VETERINARY MEDICINE-VICE-CHANCELLOR. with pinnate leaves ending in tendrils, and with no terminal leaflet. A number of species are natives of Britain. The Common V. (V. sativa) is sometimes called by agriculturists Tare. Vet'erinary Med'icine embraces the medical management of the domestic animals, and appears to have been studied by the ancient Egyptians as well as by the Greeks and Romans. Hippocrates contributed a treatise on equine disorders; Columella and Vegetius (the latter of whom flourished about 300 A.D.) have left several curious veterinary works. Until after the middle of the 18th c. there were, however, no schools for the teaching of veterinary science or art. The several works published in France, Italy, and elsewhere were not of great value. In England Blunderville and Gervase Markam, who lived in the reign of Elizabeth, published volumes on farriery. Snape, farrier to Charles II., produced an anatomical treatise on the horse; Mr. Gibson, previously a surgeon in a cavalry regiment, paid much attention to the disorders of animals, and about the middle of the last century published The Farrier's Guide, which continued for many yrs. the best authority on the subject. The treatment of sick horses remained, however, in the hands of the riding-master, the groom, or the shoeing-smith or farrier. V. M., as a scientific art, takes date from 1761, when the first veterinary college was established at Lyons with royal patronage, under the able teaching of Bourgelât. Ve'to, in Politics, the power which one branch of the legislature of a country may have to negative the resolutions of another branch. In Great Britain the power of the crown in the act of legislation is confined to a V.-a right of rejecting, and not resolving. The crown cannot of itself make any alterations in the existing law, but may refuse to sanction alterations suggested and consented to by the two Houses of Parliament. In the U. S. the President has a qualified right to V. all laws passed by Congress; but after that V. has been exercised the bill which he has rejected may become law by being passed by two thirds of each House of Congress. (For specific provisions concerning the V. power by the President of the U. S., see CONSTITUTION, Art. I, Sec. 7.) In the several States the governors have similar V. power. Veuillot, (LOUIS,) Fr. journalist and author, b. in 1813 at Boynes en Gatinais, Loiret, d. 1883. Ve'vay, (Ger. Vivis,) a small town of Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud, remarkable for the beauty of its situation, on the N. shore of the Lake of Geneva, 11 m. E. of Lausanne; pop. 7,887. Vi'able, (vie, "life,") an epithet applied to a newly born child, to indicate its capacity for maintaining an independent existence. Viability has chiefly to be determined by the age of the foetus, and by its condition as regards formation, health, and strength. It may be laid down as a general rule that no foetus born before the end of the seventh month is V. Viada'na, an ancient historical town of Italy, once noted for its manufactories of superior pottery, silk, linen, and leather; pop. 15,343. Vi'aduct, a structure for conveying a roadway across a valley or low level, being so called in distinction from an AQUEDUCT, (q. v.,) which is an erection of the same description for the conveyance of water over a hollow. It is in every respect similar to an extended bridge. The great extension of railways within recent yrs. has Viaduct. rendered the use of Vs. much more common than formerly. These are of every kind of construction-of wood, iron, stone, and brick work. (See BRIDGE.) A railway embankment is also a species of V.; but the term is limited to those structures which are more or less open and rest upon piers. Vi'a Ma'la, a remarkable defile in the canton of the Grisons, Switzerland, is a portion of the Hinterrheinthal, (see RHINE,) which lies between Thusis and Zillis. The sides of the cleft, which is about 2 m. in 1., are immense walls of rock, almost parallel to each other, and so hard that the disIntegrating influence of the elements appears not to have produced the slightest effect on them, each projection on one side corresponding to an indentation on the other, almost as perfectly as at the time they were separated. The walls have a maximum h. of about 1,600 ft., and at various parts of the defile are not more than 10 yds. apart at the top. Via'na, a fortified city and sea-port in the N. of Portugal, in the prov. of Minho, stands at the mouth of the Lima, 40 m. N. of Oporto; pop. 9,000. 