it impossible for them to still utilize the drug, merely by scheduling it as a dangerous substance?

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. It is my understanding it would not be available for use to them at all if it was in schedule I.

Mr. GILMAN. Even by professional people?

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. That is right.

Mr. GILMAN. Once we have classified it as a dangerous substance, they would no longer be able to utilize it?

Mr. DOGOLOFF. That is correct. In schedule I, it would not be available for medical use. I understand that includes veterinary medicine. But again the amount used is relatively small.

Mr. GILMAN. How extensive is it?

Mr. DOGOLOFF. It is a small amount used for very large animals, as I understand it. It is not something that a neighborhood veterinarian uses as a regular part of his practice.

Mr. WOLFF. That is the point, counsel makes the point, it is the zoos that use it primarily, is it not? It is not in general use to tranquilize a dog? It is being used professionally in zoos. We had an analogous situation to this with acetic anhydride, and we haven't classified that as schedule I. That is a basic element in the refining of heroin. And you can't schedule that as a schedule I substance, since it is used in the making of film, the making of plastics, things of that sort.

So we have an analogous situation, and one that is a very definite problem. It resolves itself into a situation whereby it is our responsibility, actually. I am happy to see the news media have alerted the public to the problem that exists. And I am unhappy that we haven't taken as strong a position as we should in Government, seeing to it that the education is done as to the dangers that exist from the promiscuous use of a substance such as this.

Mr. GILMAN. If the chairman would yield further, I would like to point out the registration requirements under the Controlled Substances Act permits registration and manufacture of controlled substances even though they are in category I. Wouldn't this permit veterinarians, the utilization of this drug for veterinary medicine? Mr. DOGOLOFF. I understand that is only for research purposes, and not for medical practice.

Mr. GILMAN. I don't see that restriction in the statute. I would be pleased if the gentleman could point that out.

Mr. DOGOLOFF. I don't have the statute with me. But that is my understanding.

Mr. MINETA. Are there any other animal tranquilizers? If you do ban PCP in the sense of putting it into schedule I, there is less than 200 pounds a year being produced, so what damage is there to veterinary medicine, even if we banned it by putting it on schedule I?

Mr. DOGOLOFF. I understand there may be other alternatives to PCP for veterinary use. We will look into that. The important thing to remember is, that although we spent a lot of time, talking about the importance of moving this substance to schedule I-and it is important to do this-it is not going to make a big difference. The issue is not diversion of this drug from legitimate medical practice, it is clandestine laboratory manufacture of it. It will again give a signal which we can and should give by the classification. We have already done this moving it from schedule III to schedule II.

We need to do that more in terms of the media campaigns, and develop ways of getting that message to U.S. attorneys, and judges.

Mr. WOLFF. What are the component elements that are in general use that go into PCP? Does anyone know? The component elements that go into PCP.

Mr. DOGOLOFF. You are talking about the chemicals?

Mr. WOLFF. Yes.

Mr. BENSINGER, Chairman Wolff, if I could introduce Dr. Alice Kruegel, a senior research chemist with DEA, she can describe the elements in specific terms.

I also would make note that Representative Mineta mentioned types of PCP that appear in the schools. This is the type of leaf PCP ingredients are put on. It is actually PCP sprinkled on parsley, here are the crystals, pills, and liquid [indicating].

Those forms all utilize the chemicals which Dr. Kruegel will describe. But the aftereffects are deadly, dangerous, and very unpredictable.

Dr. Kruegel, if you would come up, if you would like to swear her in, I have great confidence in her professional representations. Mr. WOLFF. Would you give your full name, please?

Dr. KRUEGEL, Alice Kruegel.

[Dr. Alice Kruegel sworn.]

Mr. WOLFF. Please proceed.

Dr. KRUEGEL. The ingredients which are used to make PCP are piperidine, cyclohexanone, sodium cyanide, sodium bisulfite, bromobenzene, magnesium, and a solvent, such as ether.

Mr. WOLFF. Are these readily available?

Dr. KRUEGEL. Yes; they are.

Mr. WOLFF. Do they have other uses?

Dr. KRUEGEL. Yes; they do.

Mr. WOLFF. Is there any one particular component-I notice you have a model there is there any one component part of PCP that has no other use?

