me to the commencement of the century, and select what statesman you please. Let him be either American or European; let him have the ripest training of university routine; let him add to it the better education of practical life; crown his temples with the silver locks of seventy years, and show me the man of Saxon lineage for whom his most sanguine admirer will wreathe a laurel, rich as embittered foes have placed on the brow of this negro,— rare military skill, profound knowledge of human nature, content to blot out all party distinctions, and trust a state to the blood of his sons,-anticipating Sir Robert Peel fifty years, and taking his station by the side of Roger Williams, before any Englishman or American had won the right; and yet this is the record which the history of rival States makes up for this inspired black of St. Domingo.

Some doubt the courage of the negro. Go to Hayti, and stand on those fifty thousand graves of the best soldiers France ever had, and ask them what they think of the negro's courage.

I would call him Napoleon, but Napoleon made his way to empire over broken oaths and through a sea of blood. This man never broke his word. I would call him Cromwell, but Cromwell was only a soldier, and the state he founded went down with him into his grave. I would call him Washington, but the great Virginian held slaves. This man risked his empire rather than permit the slave-trade in the humblest village of his dominions.

You think me a fanatic, for you read history, not with your eyes, but with your prejudices. But fifty years hence, when Truth gets a hearing, the Muse of history will put Phocion for the Greek, Brutus for the Roman, Hampden for England, Lafayette for France, choose Washington as the bright consummate flower of our earlier civilization, then, dipping her pen in the sunlight, will write in the

clear blue, above them all, the name of the soldier, the statesman, the martyr, Toussaint L'Ouverture.

WENDELL PHILLIPS.

EXTRACT FROM AN INAUGURAL ADDRESS

We shall deal with our economic system as it is and as it may be modified, not as it might be if we had a clean. sheet of paper to write upon; and step by step we shall make it what it should be, in the spirit of those who question their own wisdom and seek counsel and knowledge, not shallow self-satisfaction or the excitement of excursions whither they cannot tell. Justice, and only justice, shall always be our motto.

And yet it will be no cool process of mere science. The nation has been deeply stirred, stirred by a solemn passion, stirred by the knowledge of wrong, of ideals lost, of government too often debauched and made an instrument of evil.

The feelings with which we face this new age of right and opportunity sweep across our heartstrings like some air out of God's own presence, where justice and mercy are reconciled and the judge and brother are one.

We know our task to be no mere task of politics, but a task which shall search us through and through, whether we be able to understand our time and the need of our people, whether we be indeed their spokesmen and interpreters, whether we have the pure heart to comprehend and the rectified will to choose our high course of action. This is not a day of triumph; it is a day of dedication. Here muster, not the forces of party, but the forces of humanity. Men's hearts wait upon us; men's lives hang in the balance; men's hopes call upon us to say what we will do.

Who shall live up to the great trust? Who dares fail to try?

I summon all honest men, all patriotic, all forwardlooking men, to my side.

God helping me, I will not fail them, if they will but counsel and sustain me!

WOODROW WILSON.

A VISION RISES

A vision of the future rises . . . I see a world where thrones have crumbled and where kings are dust, the aristocracy of idleness has perished from the earth.

I see a world without a slave, man at last is free. Nature's forces have by science been enslaved, lightning and light, wind and wave, frost and flame, and all the secret subtle powers of the earth and air are the tireless toilers. for the human race.

I see a world at peace, adorned with every form of art, with music's myriad voices thrilled, while lips are rich with words of love and truth; a world in which no exile sighs, no prisoner mourns; a world on which the gibbet's shadow does not fall; a world where labor reaps its full reward, where work and worth go hand in hand, where the poor girl, trying to win bread with a needle-the needle that has been called "the asp for the breast of the poor"—is not driven to the desperate choice of crime or death or suicide or shame.

I see a world without the beggar's outstretched palm, the miser's heartless, stony stare, the piteous wail of want, the livid lips of lies, the cruel eyes of scorn.

I see a race without disease of flesh or brain-shapely and fair, married harmony of form and function, and as I look, life lengthens, joy deepens, love canopies the earth; and over all in the great dome shines the eternal star of human hope.

ROBERT G. INGERSOLL.

APPENDIX B

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SPEECH PROJECTS I. ANALYSIS OF AN OPEN FORUM MEETING 1. Report By The First Critic: Organization And Conduct Of The Meeting.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is my purpose to explain for you the organization and conduct of the Open Forum discussion which we held on July 27, 1928 during the 10 o'clock class period in the Holden Chapel auditorium. The subject, as announced two days before by the Instructor, was "Smith and Hoover". The students had been instructed to come prepared to deliver speeches of three minutes' duration on the qualifications of the two candidates for election to the office of PresiIdent of the United States. It was understood that there would be a more formal class debate a week later on the Question: "Resolved, that this House favors the election of a Democratic National Administration on November 6, 1928". The preliminary Open Forum meeting was intended to clear the air of personalities, so that the final debate might be more definitely political in its nature.

At the class meeting on July 25, the Instructor had called for a roster of preferences; with the result that he was able to write on the blackboard a lineup of those who would be expected to speak either for Smith or for Hoover, and from whom the final debaters would be chosen for the August 2nd. contest. Smith partisans included (Note: The names are fictitious): Miss Kent, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Miller, Mr. Collins, Mr. Finch, and Mr. Tabor. Hoover partisans included: Mr. Barker, Miss Warren, Miss Denby, Mr. Carter, Mr. French, Mr. Cotton, Mr. Small, Mr. Simpson, and Mr. Russell. Mr. Lewis said that he favored neither candidate, and that he

preferred the Socialist platform; so he was unanimously elected Moderator for the final debate.

Mr. Russell was chosen as Moderator for the Open Forum on the day of the meeting; because illness had prevented him from making adequate preparation for a speech, and he desired the opportunity to say something about both of the candidates.

The Open Forum meeting began promptly at 10:10 A. M. and concluded at 11 o'clock. The Moderator appointed three of the auditors of the course to be Sergeants-at-Arms and the Instructor as Timekeeper. Mr. Russell announced that all of the Smith advocates must sit on the Right side of the House, and all of the Hoover advocates on the Left side. The auditors and Mr. Lewis sat in the rear center of the hall. Mr. Russell also announced that first there would be a speaker for Smith, then one for Hoover, and so on in rotation until all partisans should have spoken; after which there would be opportunity for replies until 10:58, when the verdict would be decided in favor of the side of the House which had gained the greater number of converts.

Only two of the speakers used fewer than three minutes; three spoke over-time in spite of all warnings; and several had to be warned that their time had elapsed. During the course of the meeting, Mr. Barker changed from the Hoover side of the House to the Smith side; Mr. Lewis changed from the cross benches to the Smith side; one auditor joined the Smith forces; and two auditors joined the Hoover forces. Just before the meeting closed, Mr. Russell announced that apparently the Smith advocates had done the more persuasive speaking.

The conduct of the meeting was successful; although on two occasions the Moderator found it necessary to quell incipient private combats which were beginning across the center aisle. The entire audience applauded