trunk, to the large muscles of the extremities, the muscles of the face, and, last of all, in general to the mus cles of the tongue, and of the hands and fingers, which often remain movable at the will of the patient, after all the other voluntary muscles of the body have become fixed." The mus cles that are affected remain permanently contracted till either other-recovery or death ensues, and some of them, as, for example, the muscles of the abdomen, are so rigid as, when struck by the fingers, to resemble a board, although a perfect remission of the spasm scarcely ever occurs, except sometimes during sleep. Exacerbations of the spasms, on the other hand, commonly occur every 10 minutes, or quarter of an hour, usually beginning by an increase of the pain at the sternum, and lasting for two or three minutes, and as the disease advances these paroxysms become more frequent. The powerful muscles of the back generally overcome the mus cles in the front of the body, and, when this excess of morbid power in the back is marked, the result is that the patient during the paroxysms rests solely on his head and heels, while the body is raised in an arched form. Occasionally the muscular contraction predominates in the opposite direction, and brings the head and knees in contact; and still more rarely the body is bent to one side. There are two principal causes of this disease, viz., (1) exposure to cold and damp, and (2) bodily injuries. The latter disease is liable to follow any kind of injury, from a trifling cut or scratch to a compound fracture or the most severe opera. tion, and is much more common in tropical than in temperate climates. The interval between the reception of the injury and the first tetanic symptoms commonly varies from the fourth to the 14th day, and rarely exceeds 22 days, some time in the second week being the most common period. As a rule, the more rapidly the disease comes on, the more likely every known medicine has been prescribed, and whatever plan be adopted a vast majority of the cases terminate fatally. T., or lock-jaw, occurs in most of the domesticated animals, but most frequently in horses and sheep. It is usually produced by cold and wet, by intestinal worms, ob. stinate constipation, or injuries. The symptoms usually come on gradually, involve nearly equally most of the mus cular structures, which become hard and rigid; the nose is protruded, the limbs move stiffly, the tail is upraised, the bowels are constipated. The patient must be kept perfectly quiet, and in an airy but tolerably warm place, and plenti fully supplied with cold water, and with soft, sloppy, but tolerably nutritive food, which he will usually greedily suck in through his firmly closed teeth. A full dose of purgative medicine must at once be given; extract of belladonna repeated twice or thrice daily is occasionally serviceable; any discoverable wound or injury should be fomented or poul ticed; bleeding, sedatives, and all causes of irritation must be avoided. In adult animals most cases are fatal; but among young animals, especially when the attack results from ex. posure to cold, many recoveries occur. Tête-de-pont. See BRIDGE-HEAD. Tetrachot'omous, separated into series of fours, or into four parts or series. Test-oath. The Ts. of England, introduced by statute during the reign of Charles II., requiring allegiance, supremacy of the crown over the Church, denial of transubstantiation and participation in the communion of the Church of England, excluded Romanists, dissenters, and Jews from all official or public positions, but after a long struggle these disabilities have been entirely removed. Ts. were introduced into the U. S. during and since the civil war, persons being compelled to swear, before holding office under the U. S. government, that they had not taken part in or other-will the result prove fatal. In the way of treatment almost wise aided the rebellion. The Supreme Court has since decided that "so far as the Ts. were made applicable to persons who had been connected with the rebellion, or who had given it aid and comfort prior to their enactment, and so far as their object was to destroy vested civil rights by preventing persons from pursuing their various callings, the statutes creating them were null and void." Test-pa'pers are made by dipping unsized paper into an alcoholic solution of a vegetable coloring matter which changes color when exposed to the action of an acid or alkaline solution. The paper, after being gently dried, is cut into slips of a suitable size. Hence, by dipping the appropriate Ts. into any solution, we can ascertain whether it is acid, alkaline, or neutral. Litmus and turmeric are most commonly used as the coloring matters-litmus for the detection of acids, and turmeric for that of alkalies. Testudo. See TORTOISE. Testu'do, in ancient warfare, was a defensive arrangement of the shields, by means of which a body of men advancing against a wall for assault or mining sought to protect themselves from the darts and weapons of the defenders. The men standing