George Robert Keepin, Jr., Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex. L. D. Percival King, University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex. Leonard John Koch, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Daniel Edward Koshland, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N. Y. Sidney Krasik, Manager, PWR Physics Dept., Westinghouse Atomic Power Division, Pittsburgh, Pa. Kurt A. Kraus, Senior Chemist, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. James Arthur Lane, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Ernest O. Lawrence, University of California Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, Stephen Lawroski, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Robert Briggs Leachman, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex. Jan Felix Libich, American Embassy, Paris Harold V. Lichtenberger, Director, Idaho Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Ernest Gustaf Linder, Radio Corporation of America Laboratories, Princeton, N. J. Blake Marshall Loring, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. Richard Norton Lyon, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Winston Marvel Manning, Director, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Bernard Manowitz, Fission Product Utilization Project, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N. Y. Joseph J. Martin, Associate Professor of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Engineering Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Mich. George G. Marvin, Division of Raw Materials, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Edward S. Mason, Dean, Graduate School of Public Administration, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Karl M. Mayer, Production Economist, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission C. Rogers McCullough, Research and Engineering Division, Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo. William Mitchell, General Counsel, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Karl Ziegler Morgan, Director, Health Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Samuel Brooks Morris, Dept. of Water and Power, Los Angeles, Calif. George Ashmun Morton, Associate Director, Chemical-Physical Laboratory, Radio Corporation of America Laboratories, Princeton, N. J. Robert S. Mulliken, Science Attaché, American Embassy, London William Frederick Neuman, Associate Professor of Pharmacology, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. Robert D. Nininger, Division of Raw Materials, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Eugene Pleasants Odum, Professor of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. David Okrent, Agronne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Lincoln Ridler Page, Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior Harry Palevsky, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y. Herbert Myers Parker, Hanford Atomic Products Operation, Radiological Sciences Dept., Richland, Wash. William Edwards Parkins, Nuclear Engineering and Manufacturing, North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif. Morehead Patterson, U.S. Representative for International Atomic Energy Agency Negotiations, Dept. of State Robert Allen Penneman, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex. Bernhard Emerson Proctor, Professor of Food Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Roger R. D. Revelle, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, LaJolla, Calif. Albert J. Riker, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Howard A. Robinson, Special Asst. to the Ambassador, American Embassy, Paris Clement James Rodden, New Brunswick Area Office, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, New Brunswick, N. J. Joseph Foster Ross, University of California Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif. Arthur Frederick Rupp, Superintendent, Operations Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Liane Brauch Russell, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. William Lawson Russell, Principal Geneticist, Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Vance Lewis Sailor, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y. Jack Schubert, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Glenn Theodore Seaborg, University of California Radiation Laboratory, Chemical Division, Berkeley, Calif. Charles Harold Secoy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Frederick Seitz, Dept. of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Stephen Matheson Shelton, Bureau of Mines, Dept. of the Interior, Albany, Oreg. Sidney Siegel, North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif. Leslie Silverman, Associate Professor of Industrial Hygiene Engineering, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. John Wistar Simpson, Westinghouse Atomic Power Division, Pittsburgh, Pa. Oliver Cecil Simpson, Associate Director of Chemistry, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Willard Ralph Singleton, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y. Cyril Stanley Smith, Director, Institute for the Study of Metals, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Gerard C. Smith, Special Asst. to the Secretary of State on Atomic Energy Arthur Hawley Snell, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Frank Harold Spedding, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa Bernard Israel Spinrad, Senior Physicist, Reactor Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Philip Sporn, President, American Gas and Electric Service Corporation, New York, N.Y. Chauncey Starr, North American Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif. Eric Stein, Office of U.N. Political Affairs, Dept. of State Ellis Philip Steinberg, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Robert Spencer Stone, Radiological Laboratory, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif. John Arthur Swartout, Deputy Research Director, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. William Herbert Sweet, Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. Richard Ferdinand Taschek, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex. Lauriston S. Taylor, Atomic and Radiation Physics Division, National Bureau of Standards, Dept. of Commerce Donald Earl Thomas, LSR Metallurgy Section, Westinghouse Atomic Power Thomas Trocki, General Electric Company, Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Harold Bradford Tukey, Head, Dept. of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. John Turkevich, Princeton University, Frick Chemical Laboratory, Princeton, N.J. Bruce Wallace, Geneticist, Long Island Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Martin Walt IV, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex. Clifford Edward Weber, General Electric Company, Knolls Atomic Power Alvin M. Weinberg, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Victor F. Weisskopf, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Theodore Allen Welton, Physicist, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Harry Wexler, Weather Bureau, Dept. of Commerce John Archibald Wheeler, Professor, Palmer Physical Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. Eugene Paul Wigner, Professor of Mathematical Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. Harley Almey Wilhelm, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Ames, Iowa J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr., Nuclear Development Associates, Inc., White Plains, N.Y. Clarke Williams, Chairman, Nuclear Engineering Dept., Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y. Abel Wolman, Professor of Sanitary Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Wallace Kelly Wood, General Electric Company, Richland, Wash. Walter Henry Zinn, Director, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Ill. Executive Officer Harry S. Traynor, Assistant General Manager, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission George M. Fennemore, Office of International Conferences, Dept. of State Christopher L. Henderson, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission On December 8, 1953, in an historic address to the General Assembly of the United Nations, President Eisenhower called for the initiation of an international atoms-for-peace program. 