Type, in Theology, an image or representation of some object which is called the antitype. It is applied chiefly to those prophetic prefigurings of the persons and things of the New Dispensation which are found in the ritual and even in the history of the O. T.

Small Pica, 736; in Long Primer, 875; in Bourgeois, 1, 120; fection. We present a brief sketch of the history of the in. in Brevier, 1,333; in Minion, 1,532; in Nonpareil, 2,200; in vention: It is on record that one Henry Mill obtained a pat Agate, 2,880; in Pearl, 3,381; in Diamond, 4,424; in Brill-ent in England, Jan. 7, 1714, for such a machine. The record iant, 5,394. does not describe it, except that it was a device to write in printed characters one letter at a time, one after another. Strange as it may seem, there does not appear to have been another effort made for nearly 130 yrs., for the next record found is that of the English patent of 1841 to Alexander Bain and Thomas Wright, entitled, "A Machine to Print Intelligence at Distant Places." It was designed simply for what that of the U. S. patent to Charles Thurber, of Worcester, is now called the "Printing Telegraph." The next record is Mass. Thurber's machine was slow and tedious. The next is that of the patent to one Fairbanks, in 1848. It consists of several series or systems of vertical converging rods, the rods of each system adapted to be pushed up vertically, like piston-rods, against a common impinging point. On the upper end of each rod was the desired type. The next is that of the French patent to M. Pierre Foucault, a blind man in the Paris Institute for the Blind, in 1849. This machine printed embossed letters to be read by the blind. The machine

Type-setting Machines. T. M. have been steadily in use in Am. and Europe for about 35 yrs., yet although all the machines have set type for a little time at great speed, and no reason could be assigned why that speed could not be continued, all have fallen short of absolute perfection. The first type-composing machine on the records of the English Patent-Office appears to be that of Mr. W. Church, and the specification of his patent is dated 1822. This, after a lapse of 20 yrs., was followed by a number of others, scarcely a yr. passing without one or more being made the subject of a patent. Moreover, some of them, among others those of Young and Delcambre, were for a long time before the public. For at least half a century the

construction of a
useful type-setting
machine has been
a problem which a
number of ingen-
ious men have
tried to solve, but
it is only within
the last few yrs.
that there has
been any thing
more than the
mere appearance
of success. The
problem, although
It seemed to be
conquered by Del-
cambre, Mitchel,
Alden, and Kas-
tenbein, was not
really overcome.
There were points
neglected or over-
looked which have
prevented more
than a moderate
use of the various

kinds of appara

proved a success. Several of them were made and were sent

tus. The success-to and used in the blind institutions in Europe. It was exful machine must

