caruncle, sometimes erected, sometimes elongated and pendulous. The bill is rather short, strong, and curved; the tail is broad and rounded, capable of being erected and spread out. The Common T., (M. gallopavo,) the largest of gallinaceous birds, is a native of N. Am. In a domesticated state the T. varies much in plumage; in its wild state the plumage is richer, and the power of wing greater. Ts. were once plentiful in the forests of the Atlantic States, and as far N. as Lower Canada, but have disappeared as cultivation has advanced, and have become rare even in the E. parts of the valley of the Mississippi. The T. is found as far S. as the Isthmus of Darien, but does not occur to the W. of the Rocky Mountains. Wild Ts. roost on trees. They feed on all kinds of grain, seeds, fruits, grass, insects, and even on young frogs and lizards. On account of its size, and the excellency of its flesh and eggs, the T. is one of the most valued kinds of poultry. Meleagris ocellata is a native of the warmest parts of N. Am. It is not quite so large as the Common T., and has a smaller tail. Tur key-red. This color-the most durable and perhaps one of the most beautiful which has yet been produced on cotton-is dyed by a process supposed to have been practiced in India from immemorial time. It passed from thence through other parts of Asia to the countries of the Levant, and was introduced into France about the middle of the last century. The first successful attempt to introduce it into Great Britain was made in 1783. Besides being largely used in its plain state, T. cloth is extensively employed for handkerchiefs with white patterns produced upon them by discharging the color. See BANDANA. Turk'ish Language and Literature. The Turkish is one of the Turanian idioms, and is chiefly divided into Eastern and Western Turkish. The former is mainly represented by the Uigur, (Jagatai,) an idiom but recently recognized not only to belong to the Turkic stock, but to be its most ancient representative. Its alphabet is formed from the Zabian, out of which have sprung also the Mongol and Mantchu. Besides this the Kiptchak, spoken in Kasan and Astrakhan, forms a principal branch of the Eastern Turkish, for which, however, but little has hitherto been done from a philological point of view. The Western Turkish, or language of the Osmanlis, has spread over the whole of western Asia, the Levant, and parts of Europe. The Western Turkish is more melodious and soft than the former, and so much mixed with foreign elements, chiefly Arabic and Persian, that were It not for its grammar, which is purely Tartarian, it could hardly be called an original language, but rather a conglomer ation of the three respective idioms. It is one of the most widely spoken idioms; not only western Asia, but even the E. of Europe, use this tongue to a great extent for commercial and political transactions. The characters in which it is now written are no longer the original Uigur letters, but the Arabic, the 28 characters of which have been increased by the four additional Persian characters, produced by further diacritical points, and a new one of their own, amounting in all to 33, which are written from right to left, as is the case in all (save one) Semitic languages. Two branches of Turkish literature are usually distinguished-first, the Eastern, or Jagataian, which chiefly flourished between Timur's and Baber's time, (1400-1530.) Mir Ali Shir, the vizier of Sultan Hussein, is the most renowned poet of this period. The other, or Turk. Ish literature, principally so called, is exceedingly rich. In the 16th c. the most flourishing period of Turkey, we find Meshihi, the poet; Kemal Pasha Zadeh, the historian and jurist; and Baki, the chief of Turkish poets. The 17th c. included Hadji Khalifah, the eminent historian, geographer, and encyclopedist. Raghib Pasha stands out in the 18th c. Turk'manshai, a village of Azerbijan, is the place where, in 1828, was concluded the treaty between Persia and Russia. Turks, the name of a numerous, important, and widely spread family of the human race, members of which are to be found as well on the banks of the Lena, in Siberia, as on those of the Danube and the shores of the Adriatic, in Europe. The Ts. belong to the second of Blumenbach's five great di visions of mankind-viz., Mongolians; and to the first, or Mongolide, in Dr. Latham's threefold classification. In this latter classification the T. form a branch of the Turanian stock of Altaic Mongolida. Their geographical distribution, according to Dr. Latham, is as follows: (1) As a continuous population-E. and W., from the neighborhood of the Lake Baikal to the E. boundaries