ceeding we might have expected on the part of the Greek colonists, founding a new city above the abandoned habitations of former occupants of the hill (such as the Trêres and Cimmerians, whom a tradition, preserved by Strabo, places there before its occupation by the Lydians); but how can this entirely new foundation possibly denote the restoration begun by Sulla and carried on by the Cæsars? Any doubt as to the answer is at once removed by the testimony of the architectural remains; all of which-Greek and Roman alike-are found above the levelled platform, and within the topmost stratum of 6% feet. There is no escape from this decisive test. According to the theory, all the Greek and Macedonian remains must be lying in utter irremediable ruin below the plane of demarcation, and all above it must be Roman only. The remains, if any, of the original small temple, ought to be in the fourth stratum; those of the temple built by Lysimachus, in the fifth; for the blocks. would certainly not work their way upwards in the hill. But in neither of these strata is there a single fragment of Greek work, nor indeed any other vestige of Greek habitation; while above the limit were found-besides a Roman gateway and portico-the remains of walls, Macedonian as well as Roman, and of two Doric temples, one smaller and older, of which we must not stay to speak, the other of white marble, whose capitals, friezes, and other sculptures, are unmistakably of the fine Greek work which marks the age of its erection by Lysimachus. And, to complete the demonstration, this temple, which Appian expressly declares to have been first burnt and then utterly destroyed by Fimbria, reveals the hand of the Roman restorer side by side with the original Macedonian work. The whole case is summed up by Dr. Dörpfeld, who is most careful to guard himself from giving any opinion beyond his own province as an architect:-'Dr. Schliemann's statement, that no Greek or Roman architectural remains are found at a greater depth than 2 mètres (61⁄2 feet) can be contradicted by no one, since it exactly describes the facts.'* In this stratum also are found Greek inscriptions and coins and painted pottery of the Macedonian as well as the Roman age, and other distinct marks of Hellenic habitation, which are equally 'conspicuous by their absence' in the whole series of the other strata. Among the decisive Leitmuscheln (to use Virchow's happy application of the term), we have the complete absence of fibula, swords, and lamps, and the presence of rude stone-imple * Letter in the Times,' March, 22nd, and in the Allgemeine Zeitung, March 30th, 1883, and to the same effect before in the 'Allgemeine Zeitung,' Sept. 29th, 1882. ments, primitive idols, and the famous 'owl vases' with female characteristics, which Mr. Sayce has now proved, by the similar forms on Chaldæan and Hittite cylinders, to denote the ancient Asiatic goddess 'Athi, the original of the Trojan Atê, whom the Greeks identified with Athena, if indeed their real connection was not still closer. Thus even in religion, as well as in their stage of civilization, these prehistoric strata give evidence of a continuity, attested also by the slight division between their ruins, in striking contrast to their complete severance in all respects from the Hellenic stratum above them. The case of the pottery, in particular, is discussed by Virchow (in Appendix VI.) with his characteristic union of scientific precision and caution, resulting in the judgment, 'that the earliest traces of Hellenic culture are met with not far below the surface of the hill.' On the other hand, the approach to the first rudiments of Greek forms is a fruitful topic for future study. What further remains is a vast accumulation of new facts for the patient investigation of archeologists, by that strict comparative method of which Dr. Schliemann himself has set the example. As we have said before, this field is too wide to be entered on here, and it is much too soon to express a decided opinion on most of the novel questions it involves. It may not, however, be superfluous to warn some who are better scholars than archæologists, that the science bristles with traps as dangerous to them as the old Scotch 'calthrops' in the Antiquary's chair, which did damage to a learned professor. It would be unjust to Dr. Schliemann to conclude without a word respecting certain new discoveries, which give a special interest to his latest work. Among the buildings of the primitive Troy, are two edifices side by side, showing in their planwith the threefold division of porch, sanctuary, and inner chamber the exact prototype of the Greek temple. He has found that the Trojans, like the Babel-builders on the plain of Shinar, erected their edifices of crude bricks, and burnt the walls in situ after their erection. His description of the appearance presented by the ruins, and the clear opinion which the architects formed on the spot, put beyond all doubt the fact of the process, to which we have parallels in one stage of the famous Birs-i-Nimroud, in the Scotch vitrified forts, and in the ancient burnt city of Aztulan,' in Wisconsin, described to Dr. Schliemann by an American correspondent. Walls thus treated, as well as those built (as are all the foundation-walls of Troy) of unwrought stones, would present rude and somewhat unstable ends. Accordingly, where the ends of the side-walls of the temples, gates, and other build ings formed part or front of the portico, they were faced with solid upright jambs of timber (six to the thickness of the wall of nearly 5 feet), resting on wrought stone bases, and serving the double purpose of buttresses to the wall-ends and supports for the timber architrave above. And, just as that timber architrave is the long recognized original of the stone architrave of a Greek portico, so we now learn the new and striking fact in architectural history, that these upright jambs, now first found at Troy, were the true constructive origin of the 'anta' or 'parastades,' which serve only an ornamental purpose in the Greek temple. Not that any complete portico has survived the conflagration; but the charred lower ends of the timber antæ are found standing in their original place in several of the buildings.