Comm.; mem. Société de Législation Comparée, Paris; Comité de Législation Etrangère, French Min. of Jus. Official address: c/o Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bogota, Colombia.

ZWERNER, GUILLAUME THEODORE CONRAD, chf., Swiss Off., IRO; b. St. Petersburg, Russia (Swiss citz.), Nov. 18, 1883; s. Guillaume and Emily (Gespas) Zwerner; m. Margaret Pettigrue of Ardbraccan, Ire., 1917; two children: William and Henry. Interpreter, Intl. Red Cross Com. (charged with repatriation of Russian prisoners of war), Ger., 1920; supr., convoys of prisoners of war evacuated from Stettin, Poland to Riga, U.S.S.R., 1921; charged with repatriation of prisoners of war from Novorossisk, U.S.S.R., 1921; charged with reception at Trieste of prisoner of war convoys arriving from the Black Sea and with arrangements for their transportation to their various countries, 1921; del.,

High Comm. for Refugees, LN, Yugo. and Gr., 1921-25; Intl. Red Cross Com., Belgrade, 1922; Save the Children Fund, Belgrade, 1922; on special mission, Intl. Red Cross Com., Bulgaria, 1923; mem. High Comm. for Refugees Sect. and Refugee Sect., Intl. Labour Off., 1926; LN Secretariat, 1926; charged by Refugee Sect., ILO, with a special mission to Istanbul for the evacuation and settlement of over 1000 refugees from Tur. at request of Turkish govt., 1928; mem. secretariat, Nansen Intl. Off. for Refugees (this orgn. was awarded Nobel Prize, 1938), 1931-38; chf., Immigration Service, Police Div., Fed. Dept. Jus. and Police, Berne, Switz., 1939-45; second del., Conf. Intergovt. Com. for Refugees, London, 1939; del., Geneva, 1945-47; chf., Swiss Off., IRO, Geneva, 1947-present. Official address: International Refugee Organization, Geneva, Switz. Residence: 5, Plateau de Champel, Geneva, Switz.

The Atlantic Charter A joint statement of principles issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom on August 14, 1941, agreeing on certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries. It envisaged a peace giving all people security from agression, freedom to choose their own government, access on equal terms to the trade and raw material of the world, freedom of the seas, improved labor standards, economic adjustment and social security, and freedom from fear and want.

Declaration by the United Nations - A joint declaration signed on January 1, 1942 by twentysix Allied nations subscribing to the purposes and principles of the Atlantic Charter and pledging their full resources, military and economic, to the winning of the war against the Axis Power. Each Government pledged itself to cooperate with the other signatory Governments and not to make a separate peace. The declaration was later adhered to by twenty-one additional countries.

The Moscow Declaration - A statement signed by the representatives of China, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the United States declaring the continuance of their unity for the organization of peace and security after the war and recognizing the need for establishing a general international organization for maintaining peace and security, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving states and open to all of them. Signed on October 30, 1943 by V. Molotov (U.S. S. R.), Anthony Eden (U. K.), Cordell Hull (U.S. A.), Foo Ping-Sheung (China).

Dumbarton Oaks Proposals - A series of separate informal conversations, held in the summer and fall of 1944 at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D. C., between the representatives of the United Kingdom and the United States with, first, those of the U.S. S. R., and second, those of China, since the U.S. S. R. was not at that time at war with Japan, as was China. There the details of the proposed world organization were worked out. These proposals were published on October 7, 1944.

The Crimea Conference - A meeting of President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Marshal Stalin, held at Yalta (U. S. S. R.) from February 4 to 11, 1945. It resulted in the announcement of their agreement on the calling of a "Conference of United Nations" to meet in San Francisco, California, on April 25, 1945, to draft the charter of a general international organiza

tion for peace and security along the lines proposed in the informal conversations at Dumbarton Oaks. The Governments of China and France were invited to join the U.S. S. R., the United Kingdom and the United States in sponsoring the San Francisco Conference. China accepted, but France, which had not been represented at Dumbarton Oaks, preferred not to act as a sponsor.

The Committee of Jurists - This conference held at Washington, April 9 to 20, 1945, with representatives from forty-four states, drafted a statute for the proposed International Court of Justice. This draft was based on that of the Per manent Court of International Justice at The Hague.

The United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) familiarly known as the San Francisco Conference, met from April 25 to June 26, 1945. Invitations were sent by the four sponsoring nations to those countries which had declared war on Germany or Japan and had subscribed to the "Declaration by The United Nations"

In addition the Conference itself, on April 30, invited Argentina, the Byelorussian S. S. R., and the Ukranian S. S. R. to attend, and on June 5, invited the newly liberated Denmark. Invitation to Poland was withheld pending establishment of a Polish Provisional Government of National Unity. Poland was unable to attend, because this government was not formed until after the Conference adjourned. A space was left, however, for Poland's signature as an original member in recognition of Poland's association with the cause of the United Nations from the beginning. On June 25, 1945, the Charter of the United Nations was unanimously approved and was signed on the following day by the representatives of all fifty participating governments. Poland signed as an original member on October 15, 1945. The Charter came into effect on October 24, in accordance with its terms when the permanent members of the Security Council-China, France, the U.S. S. R., the United Kingdom and the United States and a majority of the other signatories had ratified it.

The Preparatory_Commission - The United Nations Preparatory Commission was established by the San Francisco Conference. It consisted of one representative from each of the Member states which had signed the charter. The first meeting of the Commission was held on June 27, 1945 and its work continued through December 23, 1945. The recommendations made by the Preparatory Commission concerned such questions as the structure of the proposed or

ganization, the agenda for the first sessions of the General Assembly and the Councils, drafting rules of procedure, making of arrangements for bringing specialized agencies into collaboration with the United Nations, the establishment of the Secretariat, and the convening of the International Court of Justice. The Preparatory Commission also made recommendations for taking over assets and functions of the League of Nations and

for the site of the Permanent headquarters.

The Security Council - The first meeting of the Security Council was held at Church House, Westminister, London, January 17, 1946.

The General Assembly The first session of the General Assembly was held at London beginning January 10, 1946.