in close order joined their shields above their heads, the edges overlapping, until the whole resembled the shell of a tortoise, (testudo.) Tet'anus (derived from the Gr. teinein, "to stretch") is one of the most formidable diseases of the nervous system, and is characterized by an involuntary, persistent, intense, and painful contraction or cramp (see SPASM) of more or less extensive groups of the voluntary muscles, nearly the whole of the body being sometimes affected. There is usually a certain degree of order in which the different sets of muscles are affected. The muscles of the neck, jaws, and throat are almost always the first to give evidence of the presence of the disease. "The patient," says Dr. Watson, who has written a most graphic description of this terrible malady, "feels a difficulty and uneasiness in bending or turning his head, and supposes that he has got what is called a stiff neck. He finds also that he is unable to open his mouth with the customary facility. At length the jaws close; sometimes gradually, but with great firmness; sometimes (it is said) suddenly and with a snap. In four cases, perhaps, out of five, the disease begins in this way with trismus, or lock-jaw; so that this last is the vulgar name for the complaint. Along with formerly included in Mesembryacea, from which it differs chiefly in the want of petals. The species are herbaceous plants or small shrubs, with alternate thick succulent leaves, chiefly found in the S. of Africa. New Zealand Spinach belongs to this order. Tetragonur'idæ, a fish about 1 ft. in l., found only in the Mediterranean and at the island of Madeira, is the only representative species of this family of teleost fishes, order Teleocephali. Tetragram'maton, a symbol to represent Deity; the mystic number Four. MANY) and SWITZERLAND, (q. v.,) also the population of the Netherlands, (the Dutch,) the Flemings of Belgium, and the descendants of the Anglo-Saxons in Great Britain, together with their offspring in N. Am., Australia, and other British colonies. It is necessary in this case, as in all similar cases, to guard against making language the sole test of race. I many parts of Germany where German now prevails Slavto dialects were spoken down to recent times, and in some places not yet quite extinct; and in Great Britain it is unreasonable to suppose that the Anglo-Saxon invaders exterminated the native Celtic population, or even drove more than a tithe of them into the Highlands. The mass undoubtedly re mained as subject serfs, learned the language and customs of their masters, and gradually amalgamated with them; so that, in point of blood, the English are, perhaps, as much Celtic as T. Tetrahe ́dron, (Gr. tetra, “four,” hedra, “ a side,") one of the five regular geometric solids, is a solid bounded by four equilateral triangles. The best idea of it is gained by considering it as a triangular pyramid, whose three sides and base are equilateral (and therefore equal) triangles. It is a form assumed by some crystals, and in crystallography is considered as a secondary form of the Octahedron, produced by removing the alternate angles or edges of men and Lübeck, who rendered such important services by the latter. Tetrao and Tetraonidæ. See GROUSE. Tetrahedron. Teuton'ic Knights, one of the more celebrated of the military and religious orders to which the Crusades gave birth. The sufferings of the Christian soldiers at the siege of Acre excited the sympathy of certain merchants of Bre the erection of hospitals and otherwise that Duke Frederick of Suabia, with the sanction of Pope Clement III. and the Tetrapet'alous, in Bot., containing four distinct petals, Emperor Henry VI., enrolled them in an order of knighthood, or flower leaves. Tetrapol'itan Confes'sion of Faith, that of a body of Lutherans called Sacramentarians, was drawn up by Bucer 1531, and was received in Constance, Strasburg, Memmingen, and Lindau. Te'trarch, (Gr. tetrarches, Lat. tetrarchia, Tetrapetalous. 66 governor of the fourth part "-i. e., of a country,) a title originally designating what is signified by its etymology, the governor of one of four divisions of a kingdom or country; but in the usage of the later Roman Empire given undistinguishingly to all minor rulers, especially in the East, possessing sovereign rights within their territory, but dependent on the emperor, and in many cases removable at his pleasure. Tetrodontʼidæ, a family of fishes, order Plectognathi, with jaws developed into four tooth-like margins; 60 or 75 species are known, representing a number of distinct genera, which fall into three primary groups-Xenopetrina, Tetrodontinae, and Psilontina. Several species are natives of the U. S. sea-coasts; they are of no economic importance, and are called puffers, blowers, etc. Tet'ter, the popular name for skin diseases of the kind described under PSORIASIS and HERPES. Tetuan', a sea-port town and small prov. on the N. coast of Africa, 22 m. S. of Ceuta, and 40 m. S. of Gibraltar; area 914 sq. m., pop. 17,600. Tet'zel, or Tez'el, (prop. Diez, or