2615 Viareggio, a town of central Italy, in the prov. of Lucca, close to the shore of the Mediterranean, 30 m. S.-E. of Spezia; pop. about 10,000. Viat'icum, (Lat. viaticum, "money allowed for a journey,") the word applied in the ancient as well as modern ecclesiastical terminology to the communion administered to dying persons, which, in the case of the great journey to eternity, is thus quaintly likened to the money-provision made for a journey upon earth. Viat 'ka, a govt. of the E. of European Russia, bounded on the E. by the Govts. of Perm and Orenburg, and on the S. by that of Kazan; area 59,000 sq. m., pop. 2,406,024. Viat'ka, a town of Russia, cap. of the govt. of the same name, on the river Viatka, 280 m. N.-E. of Nijni-Novgorod; pop. 19,885. Viaz'ma, a town of Great Russia, in the Govt. of Smolensk, and 100 m. E.-N.-E. of the town of that name, on the Viazma; pop. 9,457. Vibi'ces. This term is applied, in Med., to patches on the skin, varying in tint from bright red to violet, which occur in certain diseased conditions of the blood, and especially in purpura. They are caused by minute hemor rhages of the capillaries of the true skin. The word is a Latin one, being the nominative plural of vibex icis, "the mark of a stripe." Vi'borg, the oldest city in North Jutland, and one of the oldest in Denmark, on a small lake, 25 m. W. of Randers; pop. 6,422. Vibra'tion, a movement made by a body or its parts in an attempt to regain its equilibrium when that has been disturbed. Pendulums or springs fixed at one end afford examples. They are held in position when at rest by the equal action of opposing forces, but when moved they acquire suffi cient momentum to carry them as far in one direction as they were moved in the other, returning from which they gain force enough to send them in the opposite direction-and this motion would be eternal if there were no external forces; but, as friction and other such obstacles always exist, the living force is gradually absorbed by them, and the body at last comes to a state of rest. The laws of V. assume special importance from the fact that upon them depend the modern theories of light, heat, and sound. Vib'rio, (Lat. vibro, " I shake,") a genus of Protozoa, with spindle-shaped bodies, found in wheat, vinegar, paste, unhealthy pus, and diseased tissues. Their presence in the nostrils is supposed to be the cause of Hay Fever. Vibrion'idæ, a family of Protozoa, having an elongated or worm-like form, of which the EAR-COCKLE (q. v.) is an example. They derive their name from their darting and quiv. ering motion. Some of them, as the ear-cockle, are found in living plants, others in corrupting organic matter, as the eels of paste and vinegar. Vi'broscope, an instrument invented by Mr. Wesselthoft, of Russia, for the purpose of observing and measuring the vibrations of bodies. It consists essentially of a rotating disk perforated with holes for sight near the edge. Viburnum, a genus of plants of the natural order Caprifoliaceae, having a 5-toothed calyx, a 5-lobed, wheel. shaped, bell-shaped, or tubular corolla; five stamens, three sessile stigmas, and a 1-seeded berry. The species are shrubs with simple leaves, natives chiefly of N. parts. V. opulus is the GUELDER ROSE, (q. v.,) or Snowball Tree. Vic'ar, (Lat. vicarius, from vicem, i. e., gerens, "acting in the place of another,") the title given to the substitute, whether temporary or permanent, employed to act in the place of cer tain ecclesiastical officials, whether individuals or corpora tions-as of the pope, a bishop, a chapter, a parish priest, etc. Vs. take different names from these various considera. tions. Vs. of the pope are called "Vs.-apostolic," and they are generally invested with episcopal authority in some place where there is no canonical bishop. Vs. of a bishop are either "Vs.-general," who have the full authority of the bishop all over his diocese, or "Vs.