inventor, b. in Cornwall 1771, d. 1833; introduced wroughtiron cylindrical boilers into steam-engines and high-pressure engines into steam-carriages, thus enabling them to run on roads and tramways, patenting his invention in 1802. He made various inventions and mechanical improvements, and was probably the earliest inventor of the locomotive. Trev'iso, a town of Italy, cap. of the prov. of the same name, on the river Sile, in a very fertile country, 17 m. N. of Venice; pop. 18,547. Tre'vor, (SIR JOHN, Kt.,) a British statesman; in the Parliament of James II., which met on May 19, 1685, he was elected Speaker of the House of Commons; b. in 1633, d. 1719. Triacanth'idæ, a family of compressed oblong fishes, order Plectognathi, composed of three well-marked families found in Japan and Cuba. Tri'ads, in Chem., Terequivalent elements, each atom of which, in combining with other bodies, is equivalent to H,, or three atoms of hydrogen. Tri'ads, The Welsh, are a collection of triplets in rhyme, containing historical, moral, and legal tales and the like. Those in the Welsh language are exceedingly old, being referred to the time of Edward I. Trial, as a legal term, applies most frequently to court T., whether in a civil or criminal matter. It is the judicial examination and decision of the questions of fact or law, or both, arising in an action or proceeding. Trian'drous, in Bot., having three distinct and equal stamens in the same flower with a pistil or pistils. Tri'angle, (tres, "three," angulus, "a corner,") the most simple of geometrical figures, is a figure having three angles; but, oddly enough, it is generally defined by geometers as a figure of three sides, and its property of being three-angled is put in the subordinate position of a necessary consequence. In plane geometry a T. is bounded by three straight lines; and Ts. are classed, according to the relative length of their sides, into equilateral, (1,) or equal-sided; isosceles, (2,) or having two sides equal; and scalene, (5,) or unequal-sided, the equality or inequality of the sides carrying with it the equality or similar inequality (of greater or less) of the angles AA Triangles. Triandrous. Tri'as, the oldest group of Secondary strata, formerly associated with the Permian rocks under the name of the New Red Sandstone. See GEOLOGY. Tribe, (Lat. tribus, a division, originally, perhaps, a third part, in reference to the three cantons whose coalescence formed the germ of Rome,) an aggregate of stocks-a stock being an aggregate of persons considered to be kindred--or an aggregate of families forming a community usually under the government of a chief. The chief is possessed of des. potic power over the members of the T. It is commonly said that he has "patriarchal" power-such power, that is, as fathers in early times exercised over their children. The T. has been the earliest form of the community among all races of men. Tribonia'nus, a very eminent Roman jurist of the 6th c., of Macedonian parentage, but b. in Pamphylia; d. 545. Trichi'asis (Gr. thrix, genitive trichos, "of a hair") consists in a growing inward of the eyelashes, three or four of them (sometimes only one) presenting their points toward the globe of the eye, while all the other hairs retain their natural position. The disease is exceedingly common among the lower classes, and especially the Irish. This affection causes great annoyance by exciting a pricking sensation, and by the constantly irritable and watery state of the eye which it induces. The treatment consists in plucking out the offending hairs (if they are few in number) from time to time, each hair being removed by hair-forceps with a slow, steady pull. If they form a little group they must be removed by dissecting out the small portion of lid in which they are implanted, and uniting the wound with a suture. In other cases it may be necessary to remove the entire margin of the lid. Trichi'na Spiralis, the name given to a peculiar nema. toid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually of the pig. It was discovered in 1835; Mr. Wormald, then Demonstrator of Anatomy at St. Bartholomew's, giving to Prof. Owen four microscopical specimens of speckled muscle from a subject that was then in the dissecting-rooms; and Mr. Paget, then a first-year's student, simultaneously investigated the question. Prof. Owen, to whom the discovery of the trichina is generally referred, soon afterward communicated to the Zoological Society his "Description of a Microscopic Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the Human Body," in which he describes the speckles as capsules containing a spirally coiled microscopic worm, to which he gave the generic name trichina, (Gr. thrix, "a hair,") and the specific name spiralis, from its coiled arrangement. The viviparous females, orig. inally living in rats, begin about