meet every ob-hibited at the World's Fair in London, in 1851, and commanded stacle. In practice much attention. The next is the patent of Oliver T. Eddy, of one frequent defect is in the let- Baltimore, in 1850. In 1852 there was another patent issued; The Linotype. ters "choking" in in 1854 another; in 1856 three others, and one in 1857. After the channels. When they are dropped by the displacing finger they fall a certain that several other patents were issued in 1858, 1859, 1860, and distance. A font of type is of 30 different thicknesses and of the so on up to 1865 or 1866; but none of these inventions proved same number of weights. Naturally, a heavy letter like an m or a w will reach the bottom more certainly and be less obstructed than an to be of much practical value. The writing-machine called for a comma. The grooves are of different length and different in- the T. was invented at Milwaukee, Wis., in 1867, by C. clination; the dust that would stop an 8 in one channel would not stop an n in another channel. The letters bound when they reach Latham Sholes, Samuel W. Soulé, and Carlos Glidden. Nu. the bottom; they twist around, and the last letter struck reaches the merous conceptions were made. One device after another was line before another struck immediately preceding. In the handling of these channels and the passage of these types is a formidable dif- conceived and developed till 25 or 30 experimental instruficulty. There are a number of machines now before the public-the ments were made, each succeeding one a little different from Burr, the Paige, the Rogers, the Thorne, the McMillan, and the Mergenthaler. It must be understood that a type-setting machine to be and a little better than the one preceding. They were put perfect must comprise three parts. One is to set the letters, an- into the hands of stenographers-practical persons who were other to distribute them, or throw them back, and the third to "justify" them, or make the line of type exactly the right length by di- presumed to know better than any one else what would be minishing or increasing the distance between the words.. The last is needed and satisfactory. In this way the invention grew till, one of the most difficult problems in mechanics. No'machine in actual commercial use justifies, although two type-bar casting ma- at the beginning of 1873, the device was thought complete. chines the Rogers and the Mergenthaler-do spread apart their words by wedges, so that a mold can be taken from the line. In the The use of the T. has completely revolutionized the copyist's tion on another. When the type has been set it is taken away and valuable labor-saving devices of the 19th c. McMillan machine composition is done on one machine and distribu- trade, and the useful little instrument is one of the most Justified by hand. This machine works very simply and easily, does not clog, and requires very little in the way of repairs. Its chief disadvantage is its bulkiness. The Thorne machine is very neat and compact and pretty to look upon. The types fall perpendicularly from the place where they are distributed into the line forming from copy. The distributer and composer form but one machine. At the side of the machine sits an operator who justifies the matter into lines as fast as may be necessary. The Thorne is now employed very largely in the U. S. and in England. The disadvantages attributed to it are breaking type and clogging of channels. The Rogers machine employs the wedge principle. It is small and compact, requiring considerable physical power on the part of the operator. The Mergenthaler is a large and ponderous machine. It displays great mechanical ingenuity. Instead of setting types it sets matrixes. The speed of the manipulator is that of those on other machines, for. of course, a keyboard on one machine can be struck as quickly as that on another. But there are two advantages: no time is lost on Justification, as the spaces are cast at the same time as the letters, and there is no necessity of distribution. When the matter is done with it is melted and used over again. One disadvantage is the irregularity of the face. Some of the matrixes are hot and some are cold when the line is cast; therefore the former are low to paper and large, while the latter are high and small. But a decided economy is effected by its employment, and a removal of the defects alluded to in all the various machines may be confidently expected. Type-writer, The, stands pre-eminent among WRITINGMACHINES (q. v.) as respects convenience and utility. The principle, briefly stated, is that of a series of keys pivoted to rods similar to the action of a piano-forte, the ends of the rods carrying the characters of the alphabet and all striking on a common center. There is, of course, a self-inking arrangement, and several minor improvements have been added in recent yrs., bringing the invention to a high state of per

Ty'pha, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Typhacea of some botanists, which, according to others, is a sub-order of Araceae. The Typhaceae all inhabit marshes or ditches. They have nodeless stems, unisexual flowers arranged on a spadix without a spathe, the perianth consisting of scales or lax hairs, the anthers on long filaments, the fruit dry, consisting of the seed with adherent pericarp. They are found in very different climates and scattered over the world. T. latifolia, sometimes called Bulrush, is the most common. The root-stalks are stringent and diuretic, and abound in starch.

Typh-fe'ver, a term now used to designate a continued low fever. The best-marked varieties of this affection are known as typhus and typhoid fevers, which in typical cases are easily distinguished from one another, but not unfrequently so merge into one another that it is difficult to decide whether the disease should be classed as typhus or typhoid fever, and hence the general term T. is a very convenient one in doubtful cases.

Typhli'tis, (Gr. typhlon, "the cæcum,") inflammation of the cæcum.

Typhlop'idæ, a family of worm-like ophidians found in various tropical countries.

Ty'phon, in Egyptian myth., was the Greek name of a son of Seb (Kronos) and Nut, (Rhea.) The Egyptian name

