THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIDKARY

ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDEA FOUN'ATON.

THE

STANDARD AMERICAN

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, HISTORY,

BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY,
STATISTICS, AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

WITH

THOUSANDS OF ENGRAVINGS, COLORED MAPS AND CHARTS

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, LL.D.

ASSISTED BY A LARGE CORPS OF EDITORS AND OVER ONE HUNDRED WRITERS

ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS

VOL. VII

PUBLISHED BY

THE STANDARD AMERICAN PUBLISHING COMPANY

NEW YORK

1900