eight days after entering the intestines of their second host, a pig, to give birth to the larvae, which pass into various parts of the body, espe cially the muscles, where they coil up in a sack, or cyst, which eventually becomes calcareous and whitish. When pork thus ine-infected is eaten the worms are set free in the stomach of their third host, (man,) and in three or four days there become sexually mature, each female being capable of produc ing 1,000 young. respectively opposite to these sides, through the ratio of quality of the sides by no means corresponds to that of the angles. Considered with reference to the size of its angles a T. is right-angled (3) when one of its angles is a right-angle, (90°) obtuse-angled (4) when it has one angle greater than a right angle; and acute-angled when it has no angle as great as a right angle, (1, 2, or 5.) Tri'angle, a small percussive musical instrument of great antiquity. Triangula'tion, the operation of dividing any portion of the earth's surface into triangles of as large a size as possible, which may be called primary, and which must be afterward subdivided into triangles of a smaller size, forming a great Triangle. net-work of secondary or subsidiary triangles, which serve as a means of working down from great to less, and finally completing, by a system of scientific checks, an accurate map or delineation of the region covered by such triangles, forming the geodesical process called a trigonometrical survey. Trian'gulum, (" The Triangle,") one of the ancient constellations of Ptolemy's Almagest, situated between Andromeda, Perseus, Aries, and Pisces. It is a small and not very conspicuous constellation, the configuration of its three brightest stars giving it its name. It must be distinguished from its S. namesake, the Triangulum Australe, which, was added later by the early S. navigators. Trian'gulum Australe, (the Southern Triangle,") one of the 12 S. circumpolar constellations added to the heavens by the early S. navigators. It is a small constellation, and like its N. namesake takes its name from the configuration of its three brightest stars, which, however, are brighter than the N. ones. It is surrounded by Apus, Circinus, Norma, and Ara. Trichini'asis, the name of the diseased condition which is induced by the ingestion of food containing Trichina spi ralis in large quantity. The first recorded case as occurring in the human subject is that of Zenker; but there can be no doubt that the disease has long existed, although its origin was previously unsuspected. The first symptoms of this disease, as it occurs in the human subject, are loss of appetite, followed by nausea and a sense of fatigue, prostration, and general indisposition. This stage lasts about a week. Pain and stiffness of the limbs, accompanied by swelling of the face and fever of a peculiar type, characterized by a very frequent pulse, moderate thirst, and copious perspirations, now show themselves; the commencement of the second stage of the disease being thus synchronous with the migra tion of the trichina-brood into the muscles, there to become encysted. During this stage pressure or any attempt to move the parts under the control of the swollen muscles is intensely painful, and even the normal respiratory movements cause such constant pain as to render sleep impossible. As soon as a case of suspected T. comes under the notice of the physician attempts should be made to remove the mature worms from the intestine by active purgation. It would be of the greatest importance to be able to decide during its life whether a pig were trichinous or not. On this point there is some difference of opinion; but Profs. Delpech and Reynal, who were charged by the French government to report upon this disease, assert that "the animal while living shows no signs of the presence of trichinæ, nor can they be detected in the meat with an ordinary lens, but a powerful microscope renders them at once visible." In Hanover out by ministers and professional men. Double Ts., or "sociof 25,000 pigs 11 were found trichinous; in Brunswick 16 ables," are built for two persons. A certain amount of light were affected out of 14,000; while in Blakenburg 4 were diseased out of 700. The French commissioners assert that a temperature of 167° Fahr. is sufficient to kill the parasites, and that meat thoroughly salted is also perfectly safe; they advise that smoke-dried sausages, though probably safe, should be well boiled. They further attribute the spread of the disease among pigs to the fact that they are foul feeders, and will eat any offal, such as the dead bodies of rats and other animals which are known to be liable to the disease. They recommend farmers to be very cautious in feeding their pigs to avoid giving them flesh without first boiling it; to destroy rats and small carnivorous animals, and