-forane," (Lat. foraneus, from foris, "abroad,") whose authority is confined to a par ticular district, and generally otherwise limited. A V.-capitu lar is the person elected by the chapter of a diocese, during the vacancy of the see, to hold the place of the bishop, and to exercise all the authority necessary for the government of the diocese. Vice-ad'miral, the second rank of U. S. naval officers; the office was created 1864. Vice-chamberlain. See CHAMBERLAIN, LORD. Vice-chan'cellor, a judge in equity, appointed by the crown under letters-patent, to assist the Lord Chancellor of England. The V. of a university is an officer who is empow-manuel the Great, in 1630. The irresistible pressure exercised ered to discharge certain duties of the chancellor, chiefly on him by Richelieu forced him into a war with the Spaniards those connected with granting degrees, in his absence. in Italy; and after routing his opponents at Tornavento he Vice-con'sul, a subordinate officer, to whom consular died, Oct. 7, 1637. V. A. II., grandson of the preceding, functions are delegated in some particular part of a district and one of the most able of princes, was b. May 14, 1666; already under the supervision of a consul. crowned June, 1675, d. 1732. V. A. III., grandson of the preceding, succeeded his father, Charles Emmanuel III., in 1773, d. 1796. dent. Vicenʼza, a handsome city of Venetia, beautifully situated at the confluence of the rivers Bacchiglione and Retrone. Vice-president, an officer next in rank below a presiThe V. of the U. S. is ex officio Pres. of the Senate. In case of the death (a contingency which has occurred four times) or "disability" of the chief executive of the government the V. succeeds him. The salary of the V. is $8,000. See PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION. Vice'roy, (Lat. vice, "in place of," and Fr. roi, "king,") a title popularly given to any officer who is delegated by a sovereign to exercise regal authority in his name in a dependency, as the Lord-Lieut. of Ireland, who, however, is never officially so styled. It was the proper official designation of the governors of Naples, Spain, and Peru under the old Spanish monarchy. See KHEDIVE. Vich, or Vique, a city of Catalonia, Spain, in the modern prov. of Gerona, on a hill-girt plain about 45 m. N. of Barcelona. Vich'y, a small town of the interior of France, in the Dept. of Allier, stands on the Allier, in a fine valley, surrounded by hills clad with vines and fruit-trees, 35 m. S.-S.-E. of Moulins; pop. 6,154. V. is the most fashionable bathing resort in France. The springs which rise at the foot of the volcanic mountains of AUVERGNE (q. v.) are of the alkaline class, and the most efficacious of the kind that are known. They vary in temperature from 68° to 112° Fahr., and are used both for drinking and bathing. They are resorted to in cases of indigestion, chronic catarrh, gout, etc. Vicia. See VETCH and BEAN. Vicksburg, a city and port of Miss., on the Mississippi River, 408 m. N. of New Orleans, 44 m. W. of Jackson, built on a collection of high bluffs. It is the chief town Big arrenton Black ww HardTimeGrandGulf Bayou R. Haines's award's Bolton's Champion Grant's March Raymond MILES Bruinsburg PortGibson Gallatino 66 ACKBON between Memphis and New Orleans. In Jan., 1862, it Victor Emman'uel I., (Ital. Vittoro Emanuele,) King of Sardinia, the second son of Victor Amadeus III., was b. July 24, 1759, and till his accession bore the title of Duke of Aosta. He died at Moncalieri, near Turin, Jan. 10, 1824. Victor Emman'uel II., the first king of a united Italy, was the son of Charles Albert of Sardinia, and was b. March 14, 1820. He was a pupil of the Jesuits, but under his father's superintendence received an excellent education; and, being heir to the throne, he commanded, in accordance with an old custom of his house, the brigade of Savoy in the campaign of 1848-49, and displayed great gallantry at Goito and Novara. Though proclaimed by the Senate and House of Deputies King of Italy in Feb., 1861, V. prudently postponed all attempts to annex Rome and Venice, and directed his attention to the internal affairs of his kingdom. In Aug., 1870, after the outbreak of the war between France and Germany, the last detachment of the French garrison which had occupied Rome since 1849 was withdrawn; the imperial city, finally united to the kingdom, became the cap. of Italy and the seat of V. E.'s court. The last yrs. of V. E.'s life were uneventful. He died, after a short illness, Jan. 9, 1878, and was succeeded by his son, Humbert. Victo'ria comprises the S.