We are now in the third phase. In this third phase we must consider what else we should be doing what new barriers to understanding we can breach. It is particularly with respect to this stage that I look forward to the report and recommendations of this committee and the Secretary of Defense's Advisory Committee on Nonmilitary Instruction. But before I speak of the future may I speak, for a moment or two more, of the present. First, let me say a word or two about our radio, television, and press outlets in New York and Los Angeles and the thinking behind the policy promulgated for them. These two stations between them send short-wave radio broadcasts around the world to 205 radio outlets and 34 television stations overseas. I want to emphasize that these broadcast only to our troops overseas. Our press service consists of a clip sheet with semipermanent news features designed for newspapers at camps, posts, and stations. We supply through Los Angeles and New York basic, unbiased radio news from the wire services for our overseas radio and television stations to pick up and reissue. Overseas stations add local command news. We also supply a varied musical program, programs of sports, and important speeches and news conferences. These may, also, be supplemented by the commands overseas. I must assure you that these radio and television stations are not designed in any way as propaganda outlets for the United States. Their objective is simply to entertain, amuse, and educate the men and women of our Armed Forces stationed outside the continental limits of the United States. We do not broadcast in any foreign language and, because of contractual relations with the fine entertainers and producers of music and television who give us millions of free entertainment dollars, we can neither beam nor slant our broadcasts to foreign listening audiences. These stations then are one outlet for our information and education programs. Over the radio stations we insert squibs to inculcate pride of service, items of interest about the U.S. Government, and items about communism. Basically, we believe that in addition to being a command channel-the stations are under the general guidance of the unified and specified commands and the immediate control of the major command in the area-the job of radio and television is to remind the serviceman who he is an American soldier, sailor, airman, or marine. We must seek to remind him that he is a citizen with a proud heritage, a man free because he is responsible and because he is bearing his share of the responsibility for keeping freedom alive. You have already heard and knew about our long range program of movies and publications. I should only like to emphasize that the pamphlets which go with the pictures are intended to make it possible for those without a broad and deep knowledge of democracy, of communism, of brush fire wars or the Red serviceman to gain the perspectives needed to teach others. Again, our philosophy is that pride, love of country, a devoted patriotism is a greater force than hatred. We want to go beyond the horizons of Lilliput. We want to invoke freedom in an age of fear. By inculcating our fighting men with pride in the accomplish ments of our Nation and our people over two centuries, we hope to inspire them to a warranted pride in self and in our way of life— one that will in fact make them understand that under communism the only liberty is death. I have said that we are now in the third phase of our planning. To us, that is the most difficult one. First of all, I think we must do everything in our power to produce materials for our own special needs. You will note that in the past we have used a great many publications not only from other agencies of Government, but from private sources as well. I believe that generous as others have been in the past and as good as so much of the commercial material is we should produce as much within the Department as possible. My belief is that we should cut down on the many publications we currently produce. We must, I think, put our material in a format of its own. Second, we are very conscious of the time factor. After all, our military must learn to shoot, to bomb, and must learn the tactics and strategy of war. They must give time to pride of service, to orientation for overseas duty, to the special problems of service and command. How much time then should be given in the areas of our special responsibility? Our long-range program reflects our belief that at least 2 hours per quarter will be needed. Furthermore, special instruction is given each man when he enters the service as a recruit or a boot, and if he is overseas he will be listening to our radio stations. In the services the standard 50-minute period of instruction cannot always be adhered to. We will be experimenting with short 15minute films and with a series of short questions and answers about communism and democracy which could be used for discussion in the control center of a ship or by a platoon leader at a break. Third, I am and have been concerned about what we should be doing to provide guidance and help with information and education instruction. In this connection, I have, observed that information and education instruction is uneven. Its worth depends much on the special interest of the commander. I am presently engaged in trying to get out a book for the use of all the services in the areas of democracy and communism. Although I have personally visited the two departmental schools, at Great Lakes and at Fort Slocum, and have found their programs sound, I am hopeful that we may be able to add more to the instruction men and women receive there in the area of my special responsibilities. I am also hopeful that in the different service schools students may be given more direct briefing as to their responsibilities in informing and educating their troops as to what we stand for and against. CLARIFICATION OF MINIMUM TIME FOR INFORMATION PROGRAM Senator SALTONSTALL. Mr. Chairman, excuse me. For clarification purposes, may I ask this question? Mr. KATZENBACH. Yes. Senator SALTONSTALL. On page 6 in the middle of the page, you state: Our long-range program reflects our belief that at least 2 hours per quarter. What does 2 hours per quarter mean? Mr. KATZENBACH. That is 2 hours of information. That is to say, 1 hour for film and 1 hour for instruction with the pamphlet. This is the minimum, we feel. Senator SALTONSTALL. So that is about 8 hours a year? Mr. KATZENBACH. Yes, sir. Senator STENNIS. That is not your full program, is it? Mr. KATZENBACH. No, sir. This is just the major program. Mr. KATZENBACH. Finally, I am interested in trying to gather more information as to the effectiveness of our materials on the troops we serve. We are presently taking steps toward research in methodology. To be frank about it, we have not over the past several years had any method to evaluate the effectiveness of our materials on those who are exposed to them. This we must get on with. But this does not mean, Mr. Chairman, that this office has not done well over the years. This year the Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education won the Freedom Foundation's first annual James Madison Award for Government agencies. Federal, State and local governments competed. The citation accompanying the encased gold medal reads: For a comprehensive program of instruction and information utilizing pamphlets, bulletins, radio, motion pictures for men and women in our Armed Forces to make clear to them the priceless fundamental American freedoms for which they are fighting and to