never to leave human or other excrements in places where pigs can reach them. Finally they advise all experimenters to burn trichinous flesh when their investigation is completed, and not to throw it away; for a fragment of it might possibly be eaten by a rat, the rat devoured by a pig, and the pig thus become the medium of the disease to man. Trichinop'oly, (more correctly TRICHINAPALLI,) the cap. of a collectorate of British India of the same name, with an area of 3,515 sq. m., on the right bank of the Kayeri, 30 m. W. of Tanjur: pop. 84,449; pop. of district 1,200,408. Trichin'ridæ, a family of fishes, order Teleocephali, composed of few genera, and mostly restricted to the high or deep seas. Trichoceph'alus, (derived from the Gr. thrix, generally trichos, a hair," and cephale," the head,") the name given to a genus of intestinal worms, of which one species, T. dispar, (described by the older writers, who mistook its head for its tail, as Trichuris and Ascaris trichiura,) infests the human intestinal canal, measuring 1 to 2 in. in l.; it is characterized by an extremely long hair-like head and neck, occupying about two thirds of the entire length of the body. Trichodon'tidæ, a family of sand-fishes of the same order and sub-order, constituted for a single genus, (Trichodon,) confined to the W. coast of N. Am. Trichomycter'idæ, a family of fishes peculiar to S. Am; order Nematognathi, not as yet very well defined. Trichonot'idæ, a family of fishes found in Australasian seas and the East Indian Archipelago; two genera have been recognized. Trichoph'yton, (Gr. thrix, "a hair," and phyton, "a plant,") a genus of parasitic fungi, to the presence of which the skin disease tinea is due. See TINEA. Trichop'tera, caseworms, caddis-flies slightly net-veined insects, with a complete metamorphosis, the larvæ living in cases in fresh-water pools and streams. The smaller species resemble the smaller moths, and like them have no usable jaws; the head and prothorax are small, the body being shaped like those of moths. The larvae have caterpillarlike bodies, and breathe by hair-like gills; they construct cases of sand, bits of sticks, and leaves, and live on minute insects and crustacea. The order is of limited extent, and by some authors is included in the Neuroptera. Triclin'ium, in classic Arch., the eating apartments in a Roman house, usually situated on the ground floor. Tri'color means, literally, no more than a flag in three colors, which is the case of almost every national ensign ; but the applied sense limits it to flags having three colors in equal masses. The principal European T. ensigns are: France, blue, white, red, divided vertically; German Empire, black, white, red, divided horizontally; Italy, green, white, red, divided vertically; Belgium, black, yellow, red, divided vertically; Holland, red, white, blue, divided horizontally. See FLAG. Tri'coupis, (SPIRIDION,) a modern Greek statesman, orator, and author, son of a primate of Missolonghi, b. 1791, d. 1873. Tri'cycle, a modern three-wheeled road vehicle, a modification of the BICYCLE, (q. v.,) than which it is far more easy to ride. By its shape and method of construction (the foot-treadles being at low elevation) the T. is admirably adapted for ladies, and seeing that it does not demand as much body agility as does its near relative, the bicycle, is far more suited to the wants of persons who have passed the flush of youth. The T. is very easily propelled, the rider does not become rapidly fatigued, while it affords the maximum amount of muscular exercise with the minimum of physical effort. Though it is not so swift as the bicycle, 50 m. daily have been accomplished over ordinary roads for days In succession. In England the T. is much used by ladies and Tricycle. luggage can be carried on both single and double Ts., so that extended tours may be and are frequently made. Tridac'nidæ, a family of lamellibranchiate mollusks, having the shell open, the valves equal, the foot small, and furnished with a byssus. Hippopus maculatus, the Bear'spaw Clam, is prized for its beauty. Tridacna gigas is remarkable for its great size, exceeding that of any other bivalve. The shell of a single specimen has been known to weigh more than 500 lbs. Tri'dent, in classic myth., is used as the symbol of Neptune's sovereignty over the sea. It consists of a staff armed at one end with three short prongs, with double bars at the points, resembling the fus cina used by the Italians in catching large fish, particularly the sword-fish, from which we may, perhaps, infer that Neptunus was originally the god of fishermen. Trident'ine Profes'sion of Faith, a summary of the doctrines of the Council of Trent, issued by Pius IV. in 1564. Trid'ymite, a modification of silica sometimes mistaken for quartz, discovered in Mexico by Von Rath 1868. It crystallizes hexagonally, but differs from quartz in having a double refraction. Its density is 2.3. Trieste', (Slavonic Terst,) the most important sea-port of the Austrian monarchy, and the most considerable trading town on the Adriatic, stands at Trident. the head of the Gulf of Triest, an arm of the Gulf of Venice, 90 m. S.