-E. corner of Australia, at that part where its territory projects farthest into S. latitudes. The extreme length is E. and W., and is about 480 m., by an extreme width, N. and S., of 250 m. But a remarkable indentation of both the N. and S. boundary opposite each other, about the middle of the colony, reduces the width between the head of the Port Phillip inlet and the Murray to only 120 m. The area is 87,884 sq. m. V. is divided into four districts and 37 counties, the principal counties being Bourke, Talbot, and Grant. Pop. 931,790. Victoria, a town in Vancouver's Island, cap. of the prov. of British Columbia, in the Dominion of Canada, stands at the S.-E. extremity of the island. The entrance to the harbor is shoally, narrow, and intricate, and at no state of the tide can vessels of over 17 ft. draught be admitted. It is a free port and considerable commerce is carried on. Pop. 16,841. Victo'ria, a sea-port of Brazil, cap. of the prov. of Espiritu Santo, stands on a bay of that name, 270 m. N.-E. of Rio de Janeiro; it has a good harbor, an active coastingtrade, and about 6,000 inhabitants. Victo'ria I., Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, daughter and only child of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III., was b. at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Her mother, Victoria Mary Louisa, was fourth daughter of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and sister of Leopold, late King of the Belgians. Her first husband, the Prince of Leiningen, d. in 1814, and on the 11th of July, 1818, she married at Kew the Duke of Kent. The duke died Jan. 23, 1820, leaving his widow in charge of an infant daughter only eight months old, who had been baptized with the name of Alexandrina Victoria. The Duchess of Kent fulfilled the important duties which devolved upon her with more than maternal solicitude, and with admirable care and prudence. The infant princess, as she grew up, was taught to seek health by exercise and temperance, to acquire fearlessness even from her amusements, such as riding and sailing, and to practice a wise economy united to a discriminating charity. The Princess V. became accomplished in music, drawing, and the continental languages, and acquired a knowledge of some of the sciences, particularly botany. She ascended the throne of the United Kingdom on the demise of her uncle, William IV., June 20, 1837, her uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, becoming King of Hanover, in virtue of the law which excludes females from that throne. By this event the connection which had lasted for 123 yrs. between the crowns of England and Hanover was terminated. V. was proclaimed queen June 21, 1837, and crowned at Westminster June 28, 1838. She found on her accession Viscount Melbourne at the head of the government, and during his premiership, and with the cordial assent of her subjects, the young queen was married at St. James Vic'tor Amade'us, the name of three sovereigns of the Palace, Feb. 10, 1840, to PRINCE ALBERT, (q. v.,) Prince of House of Savoy. V. A. I. succeeded his father, Charles Em-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and second son of the then reigning Vi'co, (GIAMBATTISTA,) a jurist, philosopher, and critic, b. at Naples 1668, spent the whole of his life in that city, and d. there 1744. Vi'co del Garga'no, a town of Italy, in the prov. of Foggia; pop. 7,813. Vico Equen'se, a town overlooking the city and bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius, built by Charles of Anjou in 1300; pop. 11,208. Vicopisa'no, an Ital. town, anciently belonging to Pisa; pop. 7,965. Victor, (CLAUDE PERRIN,) Duke of Belluno, and marshal of France, b. 1764 at La Marche, in the Dept. of Vosges; d. at Paris 1841. The Albert Memorial, Kensington, erected by Queen Victoria in Memory of the Prince-Consort. the