* Parastades on the front ends of the lateral walls of the larger For the sake of readers whose interest in the famous 'whorls' may have been confused for want of some knowledge of the forgotten industry of hand-spinning, Dr. Schliemann has added a note, with illustrations, tracing its history down from the earliest ages of Egypt and the Bible; and little doubt can now remain as to the use and meaning of these curious objects, of which no less than 22,000 have been found in the five lower strata at Hissarlik. The whorl or whirl was simply a weight * Mr. James Fergusson (one of Dr. Schliemann's despised éπíkovpoι has supplied him with a very interesting transitional example of the use of anta in the ancient temple of Themis at Rhamnus in Attica. (See Troja,' p. 83.) In the contrast of this abundance with the very few found in the uppermost stratum-and these all plain, without any of the curious significant patterns we have another decisive test of the non-Hellenic character of all the five lower strata. * fixed as a ring or flange on the spindle, to aid the rotation of the stick by its momentum; and thus it is seen on Egyptian and Greek pictures of spinning, of which Dr. Schliemann gives examples. The Greeks and Romans used to dedicate the implements of industry as votive offerings, and, in particular, those of spinning to the patron goddess of textile work. Her famous image, the Palladium, we are told by Apollodorus, carried the distaff and spindle, and so it is figured on the coins of Ilium, with the whorl plainly visible. While therefore the multitude of these objects found in the strata testifies to a necessary industry, Dr. Schliemann is justified in regarding them as votive offerings to Athena Ergané; especially as he has now found a whorl with the hole still filled with a copper pin, by which it may have been nailed to a wall. On the other hand, the Egyptian tombs at Thebes, and the Swiss lake dwellings explored by Dr. Victor Gross, have alike yielded spindles with the whorls still sticking on them. These two cases, then, may serve as typical examples of their common and sacred use; and their ultimate destination will account for the remarkable patterns, of which some are beyond doubt sacred, and probably Aryan, emblems. The attempt to dismiss them as scratches reminds us of Oldbuck's retort about the cleverness of some people in playing the fool where nature has been beforehand with them. The last war of Troy ends, like the first, with the brief record, TROJA FUIT, in the certainty of its primitive existence, as well as the reality of its fate. There was a Troy, and Dr. Schliemann has found it. The new ten years' siege is finished by a victory won, not by hollow stratagem, but by unwearied labour in the trenches, animated by high enthusiasm, directed by signal skill, and illustrated by wide and varied learning. The author's most welcome reward is perhaps denoted by three letters on his title-page; his reception at Oxford was the fit crown of his past career. Even his severest critics, whom we will not believe to be his enemies, will join us in regretting the sacrifice of his health, and in the hope that there may be in store for him much future service and honour; for, amidst all the criticisms which have appeared during the few weeks since the publication of 'Troja,' we have not seen one which has not paid a warm tribute to the greatness of his work and the spirit by which it has been prompted and achieved. *The subject appears also on the beautiful cover of 'Troja,' which is due to the artistic taste of Mr. Hallam Murray. ART. VIII. 1. Biographie Universelle, Ancienne et Moderne. Nouvelle édition. 45 tomes imp. 8vo. Paris, 1843-1865. 2. Nouvelle Biographie Générale. Publiée par MM. FirminDidot frères sous la direction de M. le Dr Hoefer. 46 tomes 8vo. Paris, 1852-1866. 3. Specimen of a Dictionary of National Biography.' Edited by Leslie Stephen. London, 1883. THE HE biographical part of literature,' said Dr. Johnson, 'is what I love the best,' and his remark is echoed daily in the hearts, if not in the words, of hundreds of readers. The lives of men of genius, or even of men of learning, are always of interest, however dead may be their writings. How many are there who care nothing for 'Rasselas,' 'The Vanity of Human Wishes,' or the 'Rambler,' who yet take delight in the biography of Johnson ! The writings of Casaubon and Scaliger are so dead that, unlike some of their contemporaries, they could not even be galvanized into the momentary appearance of life; yet we have all read with pleasure Mr. Pattison's admirable monograph on the one, and are looking forward with eagerness to his promised biography of the other. The 'Lives' of Plutarch and Suetonius were the novels of the Greeks and Romans, as the Gesta, with their mixture of truth and fable, were of the Middle Ages; and though for the last half-century pure fiction has been in the ascendant, the popularity of biography, if not relatively yet absolutely, seems to be continually increasing. The success of such series as those of 'English Men of Letters' and 'Ancient' and Foreign Classics' shows the extent of the interest felt in the lives of men of letters. But not less keen is the desire to know the details of the personal histories of kings, queens, statesmen, soldiers, and churchmen. Lives of the Lord Chancellors, of the Chief Justices, of the Archbishops of Canterbury, of the Archbishops of York, of the Speakers of the House of Commons, of the Queens of England, of the Princesses of England, of more or less (generally we fear less) value, and with a success not always proportioned to their merit, find numerous readers, while single lives appear daily in still greater abundance, if not of superior quality. Fomerly it was thought that no one deserved a statue or a biography until his death. But Prince Bismarck, Mr. Gladstone, and Mr. Bright (to say nothing of men of less mark), have been the subjects of elaborate biographies (or eulogies) in their lifetime, and the grave of a man of any reputation is hardly filled up before an announcement is made of a speedily forthcoming Memoir.' Of the two classes of biographies-the spiteful and the pane |