68 One result of this call was the adoption by the General Assembly of a decision that "an international technical conference of governments should be held, under the auspices of the United Nations, to explore means of developing the peaceful uses of atomic energy through international cooperation and, in particular, to study the development of atomic power and to consider other technical areas such as biology, medicine, radiation protection and fundamental science in which international cooperation might most effectively be accomplished." 69 The General Assembly decided that all states members of the United Nations or of the specialized agencies should be invited to participate in the Conference. It left the precise date and place of the Conference to be decided by the Secretary General of the United Nations, acting upon the advice of an Advisory Committee composed of representatives of Brazil, Canada, France, India, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United 68 For the text of the President's address, see the Department of State Bulletin, Dec. 21, 1953, p. 847. 69 For the text of the General Assembly resolution, see ibid., Dec. 13, 1954, p. 919. States. 70 The Advisory Committee, which met with the Secretary General in New York for the first time from January 17-28, 1955, agreed that the Conference should be held at Geneva, Switzerland, August 8-20, 1955, and drew up the topical agenda and Rules of Procedure for the Conference. On February 1, 1955, the Secretary General of the United Nations issued the invitations to participate in the Conference" and announced that Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India, had been appointed president of the Conference 72 and that Professor Walter G. Whitman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology had been appointed Conference Secretary General. 73 Participation Official delegations were sent to the Conference by 73 states and 8 specialized agencies. In addition to the members of the official delegations, who numbered 1,428 persons, there were 1,334 observers from nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions, and industrial concerns, and about 1,000 representatives of the news media of the world. The countries represented by official delegations were as follows: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Canada, Ceylon, Chile, the Republic of China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Éthiopia, Finland, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, the Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Monaco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Union of South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, the Vatican, Venezuela, Viet-Nam, and Yugoslavia. The eight specialized agencies represented at the Conference were as follows: FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, ITU, UNESCO, WHO, and WMO. 70 The members of the Advisory Committee were Mr. Jayme de Barros Gomez (Brazil), Dr. W. B. Lewis (Canada), Dr. Bertrand Goldschmidt (France), Dr. Homi J. Bhabha (India), Academician D. V. Skobeltzin (U.S.S.R.), Sir John Cockcroft (United Kingdom), and Dr. I. I. Rabi (United States). The Advisory Committee held its First Meeting at New York, Jan. 17-28, 1955; its Second Meeting at Paris, May 23-27, 1955; and its Third Meeting at Geneva, Aug. 3–5, 1955. For the text of the invitation, as well as of the topical agenda and Rules of Procedure and a list of the countries invited, see the Department of State Bulletin, Mar. 14, 1955, p. 444. 72 The Secretary-General of the United Nations subsequently appointed the following six vice presidents of the Conference: Gen. Bernardino C. de Mattos (Brazil), Dr. W. B. Lewis (Canada), Professor Francis Perrin (France), Academician D. V. Skobeltzin (U.S.S.R.), Sir John Cockcroft (United Kingdom), and Dr. I. I. Rabi (United States). 73 Dr. Viktor S. Vavilov (U.S.S.R.) was subsequently appointed Deputy Conference Secretary General. Conference Proceedings The work of the Conference was divided between plenary and technical sessions. The plenary sessions, of which there were eight in all, dealt with such broad topics as future world needs for energy, the economics of atomic energy, programs of international cooperation, and scientific education. The technical sessions, of which there were 52 in all, dealt with such topics as research and power reactors, reactor theory, reactor physics, fuel elements, fissionable products and their extraction, raw materials exploration and processing, waste disposal and health protection, radioactive materials in diagnosis and therapy, in industry, and in agriculture, and the production, handling, and use of radioisotopes. Of the 1,132 abstracts of scientific papers that had been submitted to the United Nations by 38 governments, 1,067 full papers were presented to the Conference for consideration, and 450 were selected for oral presentation within the time available. 74 In addition to the plenary and technical sessions of the Conference, there was a series of 10 evening lectures in which leading men of science from seven nations discussed matters of general scientific or public interest. Professor Niels Bohr spoke on "Physical Science and Man's Position"; Professor Ernest O. Lawrence, on "High Current Accelerators"; Professor Vladimir I. Veksler, on "Principles of the Acceleration of Charged Particles"; Dr. George de Hevesy, on "Radioactive Tracers and Their Application"; Professor Willard F. Libby, on "Radiocarbon Dating"; Professor Hans A. Bethe, on "Elementary Particles-I. Light Mesons"; Professor Louis LeprinceRinguet, on "The Strange Particles: Heavy Mesons and Hyperons"; Dr. Alexander Hollaender, on "Modification of Radiation Response"; Professor Andrei L. Kursanov, on "Radioactive Elements in the Study of Plant Life"; and Sir John Cockcroft, on "The Future of Atomic Energy." Nine nations-Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Norway, Sweden, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United States-presented official scientific exhibits. 75 The U.S. presentation included an operating pool-type research reactor, which was installed in a specially constructed building on the grounds of the Palais des Nations and which was visited by approximately 63,400 persons during the two weeks of the Conference; a technical exhibit consisting of reactor models, drawings and diagrams of reactors, samples of rare earths and of transuranic elements, an operating cloud chamber, a master-slave "hot" laboratory, a chemical separating plant, and other materials contributed by 105 academic, non-profit, and commercial organizations; a mobile health unit in a truck semitrailer; a reference library containing 7,000 technical re "Of the 512 scientific papers submitted by the United States, 176 were selected for oral presentation at the Conference. 75 In addition to the official exhibit, a commercial exhibition devoted to educational and industrial displays provided by governments and by private companies was held under the auspices of the Swiss Federal Council, the U.N., and the city and canton of Geneva in the Palais des Expositions in Geneva simultaneously with the Conference. |