-W. of Laibach, on the Vienna and Triest R.R.; pop. of the city 70,274; with the surrounding district of Triest, about 125,000. Trifolium. See CLOVER. Trifo'rium, the arcade of the arches of a church be tween the central and side aisles. It is usually a dark gallery, being the wall-space against which the lean-to roof of the aisle rests. Trigem'inus, a pair of nerves consisting of a ganglionic and non-ganglionic portion, rising at the side of the pons Varolii, its fibers being thence prolonged into the middle of the crura of the cerebellum, and divided in the cranium into the orbital and the superior and inferior maxillary branches. Trig'lidæ, a family of fishes, order Teleocephali, gurnards, sea-robins, flying-fishes, etc. It represents three subfamilies. Triglyphs. Tri'glyph, in Arch., the ornament in the frieze of the DORIC STYLE, (q. v.) It is supposed to represent the ends of the beams in the original wooden temples. It is always divided into channels or flutes, with gutta or drops below. Trigo'nia, a genus of mollusca, represented at the present day by only three species, natives of Australia, but abundant in the Secondary rocks. Upward of 190 species have been described from strata between the Trias and the Chalk. Trigonocar'pon, a common fruit in the coal-measures, occurring in all the strata except the underclays and limestones. Some six or eight species have been established, which differ from each other in size and shape-some being as small as a pea, and others as large as a walnut. Trigonoceph'alus, (Fer-de-land,) a genus of extremely venomous serpents, of the family Crocalida, nearly allied to rattlesnakes, but having the tail terminated with a spine instead of a rattle. It is especially abundant and deadly in Martinique, West Indies, where it frequents cane-fields by day, and woods, parks, and paths at night. The female is said to be viviparous, and to produce from 40 to 60 young at a birth. The mongoose has been introduced with some success to destroy it. Trigonomet'rical Survey'ing, that higher branch of measurement of the earth's surface in which the use of an gular instruments, such as the theodolite, altitude, and azimuth instrument, or sextant, is indispensable in forming the net-work of triangles, on the accuracy of which the correctness of the survey depends. Trigonometry, (Gr. trigonon, "a triangle," metria, "measure,") the measurement of triangles. Tri'khala, or Tri'kala, a town of European Turkey, 33 m. W.-S.-W. of Larissa; pop. about 10,000. Tril'liaceæ, a small natural order of plants belonging to the class DICTYGOGENS (q. v.) of Lindley. They are herbaceous plants, with tubers or root-stalks, whorled leaves, hermaphrodite flowers; perianth of six leaves, the three inner leaves sometimes colored; six, eight, or ten stamens. Trilobites, an order of fossil forms, usually regarded as crustacea but now constituting with Limulus and its allies a Isotelus gigas. distinct class, Podostomata of Packard, entirely confined to the paleozoic rocks. They are especially abundant in the take part in a poetic contest had to produce a T. along with a satyric drama at the Dionysiac, Lemnæan, and Anthesteric festivals. Trimble, (ROBERT,) an Amer. jurist; Judge of the U. S. Supreme Court 1826-28; b. in Va. 1777, d. 1828. Trimethyl'amine, or Trimethyl'ia, a very remarkable organic base with an extremely powerful and disagreeably fishy odor. It is obtained as a colorless gas, readily soluble in water, and having a strong alkaline reaction. With acids it readily forms soluble salts. It occurs in large quantity in the pickle in which herrings have been lying, and in the spirit in which old anatomical preparations have been long suspended. It has been used in acute articular rheumatism in doses of two to 15 grains. Trim'mer, a political term in use in the reigns of Charles II. and William III., applied to certain politicians of Charles's time, of whom the chief was Charles Montagu, Earl of Halifax, who held opinions between the extreme Whigs and Tories. Trim'mer, (MRS. SARAH,) a well-known authoress, was b. at Ipswich on Jan. 6, 1741, d. 1810. Trimurti (Sansk. tri, "three," and murti, "form,") is the name of the Hindu triad, or the gods Brahman, (masculine,) Vish nu, and Siva when thought of as an inseparable unity, though three in form. Trincomalee', a sea-port town and magnificent harbor on the N.