of the Greek and Slavonic countries of Europe; N. and S. from the N. frontiers of Thibet and Persia to the country N. of Tobolsk. (2) As an isolated population-along the lower course of the Lena and the shores of the White Sea, chiefly within the Arctic Circle. (3) As portions of a mixed population in China, Thibet, Mongolia, Persia, Armenia, the Caucasian countries, Syria, Egypt, Barbary, Greece, Albania, and the Slavonic portion of Turkey in Europe. The names Tourkoi, Turkai, and Turcæ occur in some ancient authors as applied to a Scythian people dwelling in Asiatic Sarmatia, and it is very likely that the Scythians of antiquity were allied in blood with the numerous existing Turkish tribes, if not absolutely their ancestors. The orig inal seat of the T. was probably upon the N. slopes of the Altai range, from which, while a portion emigrated into Independent Turkestan, others, going S.-S.-E., established themselves upon the confines of the Chinese Empire. The following are the principal Turkish tribes: (1) Uigurs.-On the Mongol frontier, belonging to China. (2) T. of the Sandy Desert.-Conterminous with Mongolia and Thibet. (3) T. of Khoten, Kashgar, and Yarkend. (4) Kirghis.-Independent Tartary. (5) Uzbeks.-The T. of Bokhara. (6) Turkomans.The Persian frontier of Independent Tartary from Balkh to the Caspian. (7) Ottoman, or Osmanli.-The T. of the Turk. ish Empire. (8) Nogays.-The T. of the parts between the Black Sea and the Caspian, N. of Caucasus. (9) T. of the Russian Empire.--Bashkirs, Teptyars, Baraba, etc. (10) The isolated Yakuts of the Lena. In physical appearance all these tribes, with the exception of the Ottoman T., partake more or less of the Mongolian type. In religion they are for the most part Mohammedans. Turk's and Cai'cos Islands are at the S.-E. of the Ba hama chain. The chief export is salt of very good quality. Since 1864 the islands have been, as to their government, a part of Jamaica. Pop. 4,372. Turmeric, (Curcuma longa; see CURCUMA,) a plant of the natural order Scitaminec, a native of the East Indies, much cultivated both in India and Cochin-China. The leaves are lanceolate, sheathing each other at the base, about 1 ft. 1.; they spring from the crown of the root, and from their center rises a short spike, with small cream-colored flowers. The root is divided into several fleshy fingers, oblong, which abound in a kind of arrowroot. The yellow color obtained from T. is not very durable, although it is employed as a dye both for silk and wool. Chemists make much use of T. as a test for alkalies. Turn, in Mus., an embellishment formed by the adjoining Turn. Performed thus, or thus. notes above and below combined with the principal note, and indicated by the sign Tur'nau, (Bohemian Turnov,) a walled town of Bohemia, circle of Jung-Bunzlau, on the Iser. Here was fought (1866) a battle between the Prussians and Austrians, in which the former were victorious. Pop. 4,700. Tur'ner, (JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM,) the greatest of British landscape painters, was b. in London 1775. His turn for art showed itself very early, and drew attention. In 1787, when only 12 yrs. old, he exhibited two drawings at the Royal Academy. Again, in 1790, he exhibited, and thence onward till his death. In 1799 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, and three yrs. afterward attained the full dignity of Academician. In the exercise of his art T. traveled much; he was frequently in Scotland, France, Switzerland, the Rhine countries, and Italy. His industry was almost as unexampled as his genius. To the exhibitions of the Royal Academy he contributed in all 259 pictures. In 1808 he commenced the publication of his famous "Liber Studiorum," a series of engravings from original designs, which ranks as one of his most important undertakings; to this is to be added his "Scenery of the Southern Coast," "England and Wales," "Rivers of England," "Rivers of France," etc. D. 1851. Tur'ner, (SHARON,) the Anglo-Saxon historian, b. in 1768 d. 1847. After yrs. of hard reading and patient collection family, (Charadriada,) found in almost every part of the of materials he published a History of the Anglo-Saxons, in globe. It frequents the seathree volumes, a work that has given its author a permanent place in English literature. Other writings of T.'s are: The History of England from the Norman Conquest to 1509, History of Henry VIII., and Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. Tur'ner, (THOMAS,) b. in Ky. 1821; a prominent lawyer and member of the Ky. Legislature 1861-63; member of Congress from Ky. 1877-81. Tur'ner's Falls, a village of Franklin Co., Mass., containing