THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASTON, LENOX AND TILDEN FOUNDATIONE.

THE

STANDARD AMERICAN

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, HISTORY,
BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY,

STATISTICS, AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

WITH

THOUSANDS OF ENGRAVINGS, COLORED MAPS AND CHARTS

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, LL.D.

ASSISTED BY A LARGE CORPS OF EDITORS AND OVER ONE HUNDRED WRITERS
ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS

VOL. VII

PUBLISHED BY

THE STANDARD AMERICAN PUBLISHING COMPANY

NEW YORK

1900