were included in the ban on bacteriological warfare, and the Defense Department, which insisted they were not. During this controversy a report was issued, and then denied, that Henry A. Kissinger, the President's advisor on national security affairs, had ordered a temporary halt in the production of toxins until the dispute could be resolved. In addition, NARMIC's disclosures of the redefinition of toxins led to a clarification by the British that their ban would include toxins.

Meanwhile, NARMIC staff member Arthur Kanegis shared his report with Congressman Richard McCarthy (D. NY.), who, as the leading Congressional CBW critic, had provided resource materials essential to NARMIC's investigation. Immediately, McCarthy held a press conference in which he said that this retention of toxins, if upheld, would call into question the credibility of the President's original statement. He repeated this charge in a letter to the President. However, the production of toxins continues.

The NARMIC report's charges regarding the President's exemption of tear gas and defoliants from U.S. ratification of the Geneva ban were evidently shared by most of the nations of the world. For shortly thereafter the General Assembly resoundingly rebuffed the U.S. position on tear gas in an unprecedented vote which isolated the U.S. Although the Administration sent letters to virtually all nations urging them to vote with its position on tear gas and defoliants, the United Nations Political Committee, by a vote of 58 to 3, and then the General Assembly itself, by a vote of 80 to 3 (with 36 abstentions), accepted the resolution.

While the issues raised by the NARMIC report did receive wide coverage in much of the press across the country, NARMIC believes that the public needs even more information on this vital subject. Already the report in full has been printed in a few newspapers and numerous peace publications across the country, and in the Congressional Record. We are now in the process of revising it for publication in a medical journal and several national liberal magazines. NARMIC staff will continue to do research and education in this vital area. The anti-CBW struggle is not over.

APPENDIX B

PROTOCOL PROHIBITING THE USE IN WAR OF ASPHYXIATING, POISONOUS
OR OTHER GASES, AND OF BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS OF WARFARE,
GENEVA, JUNE 17, 1925

The undersigned plenipotentiaries, in the name of their respective Governments:

Whereas the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world; and

Whereas the prohibition of such use has been declared in Treaties to which the majority of Powers of the world are Parties; and

To the end that this prohibition shall be universally accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations; Declare:

That the High Contracting Parties, so far as they are not already Parties to Treaties prohibiting such use, accept this prohibition, agree to extend this prohibition to the use of bacteriological methods of warfare and agree to be bound as between themselves according to the terms of this declaration. The High Contracting Parties will exert every effort to induce other States to accede to the present Protocol. Such accession will be notified to the Government of the French Republic, and by the latter to all signatory and acceding Powers, and will take effect on the date of the notification by the Government of the French Republic.

The present Protocol, of which the French and English texts are both authentic, shall be ratified as soon as possible. It shall bear to-day's date.

The ratifications of the present Protocol shall be addressed to the Government of the French Republic, which will at once notify the deposit of such ratification to each of the signatory and acceding Powers.

The instruments of ratification of and accession to the present Protocol will remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the French Republic. The present Protocol will come into force for each signatory Power as from the date of deposit of its ratification, and, from that moment, each Power will be bound as regards other Powers which have already deposited their ratification. In witness whereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Protocol. Done at Geneva in single copy, this seventeenth day of June, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Twenty-Five.

(269)

L

STATES PARTIES TO THE PROTOCOL FOR THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE IN WAR OF ASPHYXIATING, POISONOUS OR OTHER GASES AND OF BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS OF WARFARE, Done at Geneva June 17, 1925 States which have deposited instruments of ratification, accession, or continue to be bound as the result of succession agreements concluded by them or by reason of notifications given by them to the Secretary-General of the United Nations:

By virtue of agreement with former parent State or notification to the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations of succession to treaty rights and obligations upon independence.

It does not bind India or any British Dominion which is a separate member of the League of Nations and does not separately sign or adhere to the Protocol. It is applicable to all colonies.

RESERVATIONS TO THE 1925 GENEVA PROTOCOL

AUSTRALIA

Subject to the reservations that His Majesty is bound by the said Protocol only towards those Powers and States which have both signed and ratified the Protocol or have acceded thereto, and that His Majesty shall cease to be bound by the Protocol towards any Power at enmity with Him whose armed forces, or the armed forces of whose allies, do not respect the Protocol. BELGIUM

(1) The said Protocol is only binding on the Belgium Government as regards States which have signed or ratified it or which may accede to it.

(2) The said Protocol shall ipso facto cease to be binding on the Belgian Government in regard to any enemy State whose armed forces or whose Allies fail to respect the prohibitions laid down in the Protocol.

BRITISH EMPIRE

Does not bind India or any British Dominion which is a separate Member of the League of Nations and does not separately sign or adhere to the Protocol.

(1) The said Protocol is only binding on His Britannic Majesty as regards those Powers and States which have both signed and ratified the Protocol, or have finally acceded thereto;

(2) The said Protocol shall cease to be binding on His Britannic Majesty towards any Power at enmity with Him whose armed forces, or the armed forces of whose allies, fail to respect the prohibitions laid down in the Protocol.

BULGARIA

The said Protocol is only binding on the Bulgarian Government as regards States which have signed or ratified it or which may accede to it.

The said Protocol shall ipso facto cease to be binding on the Bulgarian Government in regard to an enemy State whose armed forces or whose allies fail to respect the prohibitions laid down in the Protocol.

CANADA

(1) The said Protocol is only binding on His Britannic Majesty as regards those States which have both signed and ratified it, or have finally acceded thereto;

(2) The said Protocol shall cease to be binding on His Britannic Majesty towards any State at enmity with Him whose armed forces, or whose allies de jure or in fact fail to respect the prohibitions laid down in the Protocol.

CHILE

(1) The said Protocol is only binding on the Chilian Government as regards States which have signed or ratified it or which may definitely accede to it.

(2) The said Protocol shall ipso facto cease to be binding on the Chilian Government in regard to any enemy State whose armed forces or whose allies fail to respect the prohibitions laid down in the Protocol.

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA

The Czecho-Slovak Republic shall ipso facto cease to be bound by this Protocol towards any State whose armed forces, or the armed forces of whose allies, fail to respect the prohbitions laid down in the Protocol.

ESTONIA

(1) The said Protocol is only binding on the Estonian Government as regards States which have signed or ratified it or which may accede to it.

(2) The said Protocol shall ipso facto cease to be binding on the Estonian Government in regard to any enemy State whose armed forces or whose allies fail to respect the prohibitions laid down in the Protocol.

FRANCE

(1) The said Protocol is only binding on the Government of the French Republic as regards States which have signed or ratified it or which may accede to it.

(2) The said Protocol shall ipso facto cease to be binding on the Government of the French Republic in regard to any enemy State whose armed forces or whose allies fail to respect the prohibitions laid down in the Protocol.

INDIA

(1) The said Protocol is only binding on His Britannic Majesty as regards those States which have both signed and ratified it, or have finally acceded thereto;

(2) The said Protocol shall cease to be binding on His Britannic Majesty towards any Power at enmity with Him whose armed forces, or the armed forces of whose allies, fail to respect the prohibitions laid down in the Protocol.

IRAQ

On condition that the Iraq Government shall be bound by the provisions of the Protocol only towards those States which have both signed and ratified it or have acceded thereto; and that they shall not be bound by the Protocol towards any State at enmity with them whose armed forces, or the forces of whose allies, do not respect the dispositions of the Protocol.