of T. was Set, also Suti and Sutech, and in the earliest times
he was a highly venerated god. He often appears on the
monuments in the form of a beast, the cunning crocodile,
the dreaded hippopotamus, or the obstinate ass, and with
yellow hair and long blunted ears. From him the kings of
the 19th dynasty, Seti, (Sethos, Sethosis, changed by Herod-
otus into Sesostris,) derive their name. The city of Ombos
was a special seat of his worship. In later times, however,
either about the close of the 21st dynasty or afterward, his
worship was abandoned, and his figure and name were
obliterated from many of the monuments. T. came to
be regarded as a god hostile to the Egyptians, and was
gradually developed into a personification of the principle of
Evil.
Typhoons', (Chinese Tei-fun, i. e., "hot wind,") are vio-
lent storms which blow on the coast of Tonquin and China
as far N. as Ningpo and the S.-E. coasts of Japan. Vare-
nius, in his Geographia Naturalis, describes them as "storms
which rage with such intensity and fury that those who have
never seen them can form no conception of them; you would
say that heaven and earth wished to return to their original
chaos." They occur from May to Nov., but it is during the
months of July, Aug., and Sept. that they are most frequent.
They resemble the storms of western Europe in their general
characteristics, with this difference, that the main features
are more strongly marked. T. have their origin in the ocean
to the E. of China.

diseased intestine. As the evacuations contain the specific virus of typhoid fever, the disease may be propagated among healthy persons (1) by percolation through the soil into the wells which supply drinking-water; (2) or by issuing through defects in the sewers into the air which is inspired; or (3) by exhalation through the apertures of small, ill-trapped water-closets or privies, which are at once the receptacles of the discharges from the sick and the daily resort of the healthy.

Tyr, the old Norse name of a god who, however, did not belong exclusively to the Northern mythology, but was common also to the German, being called in old High German Ziu or Zio, and in Anglo-Saxon Tiv. He was the son of Odin, and was the god of war and of fame. According to the Edda he was single-handed. In the twilight battle of the gods he meets his death at the same time with his enemy, the monster dog Garmr. The third day of the week, too, the Dies Martis of the Romans, is called after him, in old Norse, Tyrsdagr; Anglo-Saxon, Tivesday, (from which our English Tuesday ;) old Friesic, Tysdei; old High German, Ziuwestac; in the N. of Germany, Tiestac or Diestac, from which the German of the present time, Dienstag.

Ty'rant, (Gr. tyrannos, Doric for koiranos, from kuros or kurios, a lord or master,") a name given in modern times to an arbitrary and oppressive ruler, but originally applied, not necessarily to one that exercised power badly, but merely to one that had obtained it illegally, and therefore equivalent to our word usurper. It was the method of exercising authority pursued by these usurpers that latterly, even in ancient times, gave the word T. that evil significance it has ever since retained.

Tyrcon'nel, Duke and Earl of, (RICHARD TALBOT,) was b. early in the 17th c. Immediately on the accession of James II. he was made Earl of T., and put in command of the troops in Ireland; and in 1687, by fawning, bullying, and bribing, he was appointed lord-deputy. His arrival in that country spread terror and dismay through the English Protestant population, who had already suffered somewhat under his military rule. Events quickly justified their ter rors. On the arrival of James in Ireland, in 1689, he created the earl Duke of T. After the fatal battle of the Boyne, at which he held high command, he retired to France. D. 1691.

