sale of areas in sections to be permitted. Pulling down to be gradual, and rebuilding to commence as soon as sufficient ground has been cleared for the purpose.

(6.) Rebuilding on large areas, cleared under Cross's Acts, to be encouraged by Government loans at a low rate of interest, but properly secured. These loans should be open to trade builders able to give adequate security for the money, and guarantees for the proper management of the houses when built. The property held by the Peabody Trustees would afford ample security for loans. They have already borrowed a quarter of a million sterling from the Public Works Loan Commissioners, and with further assistance they might perhaps, with benefit to the public, become the recognized rebuilding agency for large sites. One advantage of quasi-charitable bodies becoming landlords on a large scale is, that they to some extent control the market and keep down rents.

(7.) For the purpose of rebuilding on small sites cleared. under Torrens's Acts, Government loans, secured on rates raised under these Acts, might be advanced. The local authority might itself rebuild and then sell, or, which would be preferable, sell the site to private persons willing to build, subject to supervision. In the latter case, the local authority would lend the money advanced by Government to the buyer of the site, on the security of the property.

(8.) An amended Building Act, under which provision should be made for the creation and maintenance of sufficient air-space at the rear of all houses, whether newly built or rebuilt.

ART. VII.-I. Troja: Results of the latest Researches and Discoveries on the Site of Homer's Troy, and in the Heroic Tumuli and other Sites, made in the year 1882; and a Narrative of a Journey in the Troad in 1881. By Dr. Henry Schliemann, Hon. D.C.L., &c. &c. Preface by Professor A. H. Sayce. London, 1884.

2. Homeric and Hellenic Ilium. By R. C. Jebb. Reprinted from the Journal of Hellenic Studies.' 1881.

3. I. The Ruins at Hissarlik. II. Their Relation to the Iliad. By R. C. Jebb. Reprinted from the same 'Journal.' 1882.

WHE

WHEN we first introduced Dr. Schliemann's narrative of his wonderful discoveries to the English public,* we were naturally reminded of the prophecy :

Troja renascens alite lugubri
Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,'

and it needed little foresight to predict that

Atque iterum ad Trojam magnus mittetur Achilles.'

And now that the fated period of ten years has once more been accomplished, we do not hesitate to declare that the controversy then opened has been decided in the most essential points at issue; though there remains for solution a whole series of archæological problems, the very raising of which is not the least of Dr. Schliemann's services to Greek scholarship and archæological science. Into the details of those problems we still feel, as we have more than once declared, that it is premature to enter; and there is left only the task, which we trust will be as interesting to our readers as it is specially incumbent on us, of bringing into one focus the result of the labours which their author declares to be now for ever finished. He has done well to close his present work by recalling to our memory the words-now curiously prophetic-which he wrote from Hissarlik in the first year of his excavations (Nov. 3, 1871):

My expectations are extremely modest; I have no hope of finding plastic works of art. The single object of my excavations from the beginning was only TO FIND TROY, whose site has been discussed by a hundred scholars in a hundred books, but which as yet no one has ever sought to bring to light by excavations. If I should not succeed in this, still I shall be perfectly contented, if by my labours I succeed only in penetrating to the deepest darkness of prehistoric

* Review of 'Troianische Alterthümier' (afterwards translated as Troy and its Remains') in the 'Quarterly Review,' April 1874, vol. 136, p. 526, f.

times, and enriching archæology by the discovery of a few interesting features from the most ancient history of the great Hellenic race.'-' Troy and its Remains,' p. 80.

That in both these objects he has attained a success unex, ampled in the history of 'research by the pickaxe and spade is freely confessed, even by the antagonists whose vehemence seems to grow in proportion to the smallness of the issues that remain open; and Dr. Schliemann has the fullest right to the satisfaction with which, from the topmost height of Ida, and again from the tumulus of Ujek Tepeh-itself a monument of his labours, and the best point for a near view of the plain of Troy-he looked for the last time over the ground which he has made at once his own and a new possession of our knowledge.

It is this survey of the Troad as a whole, that forms one of the most valuable parts of the new work now before us. That little angulus terrarum, the foremost corner of Asia, has fixed and fascinated the attention of the world from the earliest dawn of Greek poetic legend down to the latest political questions still in agitation. Lying where the great land and waterways of the European and Asiatic continents meet and intersect, it has been traversed to and fro by the migrations of peoples, the hosts of contending tribes, the armies of invaders and conquerors, the footsteps of the first Apostles of the Gospel, from before the dawn of history to the Turkish capture of Constantinople. As it is one of the most striking results of new discoveries to bring out the real sense of old records and traditions, so we now learn that Herodotus was right in dating the long conflict of the Hellenic race with Asia from legends which had become mythical; and the war of Troy finds its place among the traditions, preserved by obscure historians, of collisions between kindred tribes on the opposite shores of the Ægean and the Hellespont; the round number of its ten years' siege pointing to the long duration of the conflict. If we only avoid the confusion -which critics still persist in making, in order to impute to Dr. Schliemann opinions which he never ceases to disclaim-between the actual primeval Troy, whose fate he rightly describes as the germ of the Homeric legend, and the ideal Troy which Homer's imagination rebuilt on its historic site, we may regard the twofold question of its reality and true site as now for ever ended. Let not our readers fear the renewal of the old controversy as to the site, we have said our say * and as to the real base of the legend in actual fact, we are content to quote judgments far