Diezel,) (JOHN,) well known in connection with the controversy regarding indulgences, out of which the first beginnings of the Reformation took their rise, was b. at Leipsic about 1460, d. in 1519. His father was a goldsmith of that city. T., after completing the ordinary studies of the period in the university, entered the Dominican convent of St. Paul in 1499, and soon established a reputation as a popular and effective preacher. His ability and success as a preacher led to his being intrusted with the charge of preaching an indulgence, first on behalf of the Teutonic Knights, and afterward, in 1516, on the far more momentous occasion of the celebrated indulgence published in favor of contributors to the fund for building the Church of St. Peter's at Rome. It was in opposition to the preaching of T. that Martin Luther published his celebrated thesis, Oct. 31, 1517. Teu'cer, the first king of Troy, according to ancient Greek legends. Another T. is mentioned by Homer as the best archer among the Greeks, and who accompanied Ajax to Troy, and who afterward founded the town of Salamis. Teuthid'idæ, a name given to two distinct families of herbivorous teleocephalous fishes of the sub-order Acanthopteri. Teutoberger-Wald, (Lat. Teutobergensis Saltus.) See HERMANN. Teuton'ic, a term applied to a group of nations, as well as of languages, forming an important division or stem of the ARYAN (q. v.) family. The T. languages will be found enumerated and classified in the table at the end of the article PHILOLOGY. The T. stock of nations, as they exist at the present day, is divided into two principal branches: (1) The Scandinavian embracing Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders; and (2) the Germanic, which includes, beside the German-speaking inhabitants of Germany proper (see GER as the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary of Jerusalem. Only Germans of noble birth were made admissible to the order, the original founders having probably been ennobled before being I enrolled. The members were at first all laymen, but priests were soon admitted. The habit of the order was a white mantle with a black cross; and the knights took vows of poverty and chastity, which in later times were not very strictly interpreted. Their first seat was Acre. On the overthrow of the kingdom of Jerusalem, the grand master removed to Venice, and from thence, in 1309, to Marienburg, on the banks of the Vistula. In 1237 this order became united with the Brethren of the Sword, in Livonia. In the course of the 13th c. the T. K. were, with the sanction of the pope, engaged in a bloody war to enforce Christianity on the heathen nations inhabiting the S. shores of the Baltic. Warriors from all parts of Europe in that and the following century joined their standard, including Henry IV. of England, accompanied by 300 attendant knights and menat-arms. The conquests of the order raised it to the rank of a sovereign power, with a territory extending from the Oder to the Baltic, and embracing a population of between two and three millions, the grand master having his seat at Marienburg, in Prussia. Tewkesbury, an ancient market town and parliamentary and municipal borough of Gloucestershire, in the vale of Evesham, on the Avon, and near its confluence with the Severn, 10 m. N.-E. of Gloucester. The parish church, an ancient and noble edifice in Norman, is the most noteworthy architectural feature. Hosiery, shoes, nails, leather, and malt are manufactured, and there is an extensive carrying. trade, of which T. is the center, on the Avon and Severn. Pop. 5,409. T. appears to be of Saxon origin. Within half a mile of it was fought (May 14, 1471) the famous battle of T., in which the Yorkists under Edward IV. and Richard III. inflicted a signal defeat on the Lancastrians. Shield of Texas. Tex'as, one of the U. S. of Am., is bounded on the S.-W. by Mexico, from which it is separated by the Rio Grande; and on the E. by Ark. and La. Area (the greatest of any State in the Union) 265,780 sq. m., pop. 2,235,523. Among the chief towns are Austin, the cap.; Galves. ton, the principal sea-port; San Antonio, Houston, Fort Worth, Dallas, Waco, Dennison, Sherman, Brownsville, and Jefferson. Government and Judiciary.-A new constitution was adopted in 1876. The executive officers are a governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of State, comptroller of public accounts, treasurer, commissioner of the general landoffice, and attorney-general. They hold office for two yrs., and are all elected by the people, except the secretary of State, who is appointed by the governor and Senate. The Legislature consists of a Senate elected for four yrs., and a House of Representatives for two yrs. The sessions are biennial. The judicial authority is vested in a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeals, district courts, county courts, and justices of the peace, (inferior cases.) The Supreme Court consists of a chief-justice and two associates, and the Court of Appeals of three judges. The judges of the Supreme |