one of the largest cutlery establishments in the world. Numerous fossil fish, vegetables, and reptilian footprints are found in the vicinity. Pop. 3,104. Turnhout, a town of Belgium, in the prov. of Antwerp, in the district known as the Campine. T. is historically note worthy as the scene of two battles, the first won in 1597 by the Netherlanders over the Spaniards, and the second in 1789 by the patriots under Van der Mersch over the Austrians. Pop. 14,500. Turn'ing, the art of shaping wood, metal, ivory, or other hard substances into forms having a curved (generally circular or oval) transverse section; and also of engraving figures composed of curved lines upon a smooth surface, by means of a machine called a T.-lathe. (See LATHE.) This art is of great importance and extensive application in mechanics, the most delicate articles of luxury and ornament equally with the most ponderous machinery being produced by it. The art of T. dates from a very early period, and Theodorus of Samos (about 560 B.C.) is named by Pliny as its inventor; but long before this period the potter's wheel, (see POTTERY,) the earliest and simpliest form of T.-machine, was in general use, as is evidenced by numerous references in holy writ. Tur'nip, (Brassica rapa,) a biennial plant, with lyrate hispid leaves, the upper part of the root becoming, especially in cultivation, swollen and fleshy. It is a native of Europe and the temperate parts of Asia. It has been long cultivated, and is used as a culinary esculent. The cultivated varieties are very numerous. Tur'nip-cut'ter, an implement used for cutting turnips for cattle. Many kinds are now in use, of which, perhaps, the best are those having knife-edges on the surface of a cylinder or cone, which are brought to act on the turnips by turning a handle. b Tur'nip-fly, a name given to several insects, destructive to turnips. It is often given to the European Haltica nemorum, also called Turnip-flea, from its skipping or leaping powers, but which is truly a very small beetle, with long and strong hind legs and ample wings, of a shining black color, with two yellow. shore, and derives its English Turn-stone. Tur'pentine, a semi-solid resin which is yielded by various species of pine, and by some other trees, when incisions are made into them. The chief varieties of T. are Common T., yielded by Pinus abies; Venics T., yielded by the larch; Bordeaux T., yielded by Pinus mari. tima; and Chian T., yielded by Pistacia lentiscus. The Venice T., which is regarded as the best variety, occurs as a clear, transparent, pale yellow, viscous mass, of a balsamic odor and an acrid, bitter taste, perfectly soluble in spirits of wine, and increasing in density on prolonged exposure to the air. On distilling it with water it yields a considerable quantity of essential oil, vulgarly known as spirits of T. This oil of T. (which, from its greater cheapness, is usually obtained from common T.) is, after rectification, represented by the formula C20H16, and has a specific gravity of 0.864, and a boiling. point of 320°. T. is an energetic producer of ozone. Oil of T. forms three hydrates, of which two are solid. Commer. cial oil of T. often consists of a mixture of several isomeric hydrocarbons which act oppositely on polarized light, (like the several varieties of sugar.) Oil of T. is used to a consid erable extent in medicine, although, from its disagreeable taste, and from certain bad effects which occasionally follow its use, it is often supplanted by less certain remedies. Tur'peth, or Tur bith, the root of a plant of India and Australia used in medicine as a cathartic. Mineral T. is a yellow powder used as a pigment, and sometimes as an emetic. Tur'pie, (DAVID,) a well-known public man of Ind., b. of Scotch descent about 1829, and residing in Ind. since childhood. In college he distinguished himself as a student of Greek and Latin. He has served in the State Legislature, but has mainly devoted himself to the practice of his profes sion. In 1887 he was chosen U. S. senator for the term 1887-93-99. Tur'pin, or Tylpi'nus, claimed by Pope Calixtus II. to be the author of a Latin record of the campaigns of Charlemagne against the Saracens in Spain; d. 800. Turquois, a mineral hitherto found only in the prov. of Khorassan in Persia, and much prized as an ornamental stone, It is essentially a phosphate of alumina, containing also a little oxide of iron and oxide of copper. It is harder than feldspar, but softer than quartz, and has a greenish-blue color. It is sometimes called Oriental T., while the name Occidental T. is given to a substance of similar color, found ish stripes down the wing-cases, Turnip