develop a strong sense of responsibility, patriotism, and loyalty to the U.S.A. *** May I say in conclusion, Mr. Chairman, that it is my most fundamental belief that if the American serviceman and woman is sufficiently educated as to what liberty really means, he and she will fulfill, to the pride of all of us, the great role in which our forces are cast-the greatest role on earth, that of defender of freedom. To quote the philosopher George Santanyana in his essay on partiotism: A man's feet must be planted in his country, but his eyes should survey the world. SUBCOMMITTEE TO RECEIVE BRIEFING FROM BROGER That concludes my statement, Mr. Chairman. Senator STENNIS. Gentlemen, each of you has given us a very fine statement, indeed. I think they both require and deserve further study and close analysis by members of the subcommittee, and the staff, too. Members of the subcommittee we will now proceed, of course, with any questions we have for Mr. Runge and Mr. Katzenbach. We also have with us this morning Mr. Broger, who is Director of the Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education in the Office of the Assistant Secretary, and Mr. Broger is prepared to present here in briefing form the activities of his office. We will follow with him as soon as we have completed the questioning of these gentlemen. I will call on counsel first. The photographers, if they are still here, may get pictures at the beginning of the questions and answers. We have Mr. Runge, Assistant Secretary of Defense, and his deputy, Mr. Katzenbach, who are both before us now for questions. They have read their statements. They will be followed by Mr. Broger, who is director of this program, and he is going to give us a briefing. M'NAMARA MEMORANDUM ON PURPOSES OF INFORMATION AND EDUCATION PROGRAM Mr. KENDALL. Will you please read into the record the general purposes of the Armed Forces information and education program which were first set forth in the October 23, 1961, memorandum of the Secretary of Defense? Mr. RUNGE. Yes, Mr. Counsel. For the record, this is the memorandum of the Secretaries of the military departments, Assistant Secretaries and other interested parties, from the Secretary of Defense, subject, "Armed Forces Information and Education Program": One of the most important elements of our national strength is the understanding by military personnel of national goals and purposes and the nature of any potential enemy. American military personnel must know the positive values of the freedoms which the Nation is calling them to defend and the nature of communism which seeks to take these freedoms away. Within the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the mechanism for achieving these objectives is the Armed Forces information and education program. My principal assistant for this program is the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Manpower. This in no way abrogates the service responsibilities in this area. The purpose of this specific portion of the information and education program is to educate the U.S. military in order that they may (1) comprehend the values of our Government and our American heritage; (2) be fully aware of the threat of communism; (3) understand ideologies inimical to the free institutions upon which the United States is founded; and (4) realize the responsibility and objectives of the individual military citizen. In support of these objectives, the Armed Forces Information and Education Program shall include the production of materials in such areas as democracy and communism, world affairs, forces for freedom, U.S. and friendly military forces, citizenship, including voting, orientation for overseas duty; and the code of conduct. To achieve these principles and concepts, the close cooperation of all elements of the Department will be required. Reference B is hereby superseded and canceled. ROBERT S. MCNAMARA, DOD INSTRUCTION ON MISSION OF DIRECTORATE Mr. KENDALL. Now, Mr. Runge, I believe that on the same day you isued DOD Instruction 5120.32, which established the mission of the Directorate for Armed Services Information and Education. Is this true? Mr. RUNGE. Yes, sir. Mr. KENDALL. Do you have a copy of that which you can make a part of the record, sir? Mr. RUNGE. Yes, indeed. Mr. KENDALL. Will you do so? (The document referred to is as follows:) Number: 5120.32 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INSTRUCTION Subject: Armed Forces Information and Education Program. References: (a) Secretary of Defense Memorandum, 23 October 1961, "Armed Forces Information and Education Program." (b) DOD Directive 5120.27, "Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower)." (c) Assistant Secretary of Defense Memorandum to Service Secretaries, "Restatement of Policy, Information and Education in the Armed Forces," January 27, 1955 (hereby cancelled). (d) DOD Instruction 5120.4, "Policies Governing Publication of Service Newspapers; Operation of Armed Forces Press Service; and Relationship of Armed Forces to Civilian Enterprise Publications." (e) DOD Instruction 5120.20, "Armed Forces Radio and Television." I. PURPOSE This Instruction establishes the mission of the Armed Forces Information and Education Program and the functions and responsibilities of the Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education. As used in this Instruction II. DEFINITIONS A. Information and Education means internal troop information and education other than training or education accomplished through academic institutions. B. Materials include publications, posters, motion pictures, disc pressings and radio and television filmed and taped programs, including commercially produced programs. III. MISSION The Armed Forces Information and Education Program shall include the production of materials in such areas as: Democracy and Communism, World Affairs, Forces for Freedom (U.S. and friendly forces), Citizenship (including voting), Orientation for Overseas Duty and the Code of Conduct. IV. FUNCTIONS The Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education, under the policy direction of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower) will: A. Develop and coordinate in conjunction with the Military Departments an Armed Forces Information and Education Program in the areas specified in III above for use in and support of the Military Departments' internal information programs. Due consideration will be given to the established program schedules of the Military Departments. B. Develop long-range plans supporting the objectives of the Program, described in III. C. Produce or procure materials to support the programs of the Military Departments. D. Provide for the review, assessment and evaluation of the effectiveness of Military Departments' internal information and education programs and materials, in the areas described in III. E. Exercise policy and operational control over the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service, Los Angeles and the Armed Forces Press, Radio and Television Service, New York, references (d) and (e) respectively. F. Provide specific policy guidance through the Military Departments for the operation and support of Armed Forces Radio and Television stations. V. RESPONSIBILITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS A. The Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education shall: 1. Provide for the production, procurement and/or evaluation of information and education materials, as described in III for use in and support of the Military Departments' information and education programs. 88735 O-62-pt. 3-2 |