-E. coast of Ceylon; pop. about 15,000. Trimurti. Trinidad', an island belonging to Great Britain, and the most S. of the West India Islands, being in lat. 11° N. It is about 50 m. 1., varying in w. from 30 to 35 m. It is separated from the main-land (Venezuela) by the Gulf of Paria, and the extreme points on the W. coast are only 13 and 9 m. respectively from it. T. was first discovered by Columbus in 1498, and thus named by him because three mountain summits were first seen from the mast-head when discovered. Pop. about 110,000. Trinitap'oli, a Sicilian town, in the prov. of Caltanisetta; pop. 6,663. Trini'trin, an important remedy for diseases of the kidneys, and in cases of Bright's disease. Nitro-glycerine of a pure quality, possessing all the explosive powers of the substance, is prepared in alcohol (which removes the explosive quality) in the proportion of one part of the nitro-glycerine to 99 of alcohol, and is then prepared with sugar or milk in tablets. Thus prepared it is called T. Trin'ity, a river of Tex., formed by the union of two streams, West Fork and Elm Fork, which rise near the N. boundary of the State, and unite 150 m. S.-E., the main stream flowing thence 550 m. in the same general direction to Galveston Bay, about 40 m. N. of the city of Galveston. It is navigable for from 300 to 500 m. Trin'ity, a river of Calif., rising near the Coast Range, and flowing through a country of rich gold-mines into the Klamath River. Trin'ity, The Doc'trine of the, the highest and most mysterious doctrine of the Christian religion. It declares that there are three Persons in the Godhead, or divine nature the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; and that "these three are one true, eternal God, the same in substance, equal in power and glory, although distinguished by their personal properties." The most elaborate statement of the doctrine is to be found in the Athanasian Creed, which asserts that "The Catholic faith is this: That we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity-neither confounding the persons nor dividing the substance-for there is one person of the Father, another of the Son, and another of the Holy Ghost. But the Godhead of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost is all one; the glory equal; the majesty co-eternal." was, according to some authorities, founded by Queen Eliza beth in 1591; but, upon a closer investigation of the subject, it has been averred by others that she merely endowed and Protestantized the establishment. These latter assert, in addition, that the true founder of the institution was Alexander Bigner, or Bignor, an ecclesiastic of the 13th c. Trin'ity College, Oxford, Eng. In 1290 Richard de Hoton, Prior of Durham, founded Trinity Coll. at Oxford for the education of the student-monks of Durham. This is the first college, after Balliol, which was founded by a layman, as were all colleges subsequent to this date. It is also remarkable as having been, like St. John's, founded by a Roman Catholic after the Reformation. It presents to 11 benefices. Trin'ity Hall, Cambridge, Eng. This college, which is distinguished from Trinity Coll., was founded 1349-50 for Scholars of Canon and Civil Law, as well as for the edu cation of clergy, by William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, who was also co-founder of Gonville and Caius Coll. Trin'ity Sun'day, the Sunday immediately following Pentecost Sunday, so called as being set aside for the special honor of the Blessed Trinity. Tri'o, in Mus., a composition for three voices, or for three instruments. The same term is also applied to a movement intime in a related key, which follows a minuet or other movement, and always leads back to the previous movement in the original key. Triodon'tidæ, a family of fishes, interesting because of its relations, and as serving to show the affinities of sclero derms and gymnodonts; order Plectognathi; one species only is known. Trionych'idæ, a family of reptiles covering the soft shelled tortoise, order Testudinata, living in the muddy bottom of shallow waters. The T. are classified under three subfamilies and 19 genera. Tripe de Roche, a name originally given by the Cana dian hunters to certain lichens, species of Gyrophora, which they are often forced to use as food, and now very generally in use as the designation of these plants. They are nutritious, but bitter, nauseous, and purgative. They have a leafy peltate thallus, variously lobed and notched-in G. proboscidea of a smoky-brown color, and in G. erosa almost black; the shields are round, without stalks, covered with a black membrane, and marked with circles and plaits upon the surface. These lichens grow on rocks in N. regions, or on high mountains. Tripitaka. See PITAKA. Triple Alliance, the name by which two different treaties are known in history, viz.: (1) A treaty concluded in 1668 at The Hague between England, Holland, and Sweden, having for its object the protection of the Spanish Netherlands, and the checking of the conquests of Louis