67446 SENATE UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY COMPILATION OF STUDIES PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF UNITED STATES SENATE PURSUANT TO S. Res. 336, 85th Cong., and S. Res. 31 and S. Res. 250, For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Begun and held at the city of Washington on Tuesday, the third day of January, one thousand nine hundred a sixty-one Concurrent Resolution Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That there shɛ be printed as a Senate document a compilation of the studies on United Stat foreign policy prepared under the direction of the Committee on Foreign Rel tions, pursuant to S. Res. 336, agreed to July 31, 1958, as amended by S. Re 31, agreed to February 2, 1959, and S. Res. 250, agreed to February 9, 1960. SEC. 2. There shall be printed five thousand additional copies of such Sena document. Such additional copies shall be for the use of the Committee Foreign Relations. Attest: Attest: FELTON M. JOHNSTON, Secretary of the Senate. RALPH R. ROBERTS, Clerk of the House of Representatives. II PREFACE BY SENATOR J. W. FULBRIGHT, CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS This volume contains 13 studies prepared at the direction of the Committee on Foreign Relations in connection with its examination of U.S. foreign policy authorized by the Senate late in the 2d session of the 85th Congress. There is also included in this volume a study entitled "Summary of Views of Retired Foreign Service Officers,' which incorporates the comments of a number of men who have had practical experience in the formulation and conduct of our foreign policy. The studies reproduced in this volume were originally published as individual committee prints, but in view of the public interest in these studies the committee decided that they should be brought together in one volume. The background of the study of U.S. foreign policy and the work of the Committee on Foreign Relations in carrying it out were described by me as follows in the preface to each study: In January of 1958 the Committee on Foreign Relations decided to undertake a review of conditions and trends in the world and of the policies and programs of the United States with respect thereto. That review grew, in part at least, out of the concern of the committee over the impact which Soviet scientific achievements might have upon our relations with the rest of the world. From time to time throughout the spring of 1958, the committee held public hearings on U.S. policies respecting the Far East, the Near East, South Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, and Canada. Those hearings were limited in nature and served primarily to focus attention on the principal policies and problems of the United States in its relations with the rest of the world. For the most part, the hearings were limited to receiving testimony from the principal officers of the Department of State concerned with various geographic parts of the world. The committee also sought the testimony of selected nongovernmental witnesses with special knowledge of the areas under examination. The hearings during the spring of 1958, the focus given to our relations with Latin America as a result of Vice President Nixon's visit there, and, lastly the then critical situation in the Middle East, all contributed to the committee's belief that the time had come for an exploration in depth of U.S. foreign policies throughout the world. As a consequence of these factors, the Committee on Foreign Relations, in an executive session on May 20, 1958, authorized its Subcommittee on American Republics Affairs to undertake a study of United States-Latin American relations. At the same. time, the committee established a special subcommittee, consisting of Senators Green, Fulbright, Wiley, and Hickenlooper, and |