Flea, (Haltica strio- near Simon, in Languedoc, which is said to be merely bone and ocherous legs. It often com. mits great ravages in turnip-fields lata.) a, larva; b, pupa. colored with phosphate of iron. Tur'ret, a small tower or other eminence attached to a building and rising above it. Turret-ship, in naval warfare, consists of an iron while the turnips are young. The Turnip Flea-beetle of the Turnip Saw-fly. See SAW-FLY. newel. Turn'sole, a peculiar coloring material, consisting of very coarse linen rags, usually pieces of sacking, prepared by cleaning and bleaching, and then dipped into the juice of the leguminous plant called Crozophora tinctoria, previously mixed with ammoniacal matter and exposed to the air for some time. It is made in France, but exclusively used in Holland. Turn'spit, a very intelligent species of dog, formerly employed to turn the meat as it roasted before the kitchenfire. Turn'stile, a revolving frame in a foot-path to allow the passage of persons, but to prevent cattle from passing. Turnstile. Turret. ly above the water. In the Turn-stone, (Strepsilas interpres,) a bird of the plover safer, as the turret can be turned with its port-hole away from the enemy during loading. See the articles ARMORPLATES and NAVIES. attention even more than their beauty, and made them a fa Tuscaloo'sa, a city of Tus- Turritel'lidæ, a family of gasteropodous mollusks having an elongated spiral shell, the lower spires remarkably separated. The name Turret-shell is often given to them. Tur'tle, the popular name of those Chelonian reptiles, the family Cheloniade of some, which have a rather flat carapace, and fin-like paddles instead of legs, suited for swimming and not for walking. The fore-limbs are much longer than the hind-limbs. The toes are not all furnished with nails; in some species there is only one on each foot, in others there are two. Ts. are all marine, and Tus'can Or'der of Ar'chialthough they lay their eggs on the beach, seldom visit the tecture, one of the five Classic shore for any other purpose. The young, soon after being Orders, being a Latin modifica hatched, make their way through the sand which covers them, tion of the Doric style with unand immediately betake themselves to the water. Ts. crawl fluted columns, and without triglyphs. It is the simplest of slowly and awkwardly on the shore; but their movements in the orders. See ARCHITECTURE. water are comparatively quick, and even graceful. Some of Tus'cany, formerly a sovereign grand duchy in the W. of the species feed entirely on grass-wrack and sea-weeds, which Italy, lying for the most part S. and W. of the Apennines; their powerful jaws cut with great ease; others prey on crus- area 9,304 sq. m., pop. 2,332,256. The N. and N.-E. of the taceans, mollusks, and fishes. The flesh of those which sub-country is filled with mountains, whence numerous rivers and sist on animal food is musky and unpleasant; but that of the streams flow down to the sea, the most important of which species whose food is vegetable is much esteemed. The Green are the Arno, the Serchio, and the Ombrone. This district is T. attains a large size, being sometimes 6 or 7 ft. in l., and also the source of the Tiber. The rest of T. is an undulating Turtle-dove. weighing 700 or 800 lbs. Another excellent species of T. is the Edible T. (Chelonia virgata) of the East Indies, which is frequently 4 or 5 ft. 1. The Hawkbill T., (Caretta imbricata,) Skeleton of Turtle. found in the warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Indian Ocean, and in the Red Sea, is particularly valuable, as yielding the best tortoise-shell. Tur'tle-dove, or Tur'tle, (Turtur,) a genus of Columbida, having the bill more slender than pigeons, the tip of the upper mandible slightly bent down. They are also more slender and elegant in form than pigeons, and generally smaller; the wings are longer and more pointed, and the tail is longer. There are numerous species, natives of warm climates. Their soft and gentle yet loud cooing has attracted region of hills and dales, except the coasts, which are flat and Tuscaro'ras, a tribe of N. Amer. cany. Rivers, and 1,200 warriors. In 1711 Former Arms of Tus Tuscola, a town of Tuscola Co., Mich.; there are sawmills, flour-mills, woolen-mills, and tanneries; pop. 1,324. Tus'culum, anciently a city of Latinum, about 15 m. S. of Rome, was situated on a ridge of hills known as the Colles Tusculani, and forming part of the Alban range. Mythically, it derived its origin from Telegonus and Circe; but we catch the first certain glimpse of its historical exist. ence toward the close of the regal period at Rome. Then it appears in the enjoyment of a high