completion of 60 yrs. of her reign was celebrated with great pomp and ceremony. Victoria Lake, more commonly called Lake Alexandrina, a shallow, brackish lagoon on the coast of South Australia, measuring 30 m. by 27 m., through which the river MURRAY (q. v.) discharges into the sea. It has a narrow entrance, with a dangerous sand-bar, which only small vessels can cross. allied to the genus Euryale, and distinguished from it particularly by the deciduous tips of the calyx, and the sterility of the innermost stamens. Only one species is yet known, the V. Regia, a native of Brazil and Guiana. See WATER-LILY. Victoria Nyanʼza, the largest known lake in Africa, was discovered by Speke on July 30, 1858, and first circumnavigated by Stanley in 80 days in 1875. Its center is at the intersection of the parallel of 1° S. lat. with the meridian of 33° E. long. The lake is roughly rhomboidal in shape, and has an area of about 26,500 sq. m., or six sevenths of that of Scotland, and is about 3,800 ft. above the sealevel. On the S., S.-E., and N.-E. its coast-line is indented by large gulfs, and its shores are fringed by many islands, the largest of these being Ukerewe in the S.-E. and Sasse in the N.-W., each of which is about 40 m. 1. The shores of the lake are hilly and ridgy on the N. and W., rugged and mountainous on the S. and S.-E.; thence proceeding northward they are first low and marshy and then bold and precipitous. Of the many streams which empty into the lake the chief are the Shimiyu on the S.-E., which is 1 m. w. at its mouth, and is probably the longest source stream of the Nile, and the Kagera, Kitangulé, or Alexandra Nile, which disembogues on the W. The lake discharges at its N. extremity by the Victoria Nile, which issues from it at the Ripon Fails, 12 ft. h., discovered by Speke and Grant in July, 1862. Victor-Perrin, (CLAUDE,) Duke of Belluno and marshal of France, was b. at La Marche, in the Vosges, Dec. 7, 1764, and having served as drummer (1782-89) rose, thanks to the revolution and his own bravery in the siege of Toulon, (1793,) to be brigadier-general of the East Pyrenean Army. He saw two Italian campaigns, commanded in La Vendée, and on the revolution of 18th Brumaire attached himself to the First Consul, following once more to Italy, where at Marengo (1800) his eight hours' stubborn resistance turned the impending defeat into a victory. Embassador to Denmark, (1805,) he was taken prisoner in the Prussian campaign, but exchanged for Blücher in time to earn at the battle of Friedland a marshal's baton, (1807,) and having held the governorship of Berlin was dispatched to the command of the 1st Corps d'Armée in Spain, (1808,) where his success at Espinosa and Medellin hardly made up for the defeats of Talavera and Barossa. In the retreat from Moscow he signalized himself by covering the passage of the Berezina, (1812;) at Dresden cut off the Austrian left wing, (1813;) and in 1814 fought with his wonted gallantry till a wound received at the battle of Craonne ended his military career. To Napoleon V.-P. owed his advancement, but on Napoleon's fall he became a royalist, accepting a pension from Louis XVIII., and even presiding at his old colleague's trial. In 1821 he was minister of war, and two yrs. later was appointed embassador to the court of Vienna, which refused, however, to recognize his ducal title conferred by Napoleon; thenceforward he lived in strict retirement, dying at Paris, March 1, 1841. Vicugna, (Auchnia vicugna,) a species of the same genus with the llama and alpaca. It is a more beautiful animal than any of its congeners. Vi'da, (MARCO GIROLAMO,) an Ital. prelate; Bishop of Alba 1532; wrote many Latin poems which have been translated into English; b. in Italy 1485, d. 1566. Vidaur'ri, (SANTIAGO,) a cabinet minister of Maximilian, b. 1803, was court-martialed and shot 1867. Vidocq, (EUGENE FRANÇOIS,) a Fr. adventurer, was b. at Arras, July 23, 1775. After a dissolute Vicugna. and wandering life, in which he had been sharper, soldier, forger, and convict, he served from 1808 till 1827 as a detective in the Paris police, and assisted materially in ridding the city of the dangerous classes whose ranks had been so remarkably recruited during the