Ty'phus and Ty'phoid Fe’vers have so much in common that to avoid repetition we shall discuss them in one article. Typhus fever sometimes commences to show itself by certain premonitory symptoms due to the depressing action of the poison upon the nervous system before it be- Ty'rant Shrike, the popular name of a section of the gins to affect the circulation. The patient in these cases is Shrike family, (Laniada,) connecting that family with the listless, unwilling to make any bodily or mental exertion, Fly-catchers, (Muscicapidae,) and entirely Amer. In the geloses appetite, feels wandering pains over the body, is drowsy nus Tyrannus the bill is straight, rather long, strong, the during the day and restless at night. More commonly, how-upper mandible rounded above, the point suddenly hooked. ever, the disease begins suddenly, a shivering fit being the The birds of this genus are remarkable for their fierce and first symptoms. Severe headache, especially across the fore- bold disposition. They are always ready for battle, and head, is another common, early symptom. The muscular often engage in it. In defense of their young they rush power rapidly becomes enfeebled, and the patient very soon against any aggressor. The T. S., Tyrant Fly-catcher, or feels compelled to take to his bed. As there are three sets King-bird, (T. intrepidus,) has no hesitation to attacking an of symptoms, each of which occupies about a week, it is con-eagle_rising above him and pouncing down upon him. The venient to divide the description of continued (or typh) fever true T. Ss. (Tyrannus) have the plumage of white and black into that of three weekly stages. In the first week, in addi- variously blended. tion to the symptoms already noticed, the heat of the skin becomes increased, and the pulse, which at first is hard, becomes soft and weak. The two most remarkable symptoms of the second week are the delirium which seems to replace the headache, and the appearance of the characteristic eruption. It is in the course of this second week that death is most apt to occur. During the third week the symptoms gradually abate in those cases which are going to end in recovery. The fact that the difference between typhus and typhoid fevers was first recognized only a few yrs. ago affords sufficient evidence that the symptoms of these diseases must be very similar. Among the earlier symptoms of typhoid the most characteristic are abdominal pains and diarrhoea. An eruption usually appears at from the eighth to the 12th day of the disease. Hemorrhage from the bowels is one of the most alarming of the symptoms of typhoid fever. It occurs most frequently during the third and fourth weeks, and varies from a mere stain to a large amount. In cases of recovery from typhoid a remarkable fatuity remains for a considerable time-a childishness of mind often remaining for more than a month after apparent restoration to health. Typhoid fever is essentially a disease of childhood and adolescence, the average age at which it occurs being 214 yrs., and it being very rarely that a person aged more than 50 is attacked, while typhus attacks persons of all ages, from early infancy to extreme old age. There is undoubted evidence that all the forms of continued fever are contagious, and it may now be regarded as an established fact that one species of fever cannot generate another, but that each is produced solely by its like. The conditions essential to the propagation of typhus are (1) overcrowding, combined with deficient ventilation; (2) personal filth, and clothes saturated with cutaneous exhalations; and (3) an impaired condition of the system, such as may result from insufficient food, scurvy, and any other debilitating causes. From the investigations of various physicians, it appears that the living human body is the soil in which the specific poison of typhoid fever breeds and multiplies. The origin of the disease is unknown, but the poison is communicated or contained in the diarrhoeal discharges which issue from the

Tyre, (Phoenician Sûr or Sôr, "rock,") a city of ancient Phoenicia, which probably derived its name from the double rock on which it was first founded. It was a matter of doubt among the ancients themselves whether T. or Sidon was the older of the two, and the question is one not easily to be settled. There were two towns of T. closely connected together in historical times, one on the continent, the other on the island opposite. The more important of the two was the continental town called Pala Tyrus, while the island town served more or less for the purpose of storehouses, manufactories, arsenals, and the like. Its history begins to dawn upon us with Abibal, the predecessor of the biblical Hiram, under whose rule (980-947 B.C.) T. attained to its full glory and renown. He was followed, according to an cient writers, by Balæastartus; after him reigned his four sons. In 538 B.C. Cyrus became master of Phoenicia, and for a long time Phoenicia prospered under wise Persian rulers. Having refused to pay allegiance to Alexander the Great, it was besieged by him in 332 B.C., and fell after a seven months' hard resistance. Under the Romans Cleopatra received T. as a present from Anthony, but the last trace of its independent existence was taken from it by Augustus. A Christian community was founded there at an earlier period. In the 7th c. it came under the dominion of the Saracens, and in 1192 A.D. became the N. boundary of Christian territory in Palestine. It continued to flour ish-still chiefly through its world-renowned purple-until 1516 A.D., when the conquest of Selim I., together with the

newly discovered route to Asia by the Cape of Good Hope, put an end to its wealth and commerce, and almost to its existence.

Tyr'ian Purple, a dye used by the ancients, prepared at Tyre from the shell Murex.

Tyr'nau, (Magyar Nagy-Szombath,) a town of Hungary, in the county of Ober-Neutra, on the river Trna; pop. 9,737. Tyr'ol forms with Vorarlberg the most W. province of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and borders N., W., and S. on Bavaria, Switzerland, and Italy; area, including Vorarl berg, 11,824 sq. m., pop. 928,769. The T. may be regarded as an E. continuation of Switzerland. It is traversed from E. to W. by the great chain of the Alps, and is encircled on all sides by lofty ranges. It consists, however, almost entirely of three great valleys: (1) one running E. and W. N. of the Great Alps, and drained by the Inn; (2) one S. of the Alps, also running E. and W., and drained by upper tributaries of the Adige or Etsch; (3) one running S. from the middle of the last, and drained by the main stream of the Adige. The main mountain-chain is crossed toward the center of the T. by a deep depression, in which lies the Brenner

and W. by the last-named county and Donegal. With the exception of Lough Neagh, the lakes, which are numerous, are small. The principal rivers are the Blackwater, the Camowen, and the Ballinderry. The chief towns are Omagh, Strabane, Dungannon, Cookstown, Aughnacloy, Castlederg, and Clogher. Area 806,658 acres, pop. 171,278.