degree of prosperity and power, and therefore its beginnings are in all probability re mote. Octavius Mamilius, ruler of T., married a daughter of Tarquin the Proud. Soon after T. entered into an alliance with Rome, and ever after-except in a single instanceremained steady in its attachment and fidelity to Rome. Toward the close of the Republic T. became a favorite coun try residence of the wealthy Romans. As late as the 12th c. the ancient city continued entire; but in 1191 it was stormed by the Romans and razed to the ground. There arose from its ruins the town of Frascati. Tuscumbia, a city and the cap. of Colbert Co., Ala., on the Memphis and Charleston R.R., 150 m. E. of Memphis; there are some thriving manufactories, and the principal business is the trade in cotton; pop. 2,491. Tuskegee, a post-town and cap. of Macon Co., Ala., on a branch of the Western R.R. The town has various important schools, the chief being the T. Institute, Booker T. Washington founder and president. Pop. 2,600. Tussila'go, a genus of plants of the natural order Composite, sub-order Corymbiferæ, having bractea with a membranous edge, a naked receptacle, a hairy pappus; the florets of the ray pistilliferous, in many rows, tongue-shaped; those of the disk perfect. T. Farfara, sometimes called Colt'sfoot, has single-flowered scaly scapes, appearing before the leaves in early spring, the flowers yellow, both disk and ray; the leaves heart-shaped, angular, downy beneath. bail demanded in a new suit; escaped to Spain the same yr.; captured and brought back 1876; d. in prison 1878. Tweed'dale, Marquis of, (GEORGE H.,) an Eng. states. man; Gov. and Commander-in-Chief of Madras 1842-46; b. in England 1787, d. 1876. Tweedmouth. See BERWICK-ON-TWEED. Twelfth-day, as its name implies, falls 12 days after Christmas, and hence comes on Jan. 6. See EPIPHANY. Twelve Tables, (Lat. Lex or Leges Duodecim Tabu larum,) the name given to the earliest code of Roman law. According to the ancient account, the code originated in this wise: In the year 462 B.C. a tribune, C. Terentilius Arsa, brought forward a proposal to appoint five men to draw up a set of laws, with the view of limiting the imperium of the consuls. The aristocracy, always furious, selfish, and unwise in their struggles with the commons of Rome, violently resisted this reform, and for eight yrs. a fierce warfare was carried on between the two orders, which ended in a sort of partial victory for the plebeians. In 454 B.C. the Senate as sented to a Plebiscitum, in virtue of which three commissionin.ers were dispatched to Greece to report on the laws in force among the different states there. After a lapse of two yrs. they returned, and it was then agreed that 10 men (decemviri) should be selected to draw up a code, (legibus scribundis.) According to Livy and Diodorus, the laws of the T. T. were cut on bronze tablets (whence their name) and put up in a public place. Whether these tablets were destroyed by the Gauls when they sacked and burned Rome (390 B.C.) is uncertain. Tussock-grass, (Dactylis caespitosa,) a large grass of the same genus with the Cock's-foot Grass of Great Britain, a native of the Falkland Islands, remarkable for forming great tufts, sometimes 5 or 6 ft. in h., the long tapering leaves hanging over in graceful curves from 5 to 8 ft. 1., and 1 broad at the base. The young shoots are boiled and eaten as asparagus. Tus'sock-moth, (Laria pudibunda,) a grayish-white moth, about 1 in. 1., the upper wings freckled, with four irregular darkish lines, the under wings nearly white. The caterpillar does great mischief in Europe in hop plantations, and is known by the name of Hop-dog. Tut'tle, (DANIEL SYLVESTER, D.D.,) an Amer. prelate, b. 1837; P. E. Bishop of Mont. 1867; of Mo. 1886. Tut'tle, (HORACE P.,) Amer. astronomer, assistant in the Harvard Coll. Observatory, and discoverer of several comets. See COMETS and METEORS AND COMETS. B. 1839. Tut'tlingen, a town of Würtemberg, on the Danube. T. Is historically notable as the scene of a battle in 1643, during the Thirty Years' War, in which an Austro-Bavarian force defeated the French. Pop. 11,672. Tut'ty-powder, an impure oxide of zinc, which is found in the chimneys of the furnaces in which the ores of that metal are roasted. It has some value in medicine. Tutui'la, an island in the Pacific, belonging to the group of the Navigators' or Samoan Islands, is about 17 m. 1. and 5 m. w., and contains nearly 4,000 inhabitants. The coast is bold, and the island is traversed by sharp-peaked mountains, rising from 2,500 to 3,500 ft. The harbor of Pago Pago is very deep, and completely landlocked by lofty mountains. T. passed under control of the U. S. in 1899. Tuy'ere, the nozzle or small pipe through which the air is forced into a blast-furnace. See IRON. Tver, a govt. of Great Russia, bounded on the N.