* Review of Ilios,' in the 'Quarterly Review,' July, 1881, vol. 152, p,205,f.

more weighty than our own. The greatest historian of our age, who at an age approaching ninety is crowning his life's work by the composition of a Universal History, says emphatically: 'There existed, beyond all doubt, a primeval prehistoric Ilium, as the excavations show; and this name forms the nucleus of the Homeric poems.* It is but one example of the great principle expressed by Count von Moltke in the passage which Dr. Schliemann has happily chosen for his motto: 'A locality is the fragment of reality which survives from an event long since past; and the true poet's instinct made Byron point the same moral:

And heard Troy doubted; time will oubt of Rome.'

Yes! the whole tale of Troy divine' hangs on the locality: the shores washed by the Ægean and the Hellespont, the plain watered by the Scamander and backed by the range of Ida, from whose summit the traveller still sees the islands which Homer brings by name within his vision; all the attendant circumstances of climate and natural phenomena, from the blustering blasts of Boreas, which made Dr. Schliemann's work on' windy Ilium' as painful as it was laborious, to the very flowers he gathered on Gargarus and identified botanically with those which decked the couch of Jove and Hera in the Iliad ; all are as true to fact as if a modern realistic poet had taken them for the setting of a new artificial Iliad. All this clears the ground of the purely imaginative theory, that the Troy of Homer is to be found among the Muses on Olympus rather than in the trenches of Hissarlik; and makes it certain that, if there ever was a Trojan War, it was fought out upon this plain.

Does then the region itself, either in its known history, or its extant monuments of antiquity, give any certain testimony to the reality and character of that primitive nucleus of fact, which germinated into the perfect fruit of Homer's poetry? This is the problem meditated by Dr. Schliemann from his boyhood, and to which he has devoted twelve years of self-sacrificing toil and assiduous study; for the present work gives new proofs that he is the student as well as the explorer. His Homeric enthusiasm is a sufficient rebuke of the silly sentiment that Homer's poetry is debased by being brought into any relation with actual facts; a strange notion, indeed, seeing that, like the earliest epic poetry of all nations, it is based on fact and not on mere fancy. * Leopold von Ranke, Weltgeschichte,' vol i. p. 159, f.

Its spirit is too vital to be quenched or bottled up by the Dryas-dusts, who would make history and archæology prevail over the poetry (a race, by the bye, represented by some of Dr. Schliemann's assailants rather than by himself); but that spirit gains substance and precision, without any loss of ethereal life, from the facts with which it is connected by old studies as well as new discoveries; the animated body is a better possession than the disembodied spirit.

The 'slaves of the lamp' owe a deep debt to the more active pioneers of knowledge. At the very beginning of the modern war of Troy, it was a traveller of the best type, Dr. Clarke, who said that the long controversy, excited by Mr. Bryant's publication, and since so vehemently agitated, would probably never have existed, had it not been for the erroneous maps of the country; and now Dr. Schliemann has for the first time made an exhaustive examination, not only of the Plain of Troy, in its narrower sense, but of the whole region which we may call the peninsula of Mt. Ida, down to the southern edge of the range along the Gulf of Adramyttium. A most essential complement to his researches at Hissarlik and other sites in the plain itself is the journey which he undertook in May, 1881, with the express 'purpose of determining what other sites of ancient habitation, besides Hissarlik, demanded archæological investigation.' The narrative (Appendix I. to ''Troja '), which includes an ascent of the twin summits of Ida, and the discovery of Jove's throne and altar, is deeply interesting in many points on which we cannot stay to dwell, besides setting the question of Troy in its proper relation to the whole region. The result which most concerns us now, is the contrast between the Troad as it is and as it was under the Roman empire, a condition from which we may look back to its flourishing state under the empire of 'Priam the Rich.' Where now there are only seven wretched villages on a pestilential plain, ravaged by neglected river courses, intersected by barren ridges, and backed by the wild pastures of Ida, whose very herbage is poisonous for part of the summer, the land infested by brigands and the coast by cruel pirates,* a busy population lived and laboured in prosperity and peace, drawing abundant sustenance from the soil and wealth from the mines, and at times exchanging the heat of the plains for the breezes and baths of Ida.† Besides many towns of consequence up to the highest habitable regions of Ida (all ex

*See the tragic story of a murder at Alampsa, p. 311. In all his work and journeys Dr. Schliemann was obliged to have a guard of gendarmes.

The splendid Roman baths of Ligia Hamam are an impressive monument of wealth and luxury.