XIV. (2) An alliance concluded in 1717 between Britain, France, and Holland against Spain, which included among its stipulations that the Pretender should quit France, and that the Treaty of Utrecht should be carried into effect as regards the demolition of Dunkirk. The Protestant succession was guaranteed by this treaty in England, and that of the Duke of Orleans in France. Trip'let, in Mus. When a note is divided into three in place of two parts-as when a minim is divided into three crotchets, a crotchet into three quavers, etc.the group is called a T., and it is usual to place the figure 3 over it, as in the accompanying example. Tri'pod, (Lat. tripus, Gr. tripous, "three-footed,") any article of furniture supported on three feet. Three-legged caldrons and bronze altars more especially came under this denomination in classical times; many of them are of exquisite workmanship, and richly decorated. Trip'oli, a mineral substance employed in polishing metals, marble, glass, etc., so named because it was originally Trin'ity College was opened at Hartford, Conn., under brought from Tripoli in Africa. It is a siliceous rock, com. the direction of the P. E. Church in 1824, under the name of posed of very minute particles, somewhat loosely held together Washington Coll. A new and splendid building has been so as to yield readily to the nail, and to crumble down in water erected on 78 acres of land 1 m. S. of the old college pur-like rotten-stone. Deposits of T. occur in the Tertiary rocks chased in 1872. The college has some 19 instructors, about in every quarter of the world. 130 students, and 40,000 volumes in the library. Trin'ity College, Cambridge, Eng., was founded by King Henry VIII., in 1546, upon the site and partly out of the revenues of several more ancient foundations. The foundation consists of a Master, 60 Fellows, and 74 Scholars. Trin'ity College, Dublin. This celebrated institution Trip'oli, or Trip'olis, (in its modern Arabic form, Tarabulus,) anc. Tripolis, a sea-port and one of the chief commercial towns of Syria, capital of a pashalic in the eyalet or Govt. of Sidon, is situated near the coast, on the E. border of a small triangular plain running out into the Mediterranean, and on both sides of the river Kadisha; pop. about 25,000, estimated at 200,000 sq. m., pop. uncertain, but believed to be about 1,000,000. Trip'oli, called by the Turks Tarabûlús, and probably the Ea of antiquity, the cap. of the foregoing state, lies on a bit of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean, and forming a bay; pop. about 24,000. Tripolit'za, ("three cities,") a town of Greece, under the Turkish rule, cap. of the Morea, now the chief town of the Govt. of Mantinea, lies 22 m. S.-W. of Argos, and 39 m. S.-W. of Corinth, in a plain 3,000 ft. above the sea. It derives its name from being near the sites of the three ancient cities, Tegea, Mantinea, and Pallantium. Tri'ton, in Greek myth., a son of Poseidon and Amphi. trite, who dwells with his parents in a golden palace at the bottom of the sea. He usually figures as an attendant on his father, riding over the Mediterranean on a horse or other sea-monster, and soothing the turbulent waves by blowing his shell-trumpet--his "wreathed horn," as Wordsworth calls it. Trip'pant, in Her., a term analogous to PASSANT, (q. v.,) but applied to animals of the chase. Trip'tych, (Gr. tris, "thrice," and płysso, "I fold,") a set of tablets consisting of three leaves, each painted with a distinct subject, but joined together by hinges, and capable of being folded so as to present a new face. Tri'ton, the aquatic salamander, or water-newt, of which many species are found in the U. S. Also, a genus of gasteropod mollusks with about 100 living species. See CONCH SHELL. Tritura'tion, an operation useful in medicine for dividing a solid substance more uniformly and finely Tri'reme, (from tres, "three," and remus, "an oar,") the designation given in ancient times to a galley having three banks of oars. It is said to have been first employed by the Corinthians in their war with Corcyra, 664 B.C. In the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars Ts. were the largest vessels employed; but at the time of Alexander we find that galleys with four and five banks had gradually come into favor. Shell of Triton. than can be done by ordinary pulverization, performed by a circular motion of pestle and mortar. Tri'umph (Lat. triumphus) was the name given in ancient Rome to the public honor bestowed on a general who had been successful in war. It consisted in a solemn procession along the Via Sacra up to the Capitol, where sacrifice was offered to Jupiter. The victor sat in a chariot drawn by four horses-his captives marching before, his troops following behind. Certain conditions had to be fulfilled before a T. could be enjoyed, and it was the business