Tyrone, (HUGH O'NEIL,) a celebrated Irish commander and conspirator in the reign of Elizabeth; b. in Ireland 1550, d. in Rome 1616.

Tyrotox'icon, (Gr. tyros, "cheese," Lat. toxicum, "poison,") a poisonous ptomaine found in cheese and milk, discovered by V. C. Vaughan. Poisoning by ice-cream and cream-puffs is due to this substance.

Tyrrhenian Sea, anc. Tyrrhenum Mare, that part of the Mediterranean Sea between the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily on the W. and the Italian peninsula on the E. Tyrtæ'us, a Lacedæmonian famed for his political elegies and marching songs. He probably flourished in the 7th c. B.C. Tyt'ler, (ALEXANDER FRASER,) an historical writer, and a judge of the Court of Session in Scotland under the title of Lord Woodhouselee. He was the eldest son of William

Pass, (elevation 4,657 ft.) The dialect and manners of the | T., and was b. in 1747. His writings include a biography of Bavarians prevail in the N. and middle valley. The dialect and manners of Lombardy, on the other hand, have crept up the third valley to a boundary-line which rests upon the mountains which bound the middle valley on the S. The Tyrolese have an independent national Diet, meeting at Innsbruck, in which are represented all classes of the population, the clergy, the nobility, the people of the country, and those of the towns. There are to some extent separate administrative arrangements for the Italian districts. The history of the T. is partly German and partly Italian. In early times the T. formed part of Rhætia, and was conquered by the Romans 15 B.C. Subsequently it was overrun by various German tribes; still later the valley was governed by one family of counts whose paternal abode was the mountain fortress of Tyrol, near Meran. The last count, who died in 1335, left one daughter, Margaret Maultasche. She bequeathed her rights to her cousins, the dukes of Austria, who in consequence acquired possession of the T. in 1363. During the wars of Napoleon the German T. was ceded to Bavaria, and was not restored to Austria until the Treaty of Paris in 1814. Tyrone, a borough of Blair Co., Pa., on the Little Juniata River, contains large manufactories; pop. 4,705.

Henry Home, Lord Kames; a dictionary of decisions of the Court of Session, and the work by which he is best known, his Elements of General History. D. 1813.

Tyt'ler, (PATRICK FRASER,) an eminent historical writer, fourth son of ALEXANDER FRAZER T. Of his various literary and historical works, the most valuable is his History of Scotland. B. in 1791, d. 1849.

Tyt'ler, (WILLIAM,) the author of several literary works of considerable merit, the principal being an Inquiry, Criti cal and Historical, into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots. He was b. at Edinburgh 1711, and d. 1792.

Tyrone, (Tir-owen, "Owen's Country,") an inland county of Ulster, Ireland, bounded N. by Londonderry, E. by Armagh and Lough Neagh, S. by Monaghan and Fermanagh,

Tzet'zes, (JOANNES,) a Byzantine (Greek) author, who flourished during the latter half of the 12th c., is known as the author of certain works in prose and verse, which are valuable as storehouses of classical information not elsewhere to be had. The principal are Iliaca, consisting of three distinct poems, entitled Ante-Homerica, Homerica, and Post-Homerica, or in Greek, Ta pro Homerou, ta Homerou, kai ta meth' Homerou, and Biblos Istorike, more commonly called Chiliades. T. had a brother Isaac, who probably had some share in the commentary on the Cassandra.

Tzschir'ner, (HEINRICH G.,) a Ger. Protestant minister who acquired a great reputation as a preacher, and by the opposition which he offered to Romanism; b. in Saxony 1778, d. 1828.

U