Dr. KRUEGEL. No; I can't say there are any of them that have no other use.

Perhaps you would like me to show the PCP molecule. The chemical structure is 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine, in basically three parts. Here we have the phenyl portion [indicating], the cyclohexyl portion, and the piperidine portion. But all of these, the cyclohexyl portion would come from the cyclohexanone, the piperidine comes from piperidine, and the phenyl portion would come from the bromobenzene and magnesium.

Mr. WOLFF. What are the effects of these substances or this substance upon an individual?

Dr. KRUEGEL. The effects have been described variously as they produce hallucinations, in some individuals they can produce what is known as a psychosis, which is similar to schizophrenia. They produce bizarre behavioral effects. The individual often becomes insensitive to pain, becomes violent, and it can be difficult to restrain the individual. Police officers sometimes in large number are required to restrain one individual.

Mr. WOLFF. How long does this last?
Dr. KRUEGEL. Oh, let's see-

Mr. WOLFF. In other words, can someone take one dose of this and have permanent damage?

Dr. KRUEGEL. I don't know if one dose alone would produce permanent damage. Dr. Paul Luisada, who is testifying this afternoon, has evidence of psychoses in individuals who have been admitted as patients in the hospital in which he works, and I know he has said that some have been readmitted with schizophrenic symptoms, real schizophrenia, even though they have not used the drug again. So I think it varies with individuals.

Mr. WOLFF. Does it have the same properties, or does it have the same effect as LSD would have. Does it have a triggering effect at a later point?

Dr. KRUEGEL. Well, the symptom I just described, of the patients reentering the hospital after not taking PCP again, I would call that similar to LSD.

Mr. WOLFF. How does it affect a person to cause death? What are the physiological effects?

Dr. KRUEGEL. The deaths generally seem to be associated with the bizarre behavioral effects, such as with a person who goes swimming. I have read descriptions of PCP somehow, when associated with swimming, produces a pleasant sensation; but at the same time the individual will end up drowning.

There has been at least one case of a suicide from using PCP. Mr. WOLFF. The way you describe it, it doesn't sound so dangerous to me. You say one case of suicide.

Dr. KRUEGEL. Let me say I am a chemist, not a pharmacologist. We do have with us a pharmacologist.

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. You asked several questions, and I can't recall them in order, but first of all, we really don't know what long-term effects a single dose can have. The effect depends on the amount of drug taken, the mode of use, the timelag between the dose, the individual characteristics of the user, the circumstances under which the drug was taken, and, of course, the frequency of use. We do know that in some circumstances an individual who does take a single dose may develop an acute psychotic reaction or may go on to develop a prolonged psychosis.

Mr. WOLFF. What about the question of death? Is that just because of the psychosis?

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. Most of the deaths reported have been attributed to the behavioral toxicity. Of course, that could result from the psychotic state, in which an individual may be disoriented, confused, and delusional or hallucinating.

Mr. WOLFF. There is still a further effect. Is this not such a powerful tranquilizer that it stops some of the body's functions, if taken in large enough quantities?

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. In an acute intoxicated state, the symptoms that are most often described are depersonalization, in which the individual is unaware of and detached from his surroundings. He may be confused, delirious; and obviously under those circumstances could be very dangerous to himself or others.

Mr. WOLFF. What I am getting at are the physical properties that are involved here. If it is so powerful a tranquilizer, doesn't it retard

the bodily functions to a point where the heart stops, for example, or something like that?

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. In sufficient dose, it could do that.

Mr. WOLFF. What would be a sufficient dose?

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. We are not sure of that. However, in adults quantities in excess of half a gram have been used and it is particularly in this dosage range, or higher, that life-threatening effects are likely to be manifested.

Mr. WOLFF. I am not talking about absolutes now.

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. High doses have been reported, from 15 to 20 milligrams. It depends on the frequency of use, also. If a user has used it on a chronic basis, his tolerance has increased so he could perhaps take that dose and not experience the same effect an individual less tolerant to that dose would.

Mr. WOLFF. In other words, there is a tolerance that is developed? Dr. CZECHOWICZ. On frequent use, tolerance does develop to this drug; that is correct.

Mr. WOLFF. How about saturation? In other words, is it cumulative within the system, does it stay within the system?