of the Senate to see that these were enforced. Under the empire generals serving abroad were considered to be the emperor's lieuten. ants, and, therefore, however successful in their wars, they had no claim to a T. They received instead triumphal deco. rations and other rewards. The appearance that Rome presented on the occasion of a T., especially in later times, was joyous in the extreme. Trisag'ion, or Trishag'ion, (Gr. tris, "thrice," and hagios, "holy" Lat. tersanctus, "thrice holy,") one of the doxologies in use in the Greek Church, which is repeated in the form of versicle and responses by the choir in certain parts of the liturgy. The words of the T. are, "Hagios O Theos, Hagios Ischuros, Hagios Athanatos, eleison hemas!" ("O Holy God, O Holy Mighty One, O Holy Immortal, have mercy on us!") This doxology, in its original Greek form, is one of the few fragments of the Greek liturgy which (like the Kyrie Eleison) are retained in the original language in the Roman Mass. Trismegis'tus, (Gr. "thrice-greatest,") an epithet applied to the Egyptian HERMES, (q. v.,) or THOTH, (q. v.,) by the Neoplatonists, and the devotees of magic, alchemy, and mysticism generally, who looked upon him as the source of all mysterious doctrines. Trium'virate, (Lat. tres, "three," vir, "a man,") the name given in Roman history to the private league entered into between Pompey, Crassus, and Cæsar-the three most powerful men of their time-the object of which was to carry out their own schemes of political aggrandizement, in spite of the opposition of the Senate. Tris'mus Nascen'tium, a form of lock-jaw occurring in newly born children, in consequence mainly of impurity of the atmosphere. In Iceland this disease annually carries off a large proportion of infants between the fifth and 12th days after birth, in some parts the mortality being nearly two out of three. It is also very frequent and fatal in the West Indies, where it is known as the "ninth-day disease." See TETANUS. Triv'ium, ("Three Roads,") the name given to the lower section of the Seven Liberal Arts, (see ARTS,) constituting the circle of study in the Middle Ages. It embraced grammar, logic, and rhetoric. Tro'chidæ, a family of gasteropodous mollusks, of the order Pectinibranchiata, section Asiphonata. The shell has the aperture entire, closed with an operculum; spiral, and very generally top-shaped, as in the genus Trochus, the species of which are popularly known as top-shells. The species are very numerous, and widely distributed. They feed on sea-weeds, and some of them are found on rocks between high and low water mark. Tristan' d'Acunha, an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, lies midway between the coast of S. Am. and the Cape of Good Hope, in 37° 6' S. lat. It is about 20 m. in circumference. Pop. 600. Tris'tram, the hero of a British legend, which originally had no connection with the stories of King Arthur and the Round Table, although later minstrels sought to interweave them. The popularity of the story in the Middle Ages was unbounded. Triticum. See WHEAT and COUCH-GRASS. Trochilus and Trochilidæ. See HUMMING-BIRD, Trochu, (LOUIS JULES,) a Fr. soldier, and an officer under Napoleon III.; Gov. of Paris Aug. 17, 1870, and commanderin-chief of all the forces defending the city; b. in France 1815; d. Oct. 7, 1896. Troglodytes, (Gr. troglodytes-trogle, "a hole," and duein, "to enter," hence "cave-dweller,") the name given by the ancient Greeks to various tribes or races of unciv. ilized men who dwelt either in natural caverns or in holes which they had dug for themselves in the earth. They are mentioned by Strabo as existing as far W. as Mauritania, and as far E. as the Caucasus; but perhaps the best-known T. of ancient times were those of southern Egypt and Ethiopia, where a considerable district of country was called Regio Troglodytica. They could not speak articulately, but shrieked or screamed like the lower animals. The chief occupation of the T. was herding cattle, though we also read that they were hunters and robbers. They are likewise mentioned as serving among the light troops in the army of Xerxes. Their habits of life were rude and debased; they are reported to have eaten not only the flesh, but the bones and hides, of their cattle; their drink is said to have been a mixture of milk and blood; and they had a community of wives. What measure of truth there may be in such stories it is now impossible to say; but archæological investigations into the prehistoric life of our own and other countries have led to the conclusion that a race of cave-inhabiters preceded in most countries the races that lived in houses built on the surface of the earth. Troglodyt'inæ, a subfamily of birds including the wrens. There are two subfamilies, with six genera. They are insec tivorous, and build their nests chiefly in trees. |