-W. by the Govt. of Novgorod, and on the S.-E. by those of Moscow and Smolensk; area 25,225 sq. m., pop. 1,812,825, mostly Russians. Tver, a city of Great Russia, cap. of the govt. of the same name, stands at the confluence of the Volga with the Tvertza; pop. 53,477. Tweed, the most famous of Scottish rivers, rises in the extreme S. of Peeblesshire, at an elevation of 1,500 ft. above sea-level. It flows N.-E. to near Peebles, thence to its junction with Ettrick Water, and thence to its embouchure in the North Sea at Berwick-on-Tweed. It receives the Ettrick, the Teviot, and the Till from the S.; and the Gala, Leader, and Adder from the N. The tide is felt at Norham Castle, 10 m. from the mouth of the river, but there is little or no navigation above Berwick. Twes'ten, (AUGUST DETLEY CHRISTIAN, D.D.,) a pupil and admirer of Schleiermacher, whose theological chair he afterward filled; b. in Glückstadt 1789, d. 1876. Twickenham, an Eng. town, on the banks of the Thames, a few miles from London. It is famous as having been the residence of Pope. Pop. 10,533. Twi'light. If the earth had no atmosphere, we should be involved in total darkness from the instant of sunset till the instant of sunrise. The transition from day to night and from night to day occupies an interval which varies with the latitude and the declination of the sun, and this intermediate stage is called T. As long as the sun is not more than 18° below the horizon its light is reflected by the air and the clouds and vapors suspended in it in sufficient quantity to render even distant objects visible. In tropical regions the T. is short, and its duration increases with the latitude. A curious phenomenon, known as the afterglow, or second T., often seen in the Nubian desert, is referred by Sir John Herschel to a second reflection of solar light in the atmosphere. Twilight Bow, a phenomenon resembling the rainbow, seen at the time of sunset or sunrise. The middle of the arc is directly opposite to the sun, but only the red and blue colors are conspicuous. Twill, a woven fabric, in which the warp is raised one thread, and depressed two or more threads for the passage of the weft; this gives the structure a curious appearance of diagonal lines! Tybee', an island and sound at the mouth of the Savannah River, Ga. The sound is a bay of the Atlantic, extending from Tybee Island on the S. to Hilton Head on the N., opening to Port Royal entrance by Cooper's River, Wall's Cut, Lazaretto Creek, and other channels. The island is 6 m. 1. by 3 w., and was occupied in 1861 by Gen. Sherman, who erected batteries for the reduction of Fort Pulaski, which capitulated 1862. Ty'burn, previously to 1783 the chief place of execution in London, was situated near the N.-E. corner of Hyde Park, at the W. extremity of Oxford Street, and at the point where the Edgeware and Uxbridge roads unite. The place of execution was, in 1783, removed to the Old Bailey, or Newgate, where it has since remained. In early times the frequency of executions rendered the office of hangman more important than it has since become. This fact explains the frequent mention of him in contemporary literature. Jack Ketch, or Squire Ketch, is first mentioned in 1678. He was the executioner who beheaded Lord Russell and the Duke of Monmouth. After this time the "Kings of Tyburn " all received the name of Ketch. Tweed, a name originally given to a certain kind of woolen cloth, produced in the S. of Scotland, largely made at Galashiels, Hawick, Selkirk, Jedburgh, and other places on the Tweed and its tributaries. It is of an open, soft, flexible nature, differing from English superfine cloth in not being so finely spun or closely woven, and in not being so thoroughly felted. Ts. are further characterized by their purity of color and genuineness of make-shoddy, mungo, and cotton-warp not being yet used in the production of even the cheaper kinds. Tweed, (WILLIAM M.,) b. in New York 1823; became a chair-maker; elected alderman 1850, member of Congress 1853; school commissioner and president of the Board of Supervisors of New York County 1857; deputy street commissioner 1863; State senator 1867; was leader of the famous Tammany ring, by means of which he obtained almost unlim-c. ited influence in the politics of the State and city; indicted by the grand jury for forgery and larceny 1872, and impris- Ty'ler, a town and the cap. of Smith Co., Tex., 270 m. oned on Blackwell's Island 1873; released 1875, and imme- N. of Galveston, on the International and Great Northern diately sent to Ludlow Street Jail in default of $3,000,000 | R.R. There are several thriving local manufactories, and Tye, (CHRISTOPHER,) an Eng. musician of note of the 16th He held the office of musical instructor to Edward VI when Prince of Wales. the U. S. District and Circuit Courts and the State Supreme Court hold their sessions here; pop. 6,908. Tyler, (BENNET, D.D.,) an Amer. educator and Cong. minister, and the leader of what was called the "New Divinity;" Pres. of Dartmouth Coll. 1822-28, and Pres. of the Pastoral Union Seminary 1834-58; b. in Conn. 1783, d. 1858. Tyler, (DANIEL,) an Amer. soldier; Brig.