revolutionary period. On his discharge from the force he established a paper-mill at St. Maudé, near Paris, and in 1836 he opened a private office for the recovery of stolen property, which was very naturally closed by the police, whose monopoly it infringed. He afterward lived for some time in Belgium and England, and it is said that his services were employed by the republican government of 1848. He d. at Paris, May, 1857. It is doubtful whether he was really the author of the Memoires de Vidocq, published under his name, (Paris, 1828, new edition, 1868; English translation, London, 1847,) and at any rate they cannot be accepted as trustworthy. The other works professedly from his pen are still more certainly pseudonymous. Vie'le, (EGBERT L.,) was chief-engineer of Central Park, New York, and Brig.-Gen. of U. S. Volunteers at Port Royal, Pulaski, and Norfolk, being military governor of that city 1862-63; b. 1825. Vielle', the old name for the hurdy-gurdy. It had usually five strings, and was tuned in various ways. It was a favorite and even fashionable instrument in France in the middle of the 18th c. It is played by itinerant Savoyards in the streets of London and Paris. Vien'na, (Ger. Wien, Lat. Vindobona,) the Austrian Kaiserstadt, lies in a plain at the foot of the Wiener-Wald, in an angle formed by a S. branch (miscalled "canal ") of the Danube and its tiny tributary, the Wien. The Danube itself skirts the fast-spreading N.-E. suburb, following for 83 m. the artificial channel whose construction saved V. from the fate of Szegedin. "Lines" or external fortifications, 12 ft. h. and pierced by 14 gates, once parted the suburbs from the 10 wards of V. proper, but these with their glacis have given place to noble boulevards, which, formed by nine "Rings and the Franz Joseph Quai, are 3 m. 1. and from 50 to 70 yds. w., are traversed by tramways, and with their avenues, gardens, and sumptuous modern architecture present the strongest contrast to the tortuous streets and narrow places of the ancient Stadt. In the heart of the latter rises the cruciform Stephansdom, (1144, mainly rebuilt 1300-1562,) with long-drawn choir and triple nave, (together measuring 354 ft.,) traceried windows of richest glass, fretted roof upborne by 18 sculptured pillars, the 12th c. Romanesque façade flanked by octagonal towers, and the airy, open-work spire, 453 ft. h., (rebuilt 1860-64.) Close by the gloomy palace of the Burg, for five centuries the Hapsburgs' resi dence, presents its "simple amalgamation of diverse constructions with no especial styles"-the splendid Rittersaal, (1804,) the Augustine Church, (1330-1783,) with Canova's marble monument to the Archduchess Christine, the Imperial Library of 20,000 MSS. and 300,000 volumes, (12,000 incunabula,) the treasury, and sundry rich art and science collections. Other buildings of the Stadt are the Capuchin Church, (1632,) containing the imperial vault; the Church of Maria Stiegen, with an heptagonal tower 187 ft. h.; the new Synagogue, (1853-58;) the Church of the Non-united Greeks, (1804-58,) adorned with frescoes by Rahl and Thiersch; the old Rathhaus, (13th c.-1842;) the former University buildings, (1755, since 1857 occupied by the Academy of Sciences ;) the disused exchange in Renaissance style, (1856-60;) the palaces of the archbishop (1640) and numberless princes and nobles; the massive convents, hospitals, and six-storied höfe, with grand arched gateways and overhanging roofs, all huddled together, all speaking of the past. In all V. has three Protestant, four Greek, and 56 Catholic churches, and of the last 36 stand beyond the Rings, among them the baroque Karlskirche, (1716-37,) with a lofty dome and two minaret-like columns; the Altlerchenfeldkirche, (1848-61,) richly adorned with frescoes; the Gothic Elizabethkirche, (1866;) and, finest of all, the Votivkirche, (1856-79,) which, built in the purest 13th c. Gothic, vies for its endless adornment and Western spires (325 ft. h.) with the Stephansdom itself, certainly with any ecclesiastical structure of the present century. On either hand of the Votivkirche may be seen all seven lamps of architecture blazing together in sumptuous piles, the mushroom growth of a brief speculative