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. There is some evidence the drug does take a long time to metabolize, and there is some evidence it is stored in lipid tissue and as a result it produces longer lasting effects.

Mr. WOLFF. Is there any reinforced effect it has when taken with other drugs? For example, many of the kids are using this with marihuana. Is that a reinforcing agent with marihuana, or with other drugs? Does it have a more violent effect then?

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. There is wide variability in purity of the street drug, and the percentage of PCP found has been quite variable. Generally, leafy mixtures have been found to contain smaller amounts of the drug. For some youth who are using it with marihuana, frequently it is in lower doses, and they seem to use it for its euphoric effect. There is some evidence that it may have a more euphoric effect when used in low doses. In fact, users have described liking the "floating euphoria" they feel, and describe it "like being on a hot-air balloon." With this mode of use, they can titrate the dose. By smoking, the experienced user seems to be able to limit the dose to a level with which he or she is comfortable and is perhaps less likely to overdose. The onset of action is more rapid when it is smoked than when taken in an oral dose. When the drug is taken by mouth, there is a longer period before the drug takes effect, and the dose is usually greater, resulting in more common adverse reactions.

Mr. WOLFF. The point I am getting at, and I think the committee wants to really understand, is what the dangers are that are involved here. You have told us about the disorientation, you have told us about the uncertainty of the dosage, which is important.

What basically are the dangers? We are told there are some recreational drugs, cocaine for example, where you don't have too many deaths from overdose. Marihuana is another recreational drug. Is this a recreational drug or a death drug? What is the distinction?

Dr. CZECHOWICZ. Some users do use it in social settings. In fact, at the conference which NIDA sponsored in Monterey, significant numbers were reported to use it in social groups, and they described using it

just like any other smoke. And they don't use it alone. In that context, it appears to have some recreational use.

Mr. WOLFF. We haven't gotten to the finish of your statement yet. That is unfortunate. Proceed, Mr. Dogoloff.

Mr. DOGOLOFF. Let me talk specifically about New York. There was a secondary school survey, covering 7th to 12th grades, which showed that PCP use in New York State is twice the national average. Fourteen percent used PCP at least once. Nine percent used it since September 1977, and 5 percent in the last 30 days. One percent reported using it 10 times in the past 30 days. Nearly half of the users began their use in 1977-78, so this represents a recent upward trend. However, we are told by the prevention and treatment experts in New York that this is not strictly a PCP situation, as 99 percent of the young people who used PCP also used other drugs, mainly alcohol and marihuana.

Our prevention approach is nondrug specific. We try to provide alternatives to achieve goals and in some ways avoid undue publicity, while providing adequate and accurate information. NIDA can talk about the specific treatment and prevention efforts.

Additionally, in New York there is great concern that PCP seems to have gained acceptance with hardcore users of other drugs. PCP trafficking has increased in places where heroin traffic used to be high, and the New York City Police Department reports that some of the top 100 heroin violators have switched to dealing in PCP. Addicts appear to be buying PCP as a supplement or substitute for heroin.

So we now believe that more sophisticated trafficking organizations are getting into PCP.

That concludes my testimony. We will continue to follow closely and coordinate the Federal response. As I said in the beginning, we look forward to the information and ideas that are developed as a result of these useful hearings. This allows us to work together, learn more, and become even more effective than we are in this effort.

[Mr. Dogoloff's prepared statement appears on p. 93.]

Mr. WOLFF. We want to thank you for the excellent cooperation you have given us on the drug abuse in the Southeast and the military. You acted on that very rapidly, and we appreciate it. We are going to keep a wary eye on that situation, because that is basically our responsibility, that of oversight.

Mr. Bensinger.

TESTIMONY OF PETER B. BENSINGER, ADMINISTRATOR, DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, ACCOMPANIED BY JAMES M. SMITH, SPECIAL AGENT, LOS ANGELES REGIONAL OFFICE, DEA Mr. BENSINGER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Could I ask that Special Agent James M. Smith from our Los Angeles regional office, who has been a member of the Drug Enforcement Administration and Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs for the past 8 years, and for the past 5 years has been working on clandestine labs-he supervised the lab group in Los Angeles for the last year-join me here. I would like him to join us at the table. I think you may want to inquire of him as well.

Mr. WOLFF. All right, would you stand and be sworn. [James M. Smith sworn.]