-Gen. of U. S. Volunteers during the civil war; b. in Conn. 1799, d. 1882. Tyler, (JOHN,) the 10th President of the U. S., b. in Va. 1790. His father was an officer of the army in the Revolution, and a judge of the Federal Court of Admiralty. John entered William and Mary Coll. at 12, and was graduated at 17; was admitted to the bar at 19, and almost immediately entered upon a large practice. At 21 he was elected to the State Legislature, was almost unanimously elected five times, and in 1816 entered Congress. During his long congressional career he sustained all the measures of the State Rights party. In 1840 he was elected Vice-President of the U. S., with Gen. William H. Harrison as President. President Harrison died 1841, a month after his inauguration, by which event Mr. T. became President. The most important act of his administration was the annexation of Tex., 1845. At the close of his term of office he retired to private life until 1861, when he was president of a peace convention at Washington. Failing in his efforts at a compromise, he gave his adhesion to the Confederate cause, and was a member of the Confederate Congress until his death, 1862. Tyler, (ROBERT OGDEN,) a gallant officer in the U. S. army; conspicuous in frontier service 1854-60, and later for gallantry in the civil war; became U. S. deputy quartermaster-general 1866; b. in N. Y. 1831, d. in Boston 1874. Tyler, (ROYALL,) an Amer. jurist, Chief-Justice of Vt.; was one of the first Amer. dramatists; b. in Boston 1757, d. 1826. Tyler, (SAMUEL,) an Amer. author, b. in Md. 1809; pub. lished A Discourse of the Baconian Philosophy, Burns as a Poet and as a Man, The Progress of Philosophy in the Past and in the Future, and a biography of Chief-Justice Taney; d. 1878. Tyler, (WILLIAM, D.D.,) b. in Derby, Vt., 1806; reared a Protestant, his father being a New England farmer and his mother a daughter of Rev. Daniel Barber and sister of Rev. Virgil Barber, of the Cong. ministry, but later of the Episcopal ministry, and later still (about 1816-20) converts to Rome. He became Bishop of Hartford, Conn., 1844. D. 1849. Tyler, (WILLIAM SEYMOUR,) an Amer, linguist, b. in Pa. 1810. In 1836 he became Prof. of Latin and Greek in Amherst Coll., and in 1847 of Greek alone. He published The Germania and Agricola of Tacitus, Theology of the Greek Poets, etc. Ty'ler's Insurrec'tion. A poll-tax of three groats, imposed in 1381, during Richard II.'s minority, to defray the expenses of the war with France, roused the spirit of resistance among the common people. The populace rose every where, and under the conduct of two peasants, named Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, they mustered in great force at Blackheath. They had an interview with the king, who, finding resistance vain, promised acquiescence with their demands, which included a general pardon, freedom of commerce, and the abolition of villeinage. Meantime a party of insurgents usually filled with sculpture; also, the space between the arch and lintel of doorways in Gothic architecture, which is fre quently enriched with sculpture. Tyn'dale, or Tin'dale, (WILLIAM,) an eminent Eng. reformer and martyr, well known as a translator of the Bible. He went to London about the middle of 1523, bent upon the fulfillment of his long-cherished desire of translating the N. T. into English. Failing, however, to obtain the patronage he expected in carrying out this intention, he retired to Germany in 1524. Here his translation of the N. T. was published in 1525 or 1526, and conveyed into England. In 1530 he published a translation of the Pentateuch, and in 1531 one of the prophet Jonah. In 1533 he took up his abode in Antwerp, where, in 1534 and 1535, he published two revised editions of his N. T. In 1535 he was treacherously arrested, and, after a confinement of 16 months, was publicly strangled and burned as a heretic at Antwerp in 1536. B. 1484. Tyn'dall, (JOHN,) a British physicist, b. 1820 at Leigh. lin Bridge, Ireland. In 1853 T. communicated his first paper to the Royal Society, On Molecular Influences-Transmission of Heat through Organic Structures. Year by year from the date above mentioned T. extended our knowledge of sci. ence. His field of research was wide and varied, as exemplified by the subjects of his papers published in the Philosoph. ical Transactions. D. 1893. Tyne, a river in the N. of England, important from the valuable mineral district through which it flows, is formed by the confluence of two head-waters-the North T. and the South T. The former rises on the Scottish border, 11 m. S.