exercise and sports of all kinds. Field sport days are given over entirely to athletic contests for which suitable prizes are awarded.

Many of these events are of a military nature and tend to create proficiency and speed in military tasks such as tent pitching, trench digging, wall scaling, swimming, rowing, riding, shooting, running, cooking, boxing, wrestling, bayonet combat exercises, etc. In the Philippines and China these Field Day exercises have come to be known as "gymkana."

Religious services are conducted by the Chaplain in the post chapel or aboard ship, in the Y. M. C. A., tent when in the field or in the open air.

Each regiment has a band of twenty-eight experienced musicians which in addition to the martial music incidental to review and parades gives open-air concerts at stated intervals and furnishes music for dancing and other pastime as occasion demands. Congress has forbidden these bands to furnish music in competition with civilian musicians.

Each organization has about twenty per cent. of non-commissioned officers, and at each post or naval station a number of quarters are provided for the Warrant Officers and superior grades of non-commissioned officers.

Foreign service rosters are kept so that as far as practicable such service will be equalized. Pay proper is increased twenty per cent. for enlisted men and ten per cent. for officers for foreign service. Two years in the Philippine Islands and three years in Hawaii and the Canal Zone constitute a normal tour of foreign duty. Sea duty in the navy is likewise increased over shore duty.

Various kinds of trade schools are maintained for enlisted men of the Army and Navy. Common branches are taught all who volunteer for such instruction. Much of the Army and Navy service is mechanical, engineering or electrical and offers excellent opportunity for young men to learn a skilled trade or vocation while serving an enlistment. The Barracks

are well equipped with reading and recreation rooms and well supplied with books and current literature.

The Post Exchange is a coöperative store owned by the organizations; the profits being devoted to augmenting the mess or for athletic supplies, books, phonographs, pianos, interior decorations, etc.

Under the new army enlistment contract those who attain satisfactory proficiency within a year may be discharged. The age of enlistment with parents consent has been reduced to sixteen years and the term of enlistment after Nov. 1, 1916 to three years with the colors and four years in the reserve.

The sale of intoxicating liquor to soldiers or sailors at military posts and naval stations or aboard ship is prohibited by statute. The Government is very liberal in granting furloughs or leaves of absence on full pay to enlisted men and officers, aggregating one month each year. It often happens that such leave periods are not availed of year after year until four month's leave can be enjoyed traveling in Europe, China, Japan, India, Australia, Egypt or elsewhere.

The Army and Navy Relief Societies are organizations for the purpose of supporting, educating, and caring for orphans in the Army and Navy and destitute families. Its funds are raised by voluntary contribution and by various benefit entertainments.

"In time of war the civilian as much as the soldier is responsible for defeat and disaster. Battles are not lost alone on the field; they may be lost beneath the Dome of the Capitol, they may be lost in the Cabinet, or they may be lost in the private office of the Secretary of War. Wherever they may be lost, it is the people who suffer and the soldiers who die, with the knowledge and the conviction that our military policy is a crime against life, a crime against property, and a crime against liberty. The author has availed himself of his privilege as a citizen to expose to our people a system which, if not abandoned, may sooner or later prove fatal. The time when some one should do this has arrived."-GENERAL EMORY UPTON.

CHAPTER XLV

SAFETY FIRST FOR THE NATION THROUGH UNIVERSAL MILITARY AND NAVAL TRAINING

OF YOUNG AMERICA

AMERICAN public sentiment is crystalizing favorably to some form of national military training for every able-bodied youth before he has become an important factor in the economic life of the nation.

This sentiment is a by-product of the campaign for Preparedness which is being waged throughout this ill-defended treasure land of peace and plenty. Peace is becoming dearer to the American people both literally and figuratively as a result of the titanic struggle abroad and a realization of our own weakness and unpreparedness.

In seeking the cause and considering a remedy most clues are leading direct to the schoolroom wherein we were taught, and wherein our children are now being taught, a brand of United States History which we now know to be spurious and misleading.

This is due to a lack of historical education on the part of the masses who quit school early in life and to the past and present methods of teaching of United States History to those who remain in school until they complete this subject. Many drop out of school about the time they have completed the socalled United States History and are ready to seriously take up the subject of mathematics, literature, languages, sciences, and General History. The numerous instances in United States

History where raw, untrained troops have suffered ignominious defeat are passed over or entirely overlooked as though tending to belittle patriotism and love of country.

Is it any wonder we are so woefully ignorant about the past and present security of our own nation and look more or less suspiciously upon the utterances of the professional historians of to-day, who are fearlessly pointing out the lessons of unpreparedness forcefully taught by every national conflict? I personally participated in this crime against the nation for five years as a teacher and principal of public schools by teaching United States History as it was taught me, and unfortunately, as it is being taught to-day.

The cause and remedy are undoubtedly rooted in our public educational system.

We must teach our teachers to teach the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth about the story of these United States. Their pupils will become the teachers of the next generation. One generation of honest teaching of United States History will suffice to produce a brand of American patriotism which will stand sponsor for adequate, constant preparedness for war as the most certain and positive insurance against war. But each generation must answer this question

anew.

A vital contributory cause of existing conditions is the lamentable, and highly inexcusable fact that about seventy per cent. of young America who have not dropped out before reaching the grammar grade in public school do so before reaching the high school. Less than ten per cent. of high school age graduate from high school and less than five per cent. of college age are attending college. I am purposely introducing this discussion in this volume as a subject deserving of the most profound and serious consideration as it affects the question of National Preparedness-a purely educational, economic, and industrial question. The status of education as to attendance and military training is the best gauge of the military preparedness of