mania that gave V. 2,069 new buildings during 1870-76. Pop. 1,364,548. Vienne, an interior dept. in the W. of France, bounded on the N. by the Depts. of Maine-et-Loire and Indre-etLoire, and on the W. by Deux-Sèvres, which intervenes between this and the maritime Dept. of Vendée; area 2,691 sq. m., pop. 344,355. Poitiers is the cap. Vienne, one of the most ancient towns of France, in the Dept. of Isère, on the left bank of the Rhone, 19 m. S. of Lyons by railway; pop. 22,950. Vienne Haute, an interior dept. of France, bounded on the W. by the Depts. of Vienne, Charente, and Dordogne; area 2,130 sq. m., pop. 372,878. Vierzon-Ville, an ancient and handsome town of France, in the Dept. of Cher, 48 m. S. of Orleans; pop. 8,276. Vies'te, a town of southern Italy, in the prov. of Foggia, at which Pope Celestine was arrested by order of Pope Boniface VIII. It was at one time visited by Barbary pirates, who carried off 7,000 inhabitants. Pop. 6,595. Vieta, otherwise given VIET, VIETTE, OF DE VIETTE, and by himself Latinized into VIETEUS, (FRANÇOIS,) the most eminent Fr. mathematician of the 16th c., b. at Fontenai-leCompte, near La Rochelle, in 1540, d. 1603. Vie'tri Sul Maire, a town of Italy, supposed to have risen on the ruins of Marcina, destroyed by Genseric 455; pop. 8,441. Vieuxtemps, (HENRI,) a violinist and composer of the first order, performing in concerts from his eighth yr.; was director of the conservatory at Brussels; b. in Belgium 1820, d. 1881. Vieyra, (ANTONIO,) missionary to Brazil and advocate of the abolition of slavery, b. at Lisbon, Portugal, 1608, d. 1697. Vigau, Le, a prettily situated town in the S. of France, in the Dept. of Gard, 45 m. W.-N.-W. of Nimes; pop. 4,340. Vi'ger, (JAMES,) first mayor of Montreal, was a distinguished archæologist; b. 1787, d. 1858. Vigeva'no, a town of northern Italy, in the prov. of Pavia, 15 m. S.-E. of the town of Novara; pop. 18,000. tendrils, branches, and leaves with which the capitals in ancient MSS. were often surrounded. Similar decorations were introduced into printed books, and all kinds of printers' ornaments, such as head and tail pieces, came to be designated as Vs. More recently the name has been applied to any small engraving, (such as the title-page of a book,) design, or even photograph, which is not circumscribed by a definite border. Vigny, Comte de, (ALFRED,) a Fr. poet and novelist, was b. at Loches, in Touraine, 1799, d. 1863. Vi'go, an ancient town and sea-port on the N.-W. coast of Spain, beautifully situated on a bay of the same name, Viggia'no, a town of southern Italy; pop. 5,242, many about 85 m. N. of Oporto. Its delicious climate renders it of whom are wandering harpists. Vig'il, (Lat. vigilia, Fr. vigier, "I watch,") a preparatory time of devotion, which by a very ancient Christian usage went before the more solemn festivals, and especially Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, and the principal martyrs' days. In English it was called "Eve" or "Even," a name which is still retained in relation to several festivals, as Christmas Eve, Hallow-e'en, etc. The observance is traceable in the earliest century, and was established every-where in the 4th and 5th c. Vigil'ius, Pope, (540-555,) an ambitious, rapacious man, without character, appointed by Justinian for the purpose of reconciling the Monophysites with the orthodox Church. Vignette, (Fr. "little vine, a tendril; " Lat. viticula,) a term originally applied to the flourishes in the form of vine important as a medical station, and its position on the slopes of a hill, overlooking a charming bay, and forming the center of a scene Oriental in its wealth of palms, orangegroves, flowers, and orchards, is likely to tell in its favor as a residence for the rich. Pop. nearly 9,000. The Bay of Vigo has an inland sweep of 20 m., and is 5 m. w. at its mouth. Vigone, the first Ital. town maintaining a public school in the 14th c.; pop. 6,410. Vi'hara (which in Sanskrit means "walking for pleasure and amusement") is with the Buddhists the name of their temples and convents. Vi'king, a name given to the piratical Northmen who infested the coasts of the British Islands and of France in the 8th, 9th, and 10th c. This word is quite unconnected |