-E. of Hawick. It flows S. across Keelder Moor, and S.-E. to Hexham. Near Hexham it is joined by the South T., which rises on the slopes of Cross Fell, in Westmoreland. From the junction of the two head-waters the T. flows through the S. of Northumberland. At Blaydon the navigation begins, and from this point its banks are lined with foundries, furnaces, docks, wharfs, and quays. Total 1. 80 m. Tyne'mouth, a small village and parish of Northumber land, takes its name from the river Tyne, on which, near its mouth, it stands. Though itself only a village, it gives name to a borough containing 46,267 inhabitants. Ty'ner, (JAMES N.,) statesman; Postmaster-Gen. 1876; appointed Gov. of Colo. 1878; b. in Ind. 1826. Tyng, (STEPHEN H., D.D.,) a P. E. divine of note, for many yrs. pastor of St. George's Church, Philadelphia, and of St. George's, New York, and a leader of the evangelical party, and author of several valuable works; edited successively the Episcopal Recorder, Theological Repository, and Protestant Churchman; b. in Mass. in 1800, d. in 1885. DUDLEY A., his son, b. 1825, a young preacher of great power and promise, was killed by an accident 1858. STEPHEN H., Jr., second son of Stephen H., once rector of the Church of the Holy Trinity, New York, editor of the Working Church, and one of the founders of the Christian at Work, has gained fame for his liberal fellowship with other denominations, his part in the work of Moody and Sankey, etc.; b. 1839, d. 1898. Type, the name given to the metal or wooden characters used in PRINTING, (q. v.) The following are the principal sizes of T.: had broken into the Tower and murdered the primate and Great Primer.—a bcdefg at the head of the rioters, invited him to a conference, when English.-a b c d efghijklmn chancellor and the treasurer. The king, encountering Tyler he conducted himself with an insolence that led Walworth, the mayor, to dispatch him with a dagger. The revolt was Pica.-abcdefghijklmnopqr not extinguished without considerable bloodshed. - -a Tyloph'ora, a genus of plants of the natural order As- Small Pica.-abcdefghijklmnopqr clepiadaceae, natives of the East Indies, New Holland, etc., with Long Primer. bcdefghijklmnopqr a wheel-shaped corolla and a 5-leaved fleshy coronet. T. asthmatica, a native of the coast of Coromandel, has a high Bourgeois.-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw reputation as a medicinal plant. Brevier.-a b cdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Ty'lor, (EDWARD BURNETT, LL.D., F.R.S.,) a British sa- Minion.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz vant; was one of the founders of the new science of "com- Nonpareil.-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz parative ethnology;" b. in England 1832. Brilliant.—a bedefghijklmnopqrstuvwxys Agate.-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Tympani'tes, (Lat. tympanum, "a drum.") This word is Pearl.-abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz associated with the distension of the abdomen that results Diamond.—a bedefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz from excessive accumulation of gas within its cavity. As a rule the gas collects in the interior of the alimentary canal, Printed matter is generally counted or measured by ems, that especially the intestines, but in exceptional cases it occupies is, by the square of the body of a T. used, the square being the peritoneal cavity. It is usually dispelled by applying hot reckoned, not on the face of the letter as printed, but upon turpentine stupes to the abdomen, and giving internally the full depth of the T.'s body. In measuring the ems in brandy, aromatic spirits of ammonia, camphor, or asafoetida. a page of printed matter the entire page is taken, including Tym'panum, (Lat. "a drum,") in Anatomy, the middle the line at the top, a blank line at the bottom, and any In Arch., the flat space left within the sloping and blanks. A page 4 × 3, if printed in Great Primer, would horizontal cornices of the pediment of classical architecture, I measure 280 ems